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Файл:Английский язык для авиаинженеров. Aviation English for Engineering Specialties. Учебное пособие
.pdf
to heat – нагревать(ся)
to undergo – подвергаться, испытывать
to pump – выкачивать, откачивать
to absorb – поглощать, абсорбировать
vapour – (водяной) пар, пары, испарение
capillary tube – капиллярная трубка
evaporator – испаритель
to expand – расширять(ся), увеличивать
1.2.2. Study this diagram. It explains how a refrigerator works. In
your group try to work out the function of each of the numbered
components using the information in the diagram.
1.2. 3. Read text 2 and explain how a refrigerator operates.
Text 2
Refrigerator
Refrigeration preserves food by lowering its temperature. It slows down
the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms such as bacteria and the
action of enzymes which cause food to rot.
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Refrigeration is based on three principles. First, if a liquid is heated, it
changes to a gas or vapour. When this gas is cooled, it changes back into a
liquid. Second, if a gas allowed to expand, it cools down. If a gas is
compressed, it heats up. Third, lowering the pressure around a liquid helps it
to boil.
To keep the refrigerator at a constant low temperature, heat must be
transferred from the inside of the cabinet to the outside. A refrigerant is used
to do it. It is circulated around the fridge, where it undergoes changes in
pressure and temperature and changes from a liquid to a gas and back again.
The refrigeration process begins in the compressor. This compresses the
gas so that it heats up. It pumps the gas into the condenser. As the warm gas
passes through the condenser, it heats the surroundings and cools down. By
the time it leaves the condenser, it has condensed back into a liquid.
Liquid leaving the condenser has to flow down in a narrow tube (a
capillary tube). This prevents liquid from leaving the condenser too quickly
and keeps it at a high pressure. As the liquid passes from the narrow
capillary tube to the larger tubes of the evaporator, the pressure quickly
drops. The liquid turns to vapour, which expands and cools. The cold
vapour absorbs heat from the fridge. It is then sucked back into the
compressor and the process begins again. The compressor is switched on
and off by a thermostat, a device that regulates the temperature, so that the
food is not over frozen.
1.2.4.a) Study these extracts from the text above. What kind of
statements are they?
1. If a gas is compressed, it heats up.
2. If a gas allowed to expand, it cools down.
3. If a liquid is heated, it changes to a gas or vapor.
Each consists of an action followed by a result. These statements are
principles. They describe things in science and engineering which are
always true. The action is always followed by the same result.
Principles have this form:
If/when (action – present tense), (result – present tense).
b) Link each action in column A with a result from column B to
describe an important engineering principle.
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Example: 1. If a liquid is heated, it changes to a gas.
A Action B Result
1.a liquid is heated a) it heats up
2. a gas is cooled b) there is an equal and opposite reaction
3. a gas expands c) it changes to a gas
4. a gas is compressed d) it extends in proportion to the force
5. a force is applied to a body e) it is transmitted equally throughout
the fluid
6. a current passes through a wire f) a current is induced in the wire
7. a wire cuts a magnetic field g) it cools down
8. pressure is applied to the surface of an
enclosed fluid
9. a force is applied to a string fixed at
one end
h) it sets up a magnetic field around the
wire
i) it changes to a liquid
1.2.5. Study this diagram. It describes the refrigeration process. Put
these stages of the refrigeration process in the correct sequence. The
first one has been done for you.
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1. The liquid enters the evaporator.
