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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров. Учебное пособие
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Unit 6. History of Engineering
define
divide into
transform
wheel
lever
safety
field
advance
forecast
include
create
condition
evaluate
make improvements
options
require
branch
identify
invention
influence on human life
Learn from others whom have walked the path before you, but be smart
enough to know when to cut your own trail.
Narciso Rodriguez
Task 1. Translate the words and memorize them
Task 2. Read the text and fill in the chart below
The story of humanity is really the story about our ability to use
tools to advance our society. From the very first time a human picked up
41
a stick and used it as a weapon through the use of computer guided
medical robots we as a society have evolved because of our technology.
Without tools and technology we would most likely still be roaming
scavengers (тот, кто копается в мусоре) with very large brain cavities.
There is no doubt that technology has played a very important role in our
history, but what are the greatest advances? This list is one attempt to
answer that question.
Humans are not meant to survive in environments of intense cold.
Inventing clothing allowed us some degree of warmth that really made us
capable of surviving in climates of extreme cold. Fire not only played a
great role in keeping us warm but it is also behind advances such as
cooking, hygiene, and internal combustion engines. Our ability to create
and control fire has had an unbelievable effect on our existence.
A lot of people are going to blink that telephones only rank at
number nine on this list and that is an understandable reaction. What they
may not be considering though is the fact that when it comes to
communication the radio was by far a much larger and important
advance. The reason the telephone actually shows up on this list at all is
because of what it has led to. Satellites, cell phones, GPS locators and
more all owe their existence to the invention of the telephone.
Probably another eye raiser because of its relatively low ranking
here, the internal combustion engine is indeed a very important
advancement in human history. The internal combustion engine is behind
automobiles, planes and military vehicles. This invention has
transformed our world in a very short amount of time in the way we
transport ourselves and our goods. Without the internal combustion
engine we would still be shipping things at a very slow pace and would
have nothing close to the global economy we have now.
One of the greatest advantages humankind has had over other
animals is our ability to communicate complex ideas to one another with
a few words. Because of our ability to communicate with one another so
well we can plan with one another and accomplish great things. What
radio did was take that ability to communicate and give us a nearly
instant way to communicate with each other no matter the distance
between us. Radio transformed how we did business, went to war, and
even how we entertained ourselves. While today radio plays less an
important role than it did, it led to so many of other advances it has to be
given due respect.
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This is probably going to be the most scoffed at item on this list
1. способность пользоваться
2. развивать, улучшать
3. попытка ответить на вопрос
4. управляемый компьютером
5. играть важную роль
6. величайшие достижения
7. быть способным выживать в
окружающей среде
8. сохранять тепло
9. двигатель внутреннего
сгорания
10. связь, коммуникация
11. спутник
12. транспортное средство,
механизм
13. создавать и контролировать
14. мгновенный способ
общения
15. бесспорно
16. сделать больше, потратив
меньше сил и времени
11
because it ranks in at only number six. The reason it ranks as low as it
does isn’t because computers haven’t had a dramatic impact on our lives
it ranks where it does because when you look back at the entirety of
human history and the other advances we rely on every single day
computers haven’t been here that long nor are they something we can’t
live without. There is no arguing that computers allow us to do more
with less and achieve great things but in the end everything we can do
with a computer, we can do with something else, computers just make it
easier.11
2.1 Find English equivalents in the text
Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions below
1. How was an engineer defined in old days?
2. Why the definition of engineering can’t be obsolete now?
3. What categories did engineering have at that time?
4. Where does the word “engineer” come from?
5. How is engineer described now? What does it involve?
6. How may an engineer begin his/her career?
7. Who was the earliest recorded civil engineer and what was he known
for?
http://www.smashinglists.com/top‒ten‒technology‒advances‒in‒history/
43
A Brief History of Engineering
12
12
By: Gary Terrazas
In old days, 1325 AD to be more precise, an engineer was defined
as "a constructor of military engines". Back then engineering was
divided into two categories: Military Engineering and Civil Engineering.
