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Файл:Английский язык для магистрантов в сфере компьютерных наук = English Master’s Course In Computer Science. Учебное пособие
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to analyze the sentences of the source tet, to verify the contet in which
a word or a tet is used, or to create an inventory of terms, for eample.
Likewise, any part of the target tet can be modified at any moment and
parallel versions can be produced for comparison and evaluation. All
these aspects have profound implications for translation, especially in
terms of assessing the results, since the translator can work in a more
relaed way because of the greater freedom to make changes at any time
while the work is in progress.
(11) It is important to stress that automatic translation systems are
not yet capable of producing an immediately useable tet, as languages
are highly dependant on contet and on the different denotations and
connotationsof words and word combinations. It is not always possible
to provide full contet within the tet itself, so that machine translation
is limited to concrete situations and is considered to be primarily a means
of saving time, rather than a replacement for human activity. It requires
post-editing in order to yield a quality target tet.
Computer-Assisted Translation
(12) In practice, computer-assisted translation is a comple process
involving specific tools and technology adaptable to the needs of the
translator, who is involved in the whole process and not just in the
editing stage. The computer becomes a workstation where the translator
has access to a variety of tets, tools and programs: for eample,
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, parallel tets, translated tets
in a variety of source and target languages, and terminology databases.
Each translator can create a personal work environment and transform
it according to the needs of the specific task. Thus computer-assisted
translation gives the translator on-the-spot fleibility and freedom of
movement, together with immediate access to an astonishing range of
up-to-date information. The result is an enormous saving of time.
(13) The following are the most important computer tools in the
translator’s workplace, from the most elementary to the most comple:
Electronic Dictionaries, Glossaries and Terminology Databases
Consulting electronic or digital dictionaries on the computer does
not at first appear radically different from using paper dictionaries.
However, the advantages soon become clear. It takes far less time to type
in a word on the computer and receive an answer than to look through a
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paper dictionary; there is immediate access to related data through links;
and it is possible to use several dictionaries simultaneously by working
with multiple documents.
Electronic dictionaries are available in several forms: as software
that can be installed in the computer; as CD-ROMs and, most importantly,
through the Internet. The search engine Google, for eample, gives
us access to a huge variety of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries
in many languages, although it is sometimes necessary to become
on-line subscribers, as with the Oford English Dictionary. On-line
dictionaries organize material for us from their corpus because they are
not simply a collection of words in isolation. For eample, we can ask
for all words related to one key word, or for all words that come from a
particular language. That is to say, they allow immediate cross-access
to information.
For help with specific terminology there is a wide range of
dictionaries, glossaries and databases on the Internet.
VI. Analyze the results and answer the questions:
1. Which way is more convenient? Why do you think so?
2. Which way is more accurate? Why?
3. What corrections and editing did you have to make?
VII. Find the English equivalents to the following words in the text
above and write down your own sentences with these equivalents.
1) недвусмысленно (passage 2)1) недвусмысленно (passage 2)passage 2) 2) _________________________
2) проводился (passage 3)passage 3) 3) _____________________________
3) элементарный (passage 5)passage 5) 5) ___________________________
4) очевидно (passage 6)passage 6) 6) _______________________________
5) познавательный (passage 6)passage 6) 6) _________________________
6) своды, собрания (passage 9)passage 9) 9) _________________________
7) основательный, глубокий (passage 10)passage 10) 10) ________________
8) подтекст, смысл (passage 10)passage 10) 10) ________________________
11) точное значение (passage 11)passage 11) 11) _______________________
12) дополнительное значение (11) ______________________
13) производить, выдавать (passage 11)passage 11) 11) __________________
14) удивительный (passage 12)passage 12) 12) _________________________
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VIII. Decide whether you agree or disagree with the following
statements:
• Some machine translation (MT) systems produce good
translations.
• It is difficult to compare different MT systems.
• The easiest way to evaluate any machine translation of a given tet
is to compare it to a human translation of the same tet.