2. The gas condenses back to a liquid.
3. The vapour is sucked back into a compressor.
4. The gas is compressed.
5. The liquid turns into a vapour.
6. The gases pass through the condenser.
7. The liquid passes through a capillary tube.
8. The high pressure is maintained.
1.2.6. Complete each of the statements.
1. The gas passes through the compressor, where ………..
2. It passes through the condenser, where ………...
3. The liquid passes through a capillary tube, where ………..
4. The liquid enters the evaporator, where ……….
5. The cold vapour is sucked back into the compressor, where ……….
1
Unit 1.3. Air Conditioning
1.3.1. Read and learn the following words and word combinations.
air conditioning – кондиционирование воздуха, система кондици-
онирования
to alter – изменять
to distribute – распределять
occupied space – занимаемое пространство
engine – двигатель, мотор
APU (auxiliary power unit) – вспомогательная силовая установка
vapor cycle air conditioning system – система кондиционирования с
испарительным циклом
air cycle air conditioning – кондиционирование воздуха с воздуш-
ным циклом /с использованием воздушной холодильной машины
reciprocating aircraft – поршневой самолет (летательный аппарат)
to maintain – поддерживать
air conditioning package – агрегатированная установка кондици-
онирования воздуха
bleed air precooler–предварительное охлаждение отбираемым возду-
хом
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air bled – отбор воздуха
to tap – отбираться
to draw in – всасывать(ся), засасывать(ся)
at floor level – на уровне пола
on-ground and in-flight periods – на земле и в полете
overheat – перегрев
at storage compartment level – на уровне отсека для хранения вещей
(ручной клади)
passenger compartment – пассажирское отделение, салон
adjustable outlet – регулируемое выходное отверстие
individual air outlet – индивидуальный воздухораздатчик
windshield defogging – предотвращение запотевания лобового
стекла
1.3.2. Read the text and say what air-conditioning is.
Text 3
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily
temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with
the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve
thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
There are two types of air conditioning systems commonly used on
aircraft. Air cycle air conditioning is used on most turbine-powered aircraft.
The air conditioning system depends on compressed air from the engines,
the APU (auxiliary power unit) or any ground supply unit. Vapor cycle air
conditioning systems are often used on reciprocating aircraft. This type
system is similar to that found in homes and automobiles. Note that some
turbine-powered aircraft also use vapor cycle air conditioning.
Air cycle air conditioning prepares engine bleed air to pressurize the
aircraft cabin. The temperature and quantity of the air must be controlled to
maintain a comfortable cabin environment at all altitudes and on the ground.
The air cycle system is often called the air conditioning package or pack.
It is usually located in the lower half of the fuselage or in the tail section of
turbine-powered aircraft.
15
A pneumatic system controller together with bleed air precoolers ensure
proper supply to packs of compressed air from the engines via a pneumatic
duct. Air bled from engines is too hot and compressed to be used to
pressurize or cool the cabin, although it is suitable for other uses. Part of the
bled air is tapped and sent to the air conditioning packs which supply air to
the cabin at required pressure and temperature.
In the passenger cabins air circulates by being drawn in at floor level
and expelled overheat at storage compartment level.
During on-ground and in-flight periods, the passenger compartment can
be heated to 20–21 °C. Similarly, the air conditioning system is designed to
cool the passenger cabin to 25–27 °C with maximum humidity ranging
between 65 % and 60 % when the outside temperature exceeds 30 °C.
Separate temperature controls are located in the cockpit and the
passenger compartments.
The cockpit receives a continual flow of fresh air. Cockpit crew
members also have individual air outlets available at their seats. The cockpit
is also equipped with adjustable outlets allowing for windshield defogging.
1.3.3. Explain and answer the questions.
1. Define the process of air-conditioning.
2. What is the aim of the air-conditioning process?
3. What are the sources of compressed air?
4. What is “bleed air”?
5. Define and explain the role of packs.
6. How are packs supplied with compressed air?
7. Explain typical temperature settings and how these are controlled.
8. What special provisions are made for the cockpit? Why?
1.3.4. Find English equivalents in the text.
Изменяя качество воздуха, более комфортные условия, распределяя
очищенный воздух, занимаемая площадь, улучшать тепловые комфортные условия, система кондиционирования, система кондиционирования с испарительным циклом, поддерживать, отбор воздуха, всасываться, салон, индивидуальный воздухораздатчик, пригодный для,
точно также, хвостовая часть
, перегрев, пневмопровод, температура за
бортом, непрерывный поток свежего воздуха, в кабину поступает,
предотвращение запотевания лобового стекла
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1.3.5. Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words
and word combinations.
