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Файл:Английский язык для авиаинженеров. Aviation English for Engineering Specialties. Учебное пособие
.pdf
2.2.10. Read and translate the following words. Define the parts of
speech by means of suffixes.
Designers, manufacturers, efficiency, stability, additional, basically,
movable, normally, aerodynamic, mechanical, hydraulically, curvature,
directional, simultaneously
2.2.11. Translate into Russian.
1. Морская цель уничтожена гидросамолетами.
2. Основными частями всех типов самолетов являются: фюзеляж,
хвостовое оперение, шасси и двигатель.
3. Основными авиационными двигателями являются: поршневой,
турбовинтовой, турбореактивный и др.
4. Управление рулевыми поверхностями осуществляется из кабины
летчика с помощью ручки правления или ножных педалей.
2.2.12. Decide if the words are related to arrival, departure or
gear/brake problems. Explain your choice in 2-3 sentences.
Roll out, rotate, lock, seize, overheat, retract, extend, collapse, flare, get
stuck, touch down, line up
2.2.13. Scan the text and note down the essential information. Sum
up the main points of the text.
2.2.14. Explain the following concepts in your own words the way
you understand them.
"airplane", "designer", "manufacturer", "excessive strength",
"airframe", "flaps", "slats", "ailerons", "elevator", "landing gear",
"stabilizer", "rudder"
Unit 2.3. The profession of a maintenance technician
2.3.1. Learn the new vocabulary.
aboard – на борту
to affect – влиять, воздействовать
airframe – планер самолета
apron – перрон
assist – помогать
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compressed – сжатый
consumption – потребление, расход
to determine / determination– определить / определение
emergency – аварийный
fault / faulty – неисправность / неисправный
fitting – соединение, крепление, арматура
to function – действовать, функционировать
keep / to keep records– держать / вести записи
ladder – стремянка, лестница
lights – освещение
to locate – определить место
to lower (extend) – выпускать (шасси)
to lubricate– смазывать
to maintain – оказывать техническое обслуживание
maintenance – техническое обслуживание
maintenance base – (авиационная) техническая база,
minor – незначительный
to operate / operation– управлять; действовать, работать / действие,
работа
overhaul – капремонт
performance – работа, характеристика
reading – показание (прибора)
to retract – убирать (шасси)
routine – повседневный
shock strut – амортизационная стойка
takeoff – взлет
technician– специалист, техник
wiring – электропроводка
2.3.2. a) Read and translate the text.
b) Make a report or presentation on the topic: “My future
profession”.
Text 3
The profession of a maintenance technician
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history.
Engineering is concerned with creating devices, structures and systems to
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satisfy some human requirements and designing is central to this activity.
Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering our present-day
civilization never could have evolved. I made up my mind to become a
flight engineer that is why I decided to enter the Aircraft Faculty. Let me
introduce myself. My name is …. My surname is….
The flight engineers (aircraft maintenance mechanics) are members of
flight crew. They prepare the aircraft for flight. They must know lots of
specific characteristics of different types of aircraft. All mechanical and
electrical devices aboard planes, must work properly. Their duties are:
routine servicing, maintenance of aircraft, determination and repair of faults,
maintaining or overhauling aircraft and components.
The flight engineer ("air engineer" in the Royal Air Force) is primarily
concerned with the operation and monitoring of all aircraft systems,and is
required to diagnose, and where possible rectify or eliminate, any faults that
may arise. On most multi-engine airplanes, the flight engineer sets and
adjusts engine power during takeoff, climb, cruise, go-arounds, or at any
time the pilot flying requests a specific power setting to be set during the
approach phase. They must inspect, repair and service airframe, engines,
equipment, instruments and radio.
Before the flight the flight engineer makes pre-flight inspection on
apron. He must check maintenance records. He has to check the outside
parts of the plane. He may locate any faulty equipment. He must call a
mechanic who has to make repairs. He inflates tires, fills fuel tanks and oil
reservoirs, lubricates fittings; corrects fluid level in shock strut of landing
gear, checks tension of controls, cleans mechanical parts with compressed
air and cleaning fluid. He may replace lights and faulty wiring; he may
clean off engines. He checks main parts that affect the operation of the
aircraft using many tools, ladders or platforms.