IX. Read the following text and check your answers to the
previous task:
Lost in machine translation
You can go out right now and buy a machine translation system
for anything between £100 and £100,000. But how do you know if it’s
going to be any good? The big problem with MT systems is that they
don’t actually translate: they merely help translators to translate. Yes, if
you get something like Metal (very epensive) or GTS (quite cheap) to
work on your latest brochure, they will churn out something in French
or whatever, but it will be pretty laughable stuff.
All machine-translated tets have to be etensively post-edited (and
often pre-edited) by eperienced translators. To offer a useful saving,
the machine must make the time the translator spends significantly less
than he or she would have taken by hand.
Inevitably, the MT manufacturers’ glossies talk blithely of ‘a 100
percent increase in throughput’ but skepticism remains. Potential users
want to make their own evaluation, and that can tie up key members of
the corporate language centre for months.
A few weeks ago, translators, system developers, academics, and
others from Europe, the �S, Canada, China, and Japan met for the first
time in a Swiss hotel to mull over MT matters. A surprisingly large
number of European governmental and corporate organizations are
conducting epensive and elaborate evaluations of MT, but they may
not produce, ‘buy or don’t buy’ results.
Take error analysis, a fancy name for counting the various types
of errors the MT system produces. You might spend five months
working out a suitable scoring scheme – is correct gender agreement
more important than correct number? – and totting up figures for a
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suitably large sample of tet, but what do those figures mean? If one
system produces vastly more errors than another, it is obviously inferior.
But suppose they produce different types of error in the same overall
numbers: which type of error is worse? Some errors are bound to cost
translators more effort to correct, but it requires a lot more work to find
out which.
It isn’t just users who have trouble with evaluation. Elliott
Macklovitch, of Canada, described an evaluation of a large commercial
MT system, in which he analysed the error performance of a series of
software updates only to find – as the system’s suspicious development
manager had feared – that not only had there been no significant
improvement, but the latest release was worse.
And bugs are still common. �sing a ‘test suite’ of sentences
designed to see linguistic weaknesses, researches in Stuttgart found
that although one large system could cope happily with various comple
verb-translation problems in a relative clause, it fell apart when trying to
do eactly the same thing in a main clause. Developers are looking for
bigger, better test suites to help to keep such bugs under control.
Good human translators produce good translations; all MT systems
produce bad translations. But just what is a good translation? One
traditional assessment technique involves a bunch of people scoring
translations on various scales for intelligibility (‘Does this translation
into English make sense as a piece of English?’); accuracy (‘Does this
piece of English give the same information as the French original?’);
style, and so on. However, such assessment is epensive, and designing
the scales is something of a black art.
Properly designed and integrated MT systems really ought to
enhance the translator’s life, but few take this on trust. Of course, they do
things differently in Japan. While Europeans are dabbling their toes and
most Americans deal only in English, the Japanese have gone in at the
deep End. The Tokyo area already sports two or three independent MT
training schools where, as the eminent Professor Nagao casually noted
in his presentation, activities are functioning with the efficiency of the
Toyota production line. We’re lucky they’re only doing it in Japanese.
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X. Each sentence below (except one) summarizes an individual
paragraph of the text. Order the sentences so that they form a
summary of the text. One of the sentences contains information,
which is not in the text. Which one?
1. The developers of MT systems have also had problems evaluating
their systems.
2. Many European organizations are evaluating MT, but the results
may not be conclusive.
3. Assessing machine translations as good or bad is very difficult
because such judgments cannot be made scientifically.
4. It is time-consuming for potential users to test the MT
manufacturers’ claims that their products double productivity.
5. Better tests are needed to monitor linguistic weaknesses in MT
Systems.
6. All machine translations need to be edited by a human
translator.
7. A reliable MT system is unlikely to be available this century.
8. The price of MT systems varies greatly and none actually
translates.
9. The Japanese have a few independent MT training schools, which
are said to be very efficient.