The former involved the construction of fortifications and military
engines, the latter concerned non-military projects, for example bridge
building. This definition is now obsolete, as engineering has broadened
to include a myriad of disciplines.
The exact origin of the word 'engineering' comes from the era when
humans applied themselves to skilful inventions. Man evolving further in
the world invented devices such as the pulley, the wheel and levers. The
word engineer has its root in the word engine, which comes from the
Latin word ingenium, which means "innate (врожденный) quality
particularly of mental power". And thus the word engineer emerged as a
person who creates nifty and practical inventions.
Today an engineer is described as someone who has acquired and is
applying their scientific and technical knowledge to designing, analysing
and building useful, helpful and functional works. This would involve
structures, machines and apparatus, manufacturing processes as well as
forecasting their behaviour in particular environmental conditions. This
is all accomplished with functionality, operational economics and safety
to life and property forefront (передовой) in mind.
Engineering is a broad discipline with many sub disciplines
dedicated to various fields of study with regards to particular types of
technologies or products.
Engineers may begin their career being trained in a specific
discipline, but because of the engineering jobs they take-on, they often
become multi-disciplined having worked in a variety of different fields.
The field of engineering has traditionally been divided into the
following engineering job categories:
* Aerospace Engineering
* Chemical Engineering
* Civil Engineering
http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/192894/careers_and_job_hunting/a_brief_history_of_engineering.html
44
* Electrical Engineering and,
* Mechanical Engineering.
However, since the human race has been swiftly advancing with
regards to technology, new branches of engineering are being developed.
Engineering jobs can now also be found in the following fields:
* Computer Engineering,
* Software Engineering,
* Nanotechnology,
* Molecular Engineering,
* Mechatronics and many more!
Although all these fields may be defined differently, there is
generally a great overlap (перекрытие, совмещение), particularly in the
fields of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Engineering jobs usually entail applying physics and mathematics
to problems in order to discover viable solutions or to make
improvements. Where a number of different solutions are available,
engineers evaluate these options and the required outcome in order to
identify the best route to follow.
The earliest recorded civil engineer was an Egyptian known as
Imhotep. It is believed that Imhotep designed and built the great pyramid
of Djoser, also known as the Step Pyramid. Imhotep was one of Pharaoh
Djoser's officials and it is possible that he was the first person to make
use of columns in architecture. The Step Pyramid was built in Egypt in
about the time period 2630 ‒ 2611 BC and can be found at Saqqara.
Imhotep would probably be absolutely fascinated with the leaps
and bounds engineering has taken in the last 4000 years ‒ although he
might have a few secrets to share himself!
3.1 Find the sentences with the passive voice in the text and translate
them in the written form
Task 4. Speak about the history of engineering
Self-check Unit 6
1. What is the story of humanity like?
2. Why is technology so important?
45
3. Where does the word “engineer” come from?
impact
fusion
resilience
failure
flexible
challenge
define
high-performance
creativity
agility
take advantage
prepare
success
enhance
experience
quality
case studies
undertake
leadership
logistics
essence
cycle
4. How is engineer described nowadays?
5. What does modern engineering involve?
6. What do engineering jobs usually entail?
7. How may an engineer begin his / her career?
8. What fields can engineering jobs be find in?
Unit 7. Engineers in the Future
To be a good professional engineer, always start to study late for exams
because it teaches you how to manage time and tackle emergencies.
Bill Gates
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
46
Task 2. Read the report and answer the following questions
1. What type of people should be those who involved with technology?
2. What qualities will a successful future engineer need?
3. How should engineering education change to prepare the engineer of
2020?
4. What kind of engineers should university education produce?
5. What should engineering undergraduate programs introduce?
6. What are the great problems that future engineers will need to solve?
7. What will be the engineer of the future like?
The National Academy of Engineering report The Engineer of 2020
paints a picture of a dynamically changing and evolving world. In 2020,
technological innovation will continue its rapid pace; the world will be
intensely interconnected; those involved with technology will need to be
multidisciplinary; and social, cultural, political, and economic forces will
impact technological innovation. Ever-shorter product development
cycles through innovation will help drive society’s economic growth,
and remarkable opportunities will arise through new developments in
nanotechnology, logistics, biotechnology, and high-performance
computing.
