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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров. Учебное пособие
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is situated at the front end of the Innovation life cycle. Innovation builds
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on R&D and includes commercialization phases.
The activities that are classified as R&D differ from company to
company, but there are two primary models, with an R&D department
being either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing
new products, or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied
research in scientific or technological fields which may facilitate future
product development. The vast majority of corporate activities is not
often intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater
risk and an uncertain return on investment.15
The aim of research and development (R&D) is to improve the
current technologies offered by an organisation or to develop innovations
that strengthen the organisation’s position in the marketplace. The sector
includes many companies that are dedicated research and development
businesses that focus on particular fields or areas of work. You will also
find R&D divisions within many forward-looking, innovative
engineering and technology organisations.
The pace of technology development is relentless.
Key drivers for change and development are typically based on
commercial gain. However, climate change and directives such as the
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive are
emphasising the need for researchers to consider sustainability issues
within their approach to innovation. Many organisations are particularly
interested in how nanotechnology is changing basic material technology
and we are also exploring the boundaries between biological and
electronic systems.
How you work and who you work with will also depend on the
type of project. The initial phases of a research project can be staffed by
just one or two engineers but during full-scale development the same
project could employ up to 100 development engineers.
You will need a technical degree in a discipline related to the field
of research in which you want to work – a high level of academic ability
is often necessary. For some research positions you may need the extra
qualification of a masters or even a doctorate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development
51
2.1 Find English equivalents in Part 1
1. научно-исследовательские
разработки
2. развитие технологии
3. разработка новых продуктов
4. прикладное исследование
5. улучшать современные
технологии
6. ключевые факторы
7. проблемы устойчивости
8. коммерческая выгода
9. полномасштабное развитие
10. дополнительная
квалификация
11. технология материалов
12. быть особенно
заинтересованным
Part 2
Graduates need to have a firm grasp of the basic principles of their
discipline as well as to understand the commercial drivers for technology
development. Skills in math, physics and computing will give an
advantage. One of the most important skills you need to demonstrate is
an ability to learn and use your initiative. In the early stages of a research
project, it’s up to you to understand and define the basic principles of the
problem and work out how you might attempt to solve it. In
development, engineers need the skills to work in large teams and be
able to meet the deadlines of defined schedules.
and receive on-the-job training from the more experienced engineers and
It’s typical for graduates to start out working within a project team
52
scientists around them. A graduate scheme may also offer you the
16
opportunity to attend training in professional skills such as
communication and presentation to support your research activities.
While many research engineers and scientists aspire to become
technical specialists, it is also possible to move into more commercial
roles or project management.
Research Engineers apply their expertise and knowledge to
technical projects, finding innovative, cost-effective means to improve
research, techniques, procedures, and / or products and technologies.
Responsibilities include developing, conducting, and evaluating new
approaches to meet project objectives faster and more efficiently.
Research and development (R&D) is the search for new and
improved products and industrial processes. Both industrial firms and
governments carry out R&D. Innovations in products or processes
normally follow a path from laboratory (lab) idea, through pilot or
prototype production and manufacturing start-up, to full-scale production
and market introduction. There are two main types of research. Pure or
basic research aims to clarify scientific principles without a specific end
product in view; applied research uses the findings of pure research in
order to achieve a particular commercial objective. Development
describes the improvement of a product or process by scientists in
conjunction with engineers. Industry spends vast sums to develop new
products and the means to produce them cheaply, efficiently, and safely.
Development activities:
investigating current product / service / brand positioning
identifying strengths and weaknesses
exploring alternative communication messages
understanding why customers buy and use a product or service
evaluating the impact of advertising or public relations
campaigns
Research activities:
analyse assess compile determine develop discover evaluate
experiment explore find identify improve innovate investigate
modify record search for study survey test trial16
https://targetjobs.co.uk/career‒sectors/engineering/282475‒research‒and‒development‒rd‒industry‒sector‒overview
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2.2 Find English equivalents in Part 2