He must start up and run up the engines. In flight he is to assist the
captain. He must watch (observe) instrument readings, he must check
functioning of electrical systems. He is to adjust the electrical power. He is
to watch engine instruments and regulate the performance of the engines, air
conditioning and other equipment. He has to keep records of engine
performance and fuel consumption. He is to lower and retract the landing
gear. He must stop the engines. He is to report any mechanical problems to
the captain; he may have to make some emergency repairs in flight or some
minor repairs on the ground.
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2.3.3. Answer the questions:
1. What must flight engineer do before the flight?
2. Who inspects instruments and equipment?
3. Who is to assist the captain?
4. Who checks the tyres?
5. May there be any repairs in flight?
6. Whom does the flight engineer brief?
7. What do flight engineers do in flight?
8. What do they do before landing?
9. What does the flight engineer write in his report?
10. Whom does the flight engineer have to inform about problems in
flight?
11. What repairs may he make on the ground?
12. Who locates faulty equipment?
13. Who lowers and retracts the gear?
14. Who is to switch on/ off the engines?
2.3.4. Translate into Russian.
Fuel pressure, oil temperature, brake temperature, engine change, cargo
plane, passenger cabin, cargo hold, baggage hold, air hostess, life jacket,
hatch cover, nozzle plug, drain cock, fuel pump, hand pump, tool kit, engine
mount, tail unit, station engineer, filler cap, fuel drain, fuel leak, oxygen
leak, wing tip.
2.3.5. Make sentences negative.
You have to stop. — You don't have to stop.
1. You have to do it.
2. You have to stop on stand 5.
3. He has to write a report.
4. You have to call him.
5. He has to change the pump.
6. They have to repair the unit.
7. She has to brief the captain.
8. He has to call a mechanic.
9. We have to make repairs in flight.
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2.3.6. Make sentences interrogative.
He has to do it. – Does he have to do it?
1. He has to check all equipment.
2. He has to write a report.
3. They have to brief the station engineer.
4. He has to inspect the systems.
5. Mechanics have to repair the engine.
6. They have to locate the fault.
7. He has to make pre-flight inspection.
8. They have to check the locks.
9. He has to call a mechanic.
10. He has to make minor repairs.
2.3.7. Lean the special vocabulary.
aid помогать; помощь, средство
to heat обогревать
heating обогрев
to fail отказывать, выходить из строя
fist aid kit аптечка
failure отказ, неисправность
free освобождать; свободный
galley кухня (на борту)
galley-pantry буфет
gauge (gage) датчик, прибор
mail почта
oil quantity gage масломанометр
to fill наполнять;
to refill дозаправлять
oil shock absorber масляный амортизатор
to overheat перегревать
overheating перегрев
trouble беспокоить; неисправность
2.3.8. Translate into English.
а) экземпляр, перегревать, нуждаться, аптечка, выходить из строя,
неисправность, помогать, ключ, датчик, почта, освобождать.
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b) 1. На самолете должен быть набор инструментов.
2. Бортинженеру может быть нужен домкрат.
3. У нас могут быть проблемы в полете.
4. Бортинженер может выполнить незначительный ремонт в
полете.
5. Какие приборы могут быть необходимы вам?
6. У вас могут быть какие-либо проблемы в полете?
7. У вас отказ двигателя?
8. Вам нужна вода
?
9. Проверьте тормоза, у нас неисправность тормозов.
10. Тормоза могут перегреться?
11. Вы можете взять 50 пассажиров?
12. Вы можете прислать механика?
13. Вы можете выпустить шасси?
2.3.9. Give a translation of the text.
A flight engineer
Let me introduce my friend John to you. I've known him for 10 years.
He's a flight engineer. He has flown for 15 years. He has just come back
from his work. He has worked in the air and on the ground. Before the flight
he has made an inspection of the plane. He has checked all equipment on
board. He has observed the instruments in flight. He has handled the
controls for the landing gear. After flight he has written his technical report
and briefed the station engineer. He has inspected the plane after flight.