The successful future engineer will need strong analytical skills,
practical ingenuity, creativity, good communication skills, business and
management knowledge, leadership, high ethical standards,
professionalism, dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility, and the pursuit
of lifelong learning, the report says.
To prepare the engineer of 2020 for that challenging future, the
NAE undertook an in-depth study of how engineering education would
have to change.
Here are the several recommendations:
The bachelor’s degree should be considered a pre-engineering or
“engineer in training” degree.
The master’s degree should become the recognized engineering
“professional” degree.
Institutions should take advantage of flexible accreditation criteria
in developing curricula and expose students to the essence of engineering
early in their undergraduate experience.
47
University education should produce engineers who can both
13
define and solve problems.
Institutions must teach students how to be lifelong learners.
Engineering undergraduate programs should introduce
interdisciplinary learning and use case studies of both engineering
successes and failures as a learning tool.
What are the great problems that future engineers will need to
solve? It will take engineering professionals with both a breadth and
depth of knowledge, strong leadership, and a dedication to the public
good. Fourteen challenges were identified:
Make solar energy economical
Provide energy from fusion
Develop carbon sequestration methods
Manage the nitrogen cycle
Provide access to clean water
Restore and improve urban infrastructure
Advance health informatics
Engineer better medicines
Reverse ‒ engineer the brain
Prevent nuclear terror
Secure cyberspace
Enhance virtual reality
Advance personalized learning
Engineer the tools of scientific discovery.
The professional engineer of the future will be the clear leader of
projects, integrate technology and resources, and spearhead the interface
with the owner and the public ‒ but there may be fewer professional
engineers on individual project teams. With the ever increasing
sophistication of engineering software, many of the routine engineering
tasks in future projects will not require a professional engineer. That
work can be performed well and economically by unlicensed individuals
under the responsible charge of new engineer leaders ‒ a strategic
allocation of engineering graduates, degreed technologists, and
technicians13
http://www.raisethebarforengineering.org/future‒engineer
48
innovative and practical solutions to some of the world’s biggest
1. решающий проблемы
2. навыки
3. критическое мышление
4. творчество, креативность
5. находить решения
6. сотовый телефон
7. рисковать
8. сталкиваться с проблемами
9. работать на открытом воздухе
10. иметь значение
11. гибкость, ловкость
12. стратегическое распределение
13. постоянно увеличивающаяся
сложность
14. объединять технологии и
ресурсы
14
challenges and they work with other smart, inspiring people to invent,
design and build things that matter and make a difference.14
4.1 Find English equivalents in the text
Task 5. Speak about engineering in the future, necessary personal
qualities and knowledge
Self-check Unit 7
1. What type of people should be those who involved with
technology?
2. What qualities will a successful future engineer need?
3. How should engineering education change to prepare the engineer
of 2020?
4. What kind of engineers should university education produce?
5. What should engineering undergraduate programs introduce?
6. What are the great problems that future engineers will need to
solve?
7. What will be the engineer of the future like?
8. How do engineers change the world?
http://www.forbes.com/sites/skollworldforum/2013/08/01/the‒engineer‒of‒the‒future/#de0a4448610a
49
Unit 8. Research and development in Engineering
research
facilitate
deliver
conduct
evaluate
approach
intend
laboratory
conjunction
carry out
improvement
expertise
achieve an objective
development
gain
spot the similarities
cost-effective
efficiently
strengthen
pure
strength
weaknesses
safe
identify
search for
sustainability
If you are not prepared to be wrong, you will never come up with
anything original.
Sir Ken Robinson
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
Task 2. Read 2 parts of the text and translate them
Research and development (R&D), also known in Europe as
research and technical (or technological) development (RTD), is a
general term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental
innovation. Research and development is a component of Innovation and
Part 1
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