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Файл:Английский язык для авиаинженеров. Aviation English for Engineering Specialties. Учебное пособие
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propeller (11) _______ the static pressure ahead of the blade is lower than
the pressure behind the blade. The result is (12) ______.
3.3.5. Match the terms with their definitions.
1.creep
2. stator
3. compressor c) the release of used steam or gas
4. exhaust
5. corrosion
6. turning effect
7. engine torque
8. propeller h) when a force causes an object to turn
9. forward thrust
a) mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume
b) natural process that converts a refined metal into a more
chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide
d) the stationary part of a rotary system that may be found
in electric generators or electric motors
e) tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform
permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical
stresses
f) a force against the mass of the airplane pushing it
forward
g) essentially a type of fan which transmits power by
converting rotational motion into thrust for propulsion of a
vehicle
i) a measure of the “twisting force” produced by the
engine’s crankshaft
3.3.6. Scan the text and note down the essential information. Sum
up the main points of the text.
51
MODULE IV
GRAMMAR FOCUS
4.1. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that
experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the
action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the
subject of the sentence.
The structure of a sentence in the passive is as follows:
Object + To Be + Past Participle
Table 1
Forms of PassiveVoice
Simple
(Indefinite)
Continuous
(Progressive)
Perfect
Present Past Future Future-in-the-Past
Letters are
written
every day.
The letter is
being written
now.
The letter has
already
been written.
The letter was
written
yesterday.
The letter was
being written
at 5 o’clock
yesterday.
The letter had
been written
by 5 o’clock
yesterday.
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The letter will
be written
tomorrow.
– –
The letter will
have been
written by
5 o’clock
tomorrow.
(He said that) the
letter would be
written the next day.
(He said that) the
letter would have
been written by
5 o’clock the next
day.
Look at the structure of the following sentences in the active and the
passive voice to understand the difference in structure.
I sent Christmas cards to all my friends. (Active)
Christmas cards were sent to all my friends. (Passive)
The earthquake destroyed the town last night. (Active)
The town was destroyed last night. (Passive)
In these examples, you can see it in the action / result that is the most
important factor in the passive sentences.
4.2. Choose the correct form.
1. The porter will (bring, be brought) your luggage to your room.
2. Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift. 3. You may (leave, be
left) your hat and coat in the cloak-room downstairs. 4. They can (leave, be
left) the key with the clerk downstairs. 5. From the station they will (take,
be taken) straight to the hotel. 6. Tomorrow he will (take, be taken) them to
the Russian Museum. 7. At the station they will (meet, be met) by a man
from the travel bureau. 8. She will (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs.
4.3. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using 'nobody/we/they' etc.
write a passive sentence.
E.g. We often speak about her. – She is often spoken about.
1. We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will operate
on him in a week. 3. The teacher sent for the pupil's parents. 4. They looked
for the newspaper everywhere. 5. Nobody slept in the bed. 6. The neighbour
asked for the telegram. 7. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great
attention. 8. The senior students laughed at the freshman. 9. The group
spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 10. The young mothers looked after
their babies with great care. 11. Nobody lived in that old house. 12. They
sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject.
Active Passive
Indefinite (Simple)
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Table 2
Forms of the Infinitive
to write to be written
to be writing x
to have written to have been written
to have been writing x
53
Table 3
k
by
p
y g
k
f
Functions of the Infinitive
Function The Infinitive
subject
redicative
object
adverbial modifier o
purpose
result
attribute
to wor
to be working with you.
to have worked with you.
to be examined by you.
to have been examined
M
I want to wor
I came here to work with you.
I think I’m too old/clever enough to work
with you
There are many problems to solve.
The problem to be solved was concerned
with fuel consumption.
A.S. Popov was the first to invent the radio.
with you.
the doctor.
oal is to workwith you.
with you.
4.4. Rewrite these sentences in full, putting the verbs in brackets
into the Infinitive.
Model: Knowledge of the altitude is necessary … (calculate) true
airspeeds.
Knowledge of the altitude is necessary to calculate true airspeeds.