1. способность быстро
понимать
2. основные законы
3. разработка технологий
4. проявлять инициативу
5. профессиональные навыки
6. рентабельные способы,
средства
7. достигать целей проекта
8. прикладные исследования
9. усовершенствование процесса
10. определять достоинства и
недостатки
11. контрольное испытание
12. проводить исследования
13. освоение нового вида
продукции
14. стремиться
2.3 Answer the following questions to the whole text (parts 1 and 2)
1. What is research and development?
2. What are two primary models of R&D?
3. What’s the aim of research and development?
4. When do graduates usually start to work?
5. Where do research engineers apply their expertise?
6. What is research and development?
7. What does development describe?
8. Which development activities were mentioned?
9. Which research activities were mentioned?
Task 3. Translate into English
Task 4. Make your presentation about research / development in
engineering
Self-check Unit 8
1. What is research and development?
2. What are two primary models of R&D?
3. What’s the aim of research and development?
4. When do graduates usually start to work?
5. Where do research engineers apply their expertise?
6. What is research and development?
7. What does development describe?
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8. Which development activities were mentioned?
description
troubleshooting
visual aids
figure out
scope
steps
aim
overview
equipment
procedure
introduction
display
format
locate
a set of
warning
9. Which research activities were mentioned?
Unit 9. Manuals
Every technology really needs to be shipped with a special manual ‒ not
how to use it but why, when and for what.
Alan Kay
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
Task 2. Read the following text and answer the following questions
1. Which parts does an instruction consist of?
2. What sections can be included into introduction?
3. What is scope?
4. Why is it necessary to give the reader an overview?
5. What are you responsible to inform readers?
6. What lists should you provide?
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7. Which section of an instruction is obviously the most important?
8. What can encourage people who resist reading instructions to read
them?
9. Which styles should be used when writing technical instructions?
10. What should be avoided when writing instructions?
The following sections are descriptions of the different parts of the
general superstructure of a set of instructions. What sections to include
will vary based on the complexity of the instructions. Your document
may contain any of the following sections:
Introduction
Description of Equipment
Materials and Equipment Necessary
The procedures
Visual aids
Troubleshooting
What is included in your introduction will depend on what your
instructions are for and who will be using them. In any case, the
introduction should be brief, but still informative. The introduction can
include any or all of the following sections:
Subject / Aim: Here you should indicate the specific task that will
be explained and what the outcome of the procedure will be.
Intended Readers: You may want to identify who the intended
readers of the instructions are and if the reader will need additional
knowledge or background in order to complete the task.
Scope: This will help the reader to know if the instructions will
help them complete the task they want to or not.
Organization: Giving the reader an overview of what the rest of
the instructions will look like can help them to more easily understand
them. This section could also go under scope.
Safety: It is your responsibility to inform the readers of any
hazards or dangers that could occur while they are completing the task.
You need to display warnings in a clear and understandable fashion.
If there is equipment that the reader will have to use in order to operate
or repair a piece of equipment, you may want to include a description of
it.
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Provide a list of equipment that the reader will need to accomplish
the task so they know if they need additional tools or things they may not
normally have. A list of supplies is also helpful for a reader to make sure
that they have all the parts and pieces they need.
Procedure section is obviously the most important part of an instructions
set since it is the actual steps that the reader will follow to complete the
task at hand. There are many ways to format the procedures, but most are
done with numbered lists. The following are things you should do to
make the steps clear and concise:
Write each step with concise wording so it is easily understood and
completed.
Techniques:
Give readers enough information to perform the step, avoid
redundancy.
Put the steps in a list. Numbering often works the best.
Highlight key words.
Make sure the reader can locate steps quickly and easily.
Techniques:
Number steps.
Skip lines between steps.
Make actions stand out from the rest of the text.
Tell the reader what to do if they make a mistake. Not knowing
what to do will cause frustration and the reader may give up on the task.
Many people resist reading instructions. They try to figure out for
themselves how to operate a product or perform a task and will turn to
the instructions only if all their efforts fail. When they do read the
instructions, they want to understand everything immediately without
having to read anything twice. A simple design, plain wording, and clear
instructions will be critical to encouraging readers to pay attention to
your instructions or procedures.
