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development of electronics and communication technologies has
required design and manufacturing to keep pace.
The future of manufacturing will be determined by the efficiency
with which it can incorporate new technologies. The current process in
engineering manufacturing systems is often ad hoc, with computerized
tools being used on a limited basis. Given the costs and resources
involved in the construction and operation of manufacturing systems, the
engineering process must be made more efficient. New computing
environments for engineering manufacturing systems could help achieve
that objective, solve a lot of complex problems and manage design data.
Computerized tools must be used in the application of scientific and
engineering methods to the problem of the design and implementation of
manufacturing systems. Engineers must address the entire factory as a
system and the interactions of that system with its surrounding
environment. Components of a factory system include:
the physical plant housing the manufacturing facility;
the production facilities which perform the manufacturing
operations;
the technologies used in the production facility;
the work centers/stations, machinery, equipment, tools, and
materials which comprise or are used by the production facilities;
the various support facilities;
the relationship between the factory and its environment.
CAPE must not only be concerned with the initial design and
engineering of the factory, it must also address enhancements over time.
CAPE should support standard engineering methods and problemsolving techniques, automate mundane (земной) tasks, and provide
reference data to support the decision-making process.
The environment should be designed to help engineers become more
productive and effective in their work. This would be implemented on
personal computers or engineering workstations which have been
configured with appropriate peripheral devices. Engineering tool
developers will have to integrate the functions and data used by a
number of different disciplines, for example:
manufacturing, industrial and plant engineering;
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materials processing and quality engineering;
environmental engineering,
mathematical modeling / simulation, statistical process control and
computer science,
economic and cost analysis and management science.
Many of the methods, formulas, and data associated with these
technical areas currently exist only in engineering handbooks. Although
some computerized tools are available, they are often very specialized,
difficult to use, and do not share information or work together.
Engineering tools built by different vendors must be made compatible
through open systems architectures and interface standards.
APE will be based upon computer systems providing an integrated
set of design and engineering tools. These software tools will be used by
a company’s manufacturing engineers to continuously improve its
production systems. They will maintain information about manufacturing
resources, enhance production capabilities, and develop new facilities
and systems. Engineers working on different workstations will share
information through a common database.
Using CAPE, an engineering team will prepare detailed plans and
working models for an entire factory in a matter of days. Alternative
solutions to production problems could be quickly developed and
evaluated. This would be a significant improvement over current manual
methods which may require weeks or months of intensive activity.
To achieve this goal, a new set of engineering tools are needed.
Examples of functions which should be supported include:
identification of product specifications and production requirements
reducibility (восстанавливаемость) analysis for products and
modification of product designs to address manufacturability issues
and management, scheduling and tracking of projects;
modeling and specification of manufacturing processes and plant
layout and facilities planning;
consideration of various economic / cost tradeoffs of different
manufacturing processes, systems, tools, and materials;
analysis supporting selection of systems / vendors and procurement
of manufacturing equipment and support systems;
task and work place design;
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compliance with various regulations, specifications, and standards,
20
and control of hazardous materials.
The tools implementing these functions must be highly automated
and integrated; and will need to provide quick access to a wide range of
data. This data must be maintained in a format that is accessible and
usable by the engineering tools. Some examples of the information that
might be contained in these electronic libraries include:
production process models and data and generic manufacturing
systems configurations;
machinery and equipment specifications, and vendor catalogs;
recommended methods, practices, algorithms, etc., and
benchmarking data;
typical plant / system layouts,
cost estimation models, labor rates, other cost data and budget
templates,
time standards, industrial standards, project plans, and laws /
government regulations.
These on-line libraries would allow engineers to quickly develop
solutions based upon the work of others.
Another critical aspect of this engineering environment is
affordability, which can best be achieved by designing an environment
that can be constructed from low cost "off-the-shelf" commercial
products, rather than custom built computer hardware and software. The
basic engineering environment must be affordable. For both cost and
technical reasons, it must be designed to be able to support incremental
upgrades. Incremental upgrades would allow companies to add
capabilities as they are needed. Commercial software products must be
easy to install and integrate with other software already in use. These
capabilities exist to a limited extent in some general purpose commercial
software today, e.g., word processors, databases, spreadsheets.20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer‒aided_production_engineering
63
Self-check Unit 10
innovate
imitate
make contribution
concept
disposable
indispensable
рredict
exist
make a success
failure
leadership
competitive advantage
be based on
imagination
1. What is Computer-aided production engineering?
2. What will determine the future manufacturing?
3. Where must be computerized tools used?
4. Which components do factory systems include?
5. How should the environment for engineers designed?
6. What will online libraries allow engineers?
7. What do they mean by affordable engineering environment?
8. What characteristics must commercial software have?
Unit 11. Innovations
Innovation distinguishes between the leader and the follower.