1. It is difficult … (realize) that the normal sea-level pressure up on
thebody is about 20 tons on the average person. 2. … (avoid) hazardous
flight conditions pilots have to be aware of weather behavior. 3. When the
equilibrium is disturbed, air begins … (flow) from areas ofhigh pressure to
areas of lower pressure. 4. The trim tabs enable the pilot … (trim out)
control pressures. 5. The surface wind tends … (increase) in the late
morning and … (continue) until shortly before evening. 6. Ice formation on
the propeller causes it … (lose) efficiency. 7. When the cold front moves it
causes the warm air … (cool) suddenlyand … (form) cloud types. 8. My
main reason for learning … (fly) was … (become) involved in the world of
aviation. 9. We need … (know) which weather conditions present hazards to
flight.
54
4.5. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive. Use to where
necessary.
1. It was thought that wind cannot … (affect) an aircraft once it was
flying except for drift and ground speed. 2. One may … (wonder) why
pilots need more than general information available from the predictions of
the “weather man”. 3. When flying near clouds pilots should … (remember)
that a cloud is a storm factory. 4. Weather can … (be) the most decisive
factor in making an extremely pleasant flight and it can also … (be) a
demon at times. 5. When I started … (fly) I felt comfortable with my first
flight instructor. 6. Pilots need … (know) the dew point of an air mass in
which they are flying as well as the present surface temperature. 7. We saw
the crew … (leave) the airplane. 8. The willing to get to an airport before
night or bad weather makes pilots… (do) things they know they shouldn’t.
9. … anticipate how an airplane will … (fly) in various flight modes is very
important for a young pilot.
4.6. Use the infinitive in the negative form.
Model: We asked him to arrange our meeting with the aerodrome
manager.
We asked him not to arrange our meeting with the aerodrome manager.
1. The controller asked the crew to deviate from the airway. 2. He was
glad to remember that flight in details. 3. We decided to go to Spain on
holiday. 4. They agreed to get on the airplane. 5. The pilots decided to avoid
the thunderstorm to west. 6. We agreed to sign the documents. 7. He
decided to meet them at the airport. 8. We were surprised to see the bus.
9. He said it to offend the cabin attendant.
4.7. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive.
1. The students have a lot of work to be done.
2. This method was introduced in the aviation company to achieve
better results.
3. She is said to have been working at the problem for many years.
4. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.
5. The discovery showed the atomic nucleus to be a vast source of
energy.
6. Oil is known to be one of the most important sources of energy.
55
7. The spark ignition engine to be used in this aircraft is of a new
design.
8. The flight was said to be very short.
9. The team identified data sources to form the body of information,
interviewed multiple potential -users to understand the useful role of the
system.
10. The maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure
safe and correct functioning during flight.
4.8. Герундий (the Gerund).
The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. It
is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
Example: Seeing is believing.
T a b l e 4
Forms of the Gerund
Active Passive
Indefinite
Perfect
writing being written
having written having been written
I like reading. Я люблю читать.
I like being read. Я люблю, когда мне читают.
I like his reading Burns’ poems. Мне нравится, как он читает стихи
Р.Бернса.
I like his having read Burns’ poems at our party. Мне нравится, как он
прочитал стихи Р.Бернса на нашем вечере.
Table 5
Functions of the Gerund
Function The Gerund
subject Losing a game of chess is always
unpleasant.
predicative My greatest wish was taking up
basketball.
part of a compound verbal modal
predicate
We could not help admiring the figure-
skater.
56
part of a compound verbal aspective
predicate
She began training for the competition
last month.
object The coach avoided discussing the
expected outcome of the competition.
attribute The barometer is an instrument for
measuring pressure.
adverbial modifier of time
As an adverbial modifier of time the
Upon putting the pieces on the chess-
board my friend made the first move.
gerund is preceded by the prepositions
after, before, on (upon), in, at.
adverbial modifier of purpose
As an adverbial modifier of purpose the
The hall is often used for holding inter-
college competitions.
gerund is preceded by the preposition
for.
adverbial modifier of manner
As an adverbial modifier of manner the
gerund is preceded by the prepositions
Chess is one of the few games which a
sportsman starts without warming up
first.
without, by.