When writing technical documents and instructions there are
several style tips you should keep in mind:
Use a lot of imperative, command or direct address, kinds of
writing. It is OK to use "you" when writing instructions, because you are
addressing the reader directly.
Use active instead of passive voice.
Do not leave out articles such as a, an and the.
Use action verbs.
57
Ensure graphics match descriptive text to avoid confusion.
1. ряд инструкций
2. описание оборудования
3. наглядные пособия
4. поиск и устранение
неисправностей
5. рассказать о трудностях
6. обратить внимание
7. пошагово
8. широкий круг пользователей
9. краткие заголовки
10. опишите и выделите
11. как можно проще
17
Label graphics by steps, for example Step 17 "... Put ...", the
graphic should be labeled clearly with a number "17" or if multiple
graphics exists for a line of text writing in chronological order "17a, 17b,
etc." or if different views "17 front, 17 back, etc."
Keep text short but descriptive.
Avoid complicated jargon, use simple verbiage (многословие) to ensure
understanding by a broad spectrum of users.
Use concise headings and subheadings to describe and highlight
each section.
Leave plenty of white space around headings.
Highlight safety information and warnings.
Keep illustrations as simple as possible.17
2.1 Find English equivalents in the text
Task 3. Use the tips from Task2 and write your instruction (10 ‒ 12).
Use your own ideas what to write about
Self-check Unit 9
1. Which parts does an instruction consist of?
2. What sections can be included into introduction?
3. What is scope?
4. Why is it necessary to give the reader an overview?
5. What are you responsible to inform readers?
6. What lists should you provide?
7. Which section of an instruction is obviously the most important?
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Instructions
58
8. What can encourage people who resist reading instructions to read
speed up
calculation
simulate situations
store / sort data
implementation
perform
achieve the objective
computer-aided
maintain
efficiently
goods
software
upgrade
datum ‒ (pl) data
damage
access
keep pace
environment
18
Computers have been used in
manufacture since around 1966. But
how do engineers use them? Why do
we use computers? Believe it or not,
computers can be used in every aspect
of the engineering process, from design
through to production and distribution.
Their use in design and manufacture is
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them?
9. Which styles should be used when writing technical instructions?
10. What should be avoided when writing instructions?
Unit 10. Computer Technologies and Engineering
The computer was born to solve problems that didn’t exist before.
Bill Gates
Task 1. Translate the words and remember them
Task 2. Read the text and say why computers are so important in
engineering
Computers in engineering
http://pratt.duke.edu/undergrad/cs-vs-ce
59
covered in more detail here. For now have a look at these examples of
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where computers can help. Information flow: Computers can speed up
the flow of information and make everything work more efficiently.
Problem solving: Computers can perform complex calculations
much quicker than a human can. They can also be used to simulate
situations, such as the stress a bridge might be under with a certain
weight on it. The computer then calculates how products would perform
under those situations and help engineers and designers make the right
decisions.
Storing and sorting data: Before databases, all information was
stored on paper. Not only is this extremely time-consuming to search
through, but it also takes up a lot of space and the records can be
damaged or lost very easily. Computers can store vast quantities of
information in a small amount of space, and records can be duplicated
many times over.
Automation: It is almost impossible for humans to perform the
same task over and over again with no variation. If you ask a human to
fold twenty paper airplanes they will all look slightly different. So when
a company needs hundreds of products that look and behave identically,
they tend to use computers and robots to construct them.19
Task 3. Read two parts of the text and answer the following questions
1. What is computer-aided production engineering?
2. What will determine the future manufacturing?
3. Where must be computerized tools used?
4. Which components do factory systems include?
5. How should the environment for engineers designed?
6. What will online libraries allow engineers?
7. What do they mean by affordable engineering environment?
Computer-aided production engineering (CAPE) is a relatively new
and significant branch of engineering. Global manufacturing has changed
the environment in which goods are produced. Meanwhile, the rapid
https://www.brightknowledge.org/knowledge‒bank/engineering/features‒and‒resources/computers‒in‒engineering
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