Steve Jobs
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
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improve
exception
provide
ability
1. innovate (v)
2. innovator (n)
3. innovation(n)
4. pioneer (n)
5. patent (v)
6. Brainwave (n)
7. advent (n)
8. R&D (research and
development) (n)
9. Blueprint (n)
10. Prototype (n)
11. Breakthrough (n)
12. (Un)economical (adj)
13. (Im)practical (adj)
14. ground-breaking (adj)
a. a sudden clever idea
b. the use of a new idea or method
c. the official legal right to make or sell
an invention for a particular number of
years
d. introduce, bring something new to an
environment
e. the arrival of an event, invention or
person
f. a person who is one of the first people
to do something
g. if you don't patent your invention,
other people may make all the profit out
of it
h. someone who introduces changes and
new ideas
i. the first example of something, such as
a machine or other industrial product,
from which all later forms are developed
j. able to provide effective solutions to
problems
k. an important discovery or event that
helps to improve a situation or provide
an answer to a problem
l. a photographic copy of an early plan
for a building or machine
m. not using a lot of fuel, money, etc
n. very new and a big change from other
things of its type21
21
Task 2. Match the words and their definitions
https://ru.scribd.com/doc/52057275/Active‒vocabulary‒list‒INNOVATION
65
Task 3. Read the text and answer the following questions
1. What do you think has been the most important invention in the last
ten years?
2. What do you think will be the next technological innovation?
3. Do you think there will be more or less innovation in the future?
4. Who is an innovator?
5. Who is an imitator?
6. Who are more important innovators or imitators?
7. Can you give any names of innovators and imitators?
8. Think you're an innovator?
Five Key Differences Between Innovators and Imitators
Know the difference between an innovator and an imitator? At
Fruition Technology Labs, we do! Although we there's nothing wrong
with being an imitator that improves technology we are always amazed
about working with innovators, people who truly shake things up with
their inventions. So, we've noticed a few differences between innovators
and imitators. Here are five of them.
Innovators take a step forward, Imitators simply add to the
conversation. They do not typically start the conversation. They may
improve upon what already exists, but they can't take credit for creating
it. There have been many Smartphones made before and after the iPhone,
though the iPhone in my mind is clearly an innovative product. Those
that came after the Phone have certainly seen their share of success, but
they weren't the first on the market. And, if you ask iPhone enthusiasts,
the innovators are still winning over the imitators in the realm of
Smartphones.
Innovators aren't afraid of failure. In fact, innovators know failure
is absolutely critical to success. It's a lot easier to avoid failure when
you're simply improving upon what's already out there. When you're
creating something new, though, failure is almost inevitable. What
innovators learn from failure is ultimately what makes their contributions
to the world so great.
Innovators have a vision and sometimes only they can see it. They
work tirelessly to achieve a goal and to create something that's going to
impact the world. Imitators may not have that same kind of vision. They
do see how an innovation could be changed to better suit people's needs,
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and they go from there. But they often don't have the same kind of
innovator
developer
product
22
unique vision innovators have.
Innovators think towards the future. Their vision involves a future
world in which they're fulfilling some need. They tend to think twenty
steps ahead of everybody else, and they create things that no one ever
would have dreamed of. In some ways, they think about the future, and
then they create it. They can do this because they have a keen
understanding of what the future might look like and how their invention
will fit into it.
Innovators change things. Their discoveries and inventions alter the
world, as we know it. Without Alan Turing, an innovator, we might not
even have access to personal computers, Smartphones, and tablets.
Turing's innovations allowed other innovators to create the technology
that's so indispensable in to our lives today. And it allowed imitators to
fine-tune that technology in exciting ways. Without Turing's initial
innovation, however, we arguably wouldn't be where we are today.22
Task 4. Read the text and fill in the chart below
Have you ever heard of Berkey or Ampex? Gablinger or Chux?