10. Analysing the errors made by MT systems is inconclusive
because it may only show that different systems produce similar numbers
of error types.
XI. Look at these sentences. Discuss why a machine might find
them difficult to translate. Revise Translator’s Tips (Appendix III).
I bought a set of six chairs. The sun set at 9 p.m.
He set a book on the table. We set off for London in the morning.
She had her hair set for the party. The VCR is on the television set.
Can you think of other examples where this kind of problem
occurs?
XII. Summing-Up . Make a list of the main problems of machine
translation and try to give some advice how to avoid them.
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XIII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian, paying
attention to the underlined words and the context they are used in.
1. A bare conductor ran on the wall.
2. The settlements between companies were made without delay.
3. Why is it that smokers always head out coatless, no matter what
the weather is.
4. Don’t cross the bridge until you come to it.
5. Theoretically speaking, this can be presented in the following
way.
6. What we can’t do is act as a bandage for parts of our education
system.
7. The gap is to be bridged in the near future.
8. the new system test might trigger an arms race.
9. Programs involved in teaching English as a foreign language
mushroomed in the 60-ies in the �nited States.
10. The unemployment rate sky-rocketed in 1994.
11. The wages have plummeted.
12. Torpedo the talks.
13. It’s not uncommon to use this method.
14. The companies’ consolidated returns eceeded $3 million last year.
15. The companies consolidated last year to be able to compete in
the market by means of eceeded earnings.
XIV. Speaking. Rendering.
Render the article “Why Google Translate is bad for business” by
Jake Schild (Appendi I, Tet 6).
XV. Translate the following excerpts from articles about
computer technologies from Russian into English. Use Translator’s
Tips (see Appendix III)
1. Научные работы, имеющие отношение к компьютерным тех-
нологиям, нацелены на понимание и практическое использование
фундаментальных аспектов аппаратных компонентов и соответс-
твующего системного ПО для новеиших и перспективных компьютерных архитектур, которые используются в мобильных и научных приложениях, а также в области обработки больших объемов
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данных. ычислительные системы включают как мобильные, так
и стационарные/виртуальные архитектуры, оптимизированные для
высокоскоростных коммуникации и низкого энергопотребления,
большие объемы иерархически организованнои памяти, новеишие
отказоустоичивые алгоритмы и высокопроизводительные сети. Исследования в области компьютерных технологии фокусируются на
разработке инструментов, методов и методологии для полного использования новеиших вычислительных архитектур посредством
реализации эффективных алгоритмов параллельного выполнения
задач и использования иерархически организованнои памяти. Подобные усилия, как ожидается, должны значительно снизить время
на пересмотр алгоритмов параллельного выполнения задач и корректнои обработки ошибок и сбоев.
2. американской национальной лаборатории Оук-Ридж
8 июня 2018 года был запущен самый мощный суперкомпьютер
мира. Производительность машины с названием Summit достигает
200 петафлопс – 200 тыс. трлн вычислений в секунду. Summit со-
стоит из 4 тыс. 608 вычислительных серверов, на каждом из кото-
рых установлено два 22-ядерных процессора IBM Power9. стро-
енная память машины достигает 10 петабайт. По словам исследова-
теля из Оук-Ридж Джека Уэллса, блоки Summit занимают площадь,
сравнимую с двумя теннисными кортами. Для охлаждения системы
требуется более 15 тыс. л воды.
Как отмечает команда лаборатории, система Summit при создании была оптимизирована для работы с искусственным интеллектом, что должно облегчить анализ больших массивов данных.
Подобные машины могут использоваться для анализа погодных
явлений, разработки новых типов материалов и моделирования
процессов, происходящих при взрыве звезд. К помощи подобных
машин могут прибегать и военные для исследований в сфере создания новых типов вооружений, в том числе конструирования
ядерных зарядов.