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MODULE III
HYDROAERODYNAMICS
Unit 3.1. Fundamental concepts
of hydroaerodynamics
3.1.1. Master the active vocabulary.
fluid dynamics – динамика флюидов
aircraft –воздушное судно
to understand – изучать
to calculate –вычислять
forces and moments – силы и нагрузки (импульсы)
nebulae in interstellar space – межзвездные туманности
to model fission weapon detonation – моделировать ядерное оружие
resistance – сопротивление
contour – контур, рельеф
to flow – струиться, передавать потоком, протекать
velocity – скорость (движения, течения), быстрота
fourfold/ quadrupled – четырехкратный
profile drag – профильное сопротивление
polished surface – полированная поверхность
to favour – благоприятствовать, благоволить, способствовать
smooth air flow –плавное обтекание воздушным потоком
laminar flow – ламинарный (однонаправленный) поток
disrupted flow –
airfoil – аэродинамическая поверхность
lift – подъемная сила
вихревой поток
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drag – лобовое сопротивление
thrust – тяга, режим работы двигателей
weight – вес, масса
3.1.2. Answer the questions:
1. What springs to your mind when you hear the word
“hydroaerodynamics”? Put down as many associations as you can:
2. Using the mind map given above think of a definition of the term
“hydroaerodynamics”.
3.1.3. Read the text. Discuss what the main idea of the text is.
Text 1
Fundamental concepts of hydroaerodynamics
Hydroaerodynamics, or fluid dynamics is a branch of mechanics that
describes the laws of fluids (liquids or gases). It has its own several
subdivisions, in particular, aerodynamics (study of the movement of air
and other gases) and hydrodynamics (study of the movement of liquids).
Hydroaerodynamics has a wide range of applications, including
calculating forces and moments acting on an aircraft, determining the
mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather
patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling fission
weapon detonation.
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Airplane is an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is
supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. Air
offers resistance to a moving object because this object must occupy the
space that was previously occupied by air, thus displacing the air. The air is
compressed in front of the moving object and flows along the contour of the
object to occupy the free space left as the moving object continues on its
way. The greater the speed, the more compressed the air will be, and the
greater the resistance will be. Resistance thus depends on velocity. This rule
will apply whenever air meets a moving body.
Resistance thus depends on airspeed and is proportional to the square of
the speed. If speed increases by a factor of two, then resistance increases
fourfold. Or stated differently: if an aircraft doubles its speed it will meet
quadrupled resistance (profile drag). As opposed to induced drag which is
caused by airflows resulting from lift, profile drag is directly linked to the
shape and surface characteristics of the object. This law is valid only for
speeds lower than that of sound in air (330 meters per second). At
supersonic speeds resistance increases more rapidly than the square of the
velocity.
A polished surface favours smooth air flow or laminar flow (non
turbulent motion of a fluid (or air) in which parallel layers have different
relative velocities), where as a rough surface leads to disrupted flow or
turbulent flow (motion in a liquid (or air) whose speed at any point varies
rapidly in an irregular manner).
Forces of flight on an airfoil
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The fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of these,
lift and drag are aerodynamic forces, i.e. forces due to air flow over a solid
body. Calculation of these quantities is often founded upon the assumption
that the flow field behaves as a continuum. Continuum flow fields are
characterized by properties such as flow velocity, pressure, density, and
temperature, which may be functions of position and time. These properties
may be directly or indirectly measured in hydroaerodynamic experiments or
calculated starting with the equations for conservation of mass, momentum,
and energy in air flows.
3.1.4. Answer the questions.
1. What is hydroaerodynamics?
2. What are the fundamental forces of flight / aerodynamic forces?
3. How is an airplane supported in flight?
4. What is a laminar / disrupted flow?
5. What are the properties of continuum flow fields?
3.1.5. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions.
1. Hydroaerodynamics is a branch ___ mechanics that describes the
laws ___ fluids.
2. Hydroaerodynamics has its own several subdivisions, ___ particular,
aerodynamics and hydrodynamics.
3. Hydroaerodynamics has a wide range ___applications.
4. Air offers resistance ___ a moving object.
5. The air is compressed ___ front ___ the moving object.
6. Resistance depends ___ velocity.
7. Profile drag is linked ___ the shape and surface characteristics ___the
object.
8. This law is valid only ___speeds lower than that ___ sound ___ air.
9. ___supersonic speeds resistance increases more rapidly than the
square of the velocity.
10. Lift and drag are aerodynamic forces due ___ air flow over a solid
body.
11. Continuum flow fields are characterized ___ properties such ___
flow velocity, pressure, density and temperature.
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