Perhaps you should have, because each occupies an important place in
the history of product innovation. Berkey produce the first hand-held
electronic calculator, Ampex the first video-recorders. Gablinger
developed low-alcohol lager and Chux sold the first disposable nappies.
Or perhaps you should not, because none of these companies made
commercial success of their innovation. Today calculators we use are
probably made by Casio, our video recorder comes from Matsushita, our
lower-alcohol beer is Miller Lite, our nappies are made by
Procter&Gamble. In each of these markets the innovator was swept
away.
Xerox looks like an exception to this sorry catalogue The company
was first into photocopier market and, even if its dominance was
ultimately challenged by Canon, it remains a large and successful
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/5‒key‒differences‒between‒innovators‒imitators‒wesley‒okeke
67
company today. But Xerox was also pioneer in fax machines and
1. ручной
2. одноразовый
3. похож на исключение
4. доминирование, преобладание
6. конкурентное преимущество
7. глубина технической
экспертизы
8. гораздо эффективнее
23
personal computers. Each of these eventually proved to be a success ‒
but not for Xerox Corporation.
We all know, it was Apple that developed the personal computer
market. But Apple’s leadership quickly disappeared when IBM came on
the scene. Apple then jumped ahead by introducing the graphical user
interface. Its windows and mice brought personal computing within the
reach of everyone. But it is Microsoft that does it now.
The business world is not kind to pioneers. Even if you know how
a market will develop, timing is a matter of luck ‒ nor quite exceptional
skill.
There are two closely related lessons. One is that being the first is
not often very important. The other is that innovation is rarely a source
of competitive advantage of its own. Individuals and small companies
can make a great deal of money out of good new ideas. The success of
large established corporations ‒ Matsushita, Philip Morris, IBM or
General Electric is based on other things: their depth of technical
expertise, their marketing skills. And time and again these characteristics
enable them to develop the innovative concept far more effectively than
the innovators themselves.
This is not to say that there is no role in business for the great
innovator. After all, General Electric was built on the extraordinary
creativity of Tomas Edison’s mind, the Ford motor company on the
abilities of its eponymous founder. The imagination of Walt Disney
created a company that is still without parallel or rival Perhaps Akio
Morita of Sony occupies a similar place in the annals of modern
business.23
by John Kay
4.1 Find English equivalents in the text
http://www.soso-english.com/uploadfile/2014/0506/20140506112350630.pdf
68
5. оторваться от конкурентов,
вырваться вперед
9. основатель
10. соперник, конкурент
generation
distribution
automation
control
range of products
operation
precision equipment
gear
ensure
switch on / off
testing
manufacture
modeling
complete neatly
reliability
maintenance
environmental problems
versatile
Task 5. Find more information about two / three modern successful
companies and make a presentation. Are they innovatorо or imitators?
Self-check Unit 11
1. What do you think has been the most important invention in the last
2. 10 years?
3. What do you think will be the next technological innovation?
4. Do you think there will be more or less innovation in the future?
5. Who is an innovator?
6. Who is an imitator?
7. Who are more important innovators or imitators?
8. Can you give any names of innovators and imitators?
9. Think you're an innovator?
Unit 12. My Future professional activities
Without continual growth and progress, such words as improvement,
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
achievement and success have no meaning.
Benjamin Franklin
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Task 2. Read text and answer the following questions
1. What is mechanical engineering?
2. What do mechanical engineers analyze?
3. Why are mechanical engineers special?
4. Why is a mechanical engineering education versatile?
5. What do mechanical engineers deal with?
What Is Mechanical Engineering?
Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the
principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to
manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. Mechanical engineers
analyze their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force ‒
ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a
competitive cost.
Mechanical engineers make a difference. That’s because
mechanical engineering careers center on creating technologies to meet
human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern life has
probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help
humankind.
This includes solving today’s problems and creating future
solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world hunger, space
exploration, climate change, and more.
Being ingrained in many challenges and innovations across many
fields means a mechanical engineering education is versatile. To meet
this broad demand, mechanical engineers may design a component, a
machine, a system, or a process. This ranges from the macro to the
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