3. Уникальная система защиты от взлома может использоваться
в сферах электронных платежей, электронного документооборота
и биометрической идентификации личности. Особенностью «Пер-
соны является то, что пароль пользователя не хранится в системе
47
в исходном формате, а преобразуется криптографическими методами и сохраняется в виде кода. При этом первоначальная пользовательская информация немедленно удаляется из системы. качестве пароля может быть использовано сочетание ключевого слова
и любого из биометрических данных пользователя, что полностью
исключает возможность несанкционированного доступа к операционной системе. Технология может быть использована в системах
электронных платежей, электронного документооборота, системах
биометрической идентификации личности, в том числе удаленной.
4. « 2015 году мы создали команду и начали работать над
VR-технологиями. Цель предприятия – разрабатывать качествен-
ные отечественные аналоги, конкурирующие с западными технологиями в сфере виртуальной реальности. Производимые компанией
модели соответствуют мировым стандартам и по ряду технических характеристик превосходят продукцию конкурентов. Шлемы
и программное обеспечение разрабатываются в России «с нуля –
это полностью российские продукты, в которых количество иностранных электронных компонентов постепенно сокращается по
мере выпуска отечественных аналогов. своих разработках компания использует positional tracking (точное отслеживание положения нескольких объектов в пространстве на большой площади) и full body tracking (высокоточное отслеживание перемещения
частей тела оператора). Шлемы можно интегрировать в различ-
ные сферы, не считая игры, фильмы и виртуальные путешествия.
VR-технологии могут быть полезными в армии для обучения сол-
дат или управления беспилотниками. медицине шлемы используются при лечении психологических заболеваний, реабилитации
пациентов, обучении врачей. Хорошая возможность для применения VR – дистанционное и интерактивное образование. Еще одна
ниша – это бизнес: обучение персонала в корпорациях, клиентский
интерфейс для покупок.
5. Ни для кого не секрет, что компьютерные технологии проникли практически во все аспекты современного общества: политика, оборона, развлечения, образование и многое другое. Медицина
не стала исключением. Сейчас это не секрет, однако 60 лет назад
все это казалось научной фантастикой. На данный момент компью-
48
теры приобрели широкое распространение во многих ветвях медицины. Начиная с CPOE (computerized physician order entry) – компьютеризованной системы предписаний врача (назначение анализов и/или медикаментов), заканчивая роботами-интернами, помогающими хирургам во время операций. Также не малое значение
компьютеры играют и в работе клиник в целом, помогая планировать и выполнять различные административные задачи, отслеживать финансы, проводить инвентаризации и т. д. И, возможно, самое необычное применение компьютерных технологий в медицине
это видеоигры. Они используются для тренировки хирургов, которые в дальнейшем будут выполнять лапароскопические операции
(когда в области проведения операции делаются небольшие надрезы для проведения операции внутри, вместо большого надреза
и «открытой операции). Исследования 2004 года показали, что
хирурги, играющие в видеоигры примерно по 3 часа в неделю, допускают во время подобных операций на 37% меньше ошибок.
XVI. We are often told that we are living in a technological age.
But, is this good for us? Look at the notes and useful expressions
below, then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of computer
technologies. You can use your own ideas as well.
Advantages
• It makes life easier
• The pace of life gets faster
• We can stay connected with others
• Technology saves lives
• Disseminating knowledge
• New opportunities
Disadvantages
• Replacing jobs
• Making us lazy
• Bad for our health?
• Surveillance
• Losing touch with traditional ways of living
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Useful expressions:
– Although, despite, not only … but also, in addition, on the one
hand, however, also, both, etc.
– I think, I believe, I disagree, However, I have to admit …, On the
other hand, One advantage is…, Another advantage is …, Moreover,
Furthermore, etc.
E.g. New technologies for treating illnesses or screening for disease
have dramatically increased our life expectancies, enabling us to live
longer, healthier, happier lives. However, some technologies have been
seized on by people who want to do harm: technology has been used to
create sophisticated weapons, for instance.
XVII. Speaking. Rendering.
Render the articles about different computer technologies (see
Appendi II, Tets 7, 8, 9,10).
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