The gerund is only used:
1. after the verbs to appreciate, to avoid,
to delay, to deny, to dislike, to enjoy, to
excuse, to fancy, to finish, to forgive, to
give up, to go on, to keep, to mind, to
postpone, to put off, to complain (of), to
depend (on), to insist (on), to prevent
(from), to thank (for), to look forward
(to), can’t help, can’t stand and some
others.
2. after the adjectives and participles
worth, capable (of), fond (of), aware
We all appreciate your helping us.
I find the book worth reading.
(of), proud (of), sure (of), surprised (at)
and some others.
Either infinitive or gerund forms are
used after the verbs:
to begin, to continue, to intend, to prefer,
We began translating this article an
hour ago. We began to translate this
article an hour ago.
to remember, to start, to stop and some
others
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Gerundial Complex
The doer of the action denoted by a
gerund may be expressed by
a) a noun in the possessive case or a
possessive pronoun;
b) a noun in the common case;
c) pronoun in the objective case.
1. Ann's coming so early surprised us.
2. We objected to his going there.
3. I remember our team beating yours in
a game of basketball.
4. All sports-fans were proud of the high
jumper breaking the national record.
5. We did not mind them scheduling the
chess tournament for November.
6. Everybody insisted on this
experiment being made once more.
4.9. Write the –ing form of the following verbs.
Design, manufacture, obtain, impose, support, extend, retract, increase,
lower, raise, attach, accomplish, control, equip
4.10. Translate the sentences paying attention to complex forms of
the Gerund
1. Не avoids being involved in such affairs. 2. We are interested in the
test being carried out repeatedly. 3. He is responsible for the program not
having been corrected in time. 4. The mistake resulted from the device not
having been mended before the test. 5. We object to the meeting being
postponed.
4.11. Fill in the gaps with gerunds.
1. Additional weight lowers the efficiency of the airplane by … the
speed and amount of useful load it can carry. (reduce)
2. Airplane strength is measured basically by the total load which the wings
are capable of … without permanent damage to the wing structure. (carry)
3. … the flaps increases the wing camber, wing area and the angle of
attack of the wing. (extend)
4. Raised ailerons reduce lift on the wing by … the curvature of a
portion of the wing. (decrease)
5. Directional stability is accomplished by … a vertical stabilizer or fin to
the rear of the center of gravity on the upper portion of the tail section. (place)
6. … the gear reduces the drag, and increases the airspeed without
additional power. (retract)
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7. … the aircraft altitude is vitally important to the pilot for several
reasons. (know)
8. Landing gear operating speed is the maximum speed for … and …
the landing gear if the aircraft is equipped with retractable landing gear.
(extend, retract)
9. Knowledge of a few general principles of engine operation will help
the pilot in … engine failure. (avoid)
59
ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES
1.1.5. 1-T, 2-T, 3-N, 4-F, 5-N, 6-T, 7-F, 8-N.
1.1.9. 1-drives 2-converts 3-transformed 4-drive 5-heats up 6-cools
7-occurs 8-prevent 9-happening 10-provided.
1.1.10. 1-b, 2-f, 3-g, 4-a, 5-c, 6-i, 7-d, 8-j, 9-h, 10-e.
1.1.11. 1 – cowling, 2 – cowling duct, 3 – cowling outlet, 4 – baffle,
5 –CHT gauge.
1.2.5. 4, 6, 2, 7, 8, 1, 5, 3.
1.3.4. Изменяя качество воздуха – altering the properties of air,
Более комфортные условия – more comfortable conditions,
Распределяя очищенный воздух – distributing the conditioned air,
Занимаемая площадь – an occupied space,
улучшать тепловые комфортные условия – to improve thermal
comfort,
система кондиционирования – air conditioning,
система кондиционирования с испарительным циклом – vapor cycle
air conditioning system,
поддерживать – to maintain,
отбор воздуха – air bled,
всасываться – to draw in,
салон – a cabin,
индивидуальный воздухораздатчик – individual air outlet,
пригодный для – suitable for,
точно также – similarly,
хвостовая часть – a tail section,
перегрев – overheat,
пневмопровод – a pneumatic duct,
температура за бортом – the outside temperature,
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