to alter, properties of air, humidity, conditioned air, thermal comfort,
indoor air quality, turbine-powered aircraft, ground supply unit, turbinepowered aircraft, bleed air, fuselage, to ensure, pneumatic duct, to
pressurize, to cool, passenger cabin, to circulate, to heat, available, equipped
with, adjustable, cockpit
1.3.6. Mind that the following suffixes are used to form different
parts of speech.
Nouns –er, -ist, -ence/ance, -(t)ion, –ency, –ment, –ent, –ity, –ness, –th, -al, -ism, -y
Adjectives –able/ible, -al, -ic, -ous, -ful, -ive, -at, -(i)cal, -ary, -like, -less, -ent
Verbs ize/ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy
Adverbs –ly, -ward
1.3.7. Form parts of speech and mind the stress. If necessary use a
dictionary.
Verbs Nouns
improve
depend
prepare
locate
maintain
require
circulate
equip
allow
continue
1.3.8. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions.
1. Air conditioning is the process … altering the properties … air to
more comfortable conditions.
2. There are two types … air conditioning systems commonly used …
aircraft.
3. The air conditioning system depends … compressed air … the
engines, the APU or any ground supply unit.
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4. This type system is similar … that found … homes and automobiles.
5. A pneumatic system controller together … bleed air precoolers ensure
proper supply to packs … compressed air … a pneumatic duct.
6. Part …the bled air is tapped and sent … the air conditioning packs.
7. During …-ground and …-flight periods, the passenger compartment
can be heated … 20–21 °C.
8. Separate temperature controls are located … the cockpit and the
passenger compartments.
9. The cockpit receives a continual flow … fresh air.
10. Cockpit crew members have individual air outlets available …their
seats.
11. The cockpit is equipped … adjustable outlets allowing …
windshield defogging.
1.3.9. Give a brief summary of the text. Try to use the following
words and expressions.
1. The text is entitled….
As the title implies the text describes ….
2. The main idea of the text is….
The object of the text is….
3. The text begins with….
According to the text....
Then follows a discussion on / description of / explanation of ….
Further the author reports (says) ….
4. It is important to note (stress, underline)….
It is spoken in detail ….
The text gives valuable information on....
… (e.g. some important facts or principles) are considered
(mentioned, discussed, stressed).
5. In conclusion….
The text may be of interest (great help) to …; up-to-date/out-of-date;
useful/useless for ….
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MODULE II
DYNAMICS AND STRENGTH OF MACHINES
Unit 2.1. Flight dynamics
2.1.1. Study new words.
to activate задействовать, активировать
axis ось (pl. axes)
axis of rotation ось вращения
course путевой угол, курс
damper гасить, демпфер
to displace / displacement смещать / смещение
elevator руль высоты
to extend выпускать (шасси, механизацию крыла), затягивать,
простираться, удлинять
flat пологий, плоский, ровный, (зд.)
heading / to head курс (полета), направление, текущий, фак-
тический курс ВС / направлять(ся)
inherent
to intersect / intersection пересекать(ся) / перекресток, пересечение
lateral поперечный, боковой
longitudinal продольный
oscillation колебание
pitch тангаж
pitch angle угол тангажа
plane самолет (разг.), плоскость, несущая поверхность (зд.)
to restore aircraft attitude восстанавливать положение ВС
неотъемлемый
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roll крен, рулить, катиться
landing roll пробег на посадке
rudder руль направления
track путевой угол, ЛЗП (линия заданного пути), посадочный
курс
wingtip законцовка крыла
yaw отклонение от курса, рыскание
2.1.2. a) Read and translate the text.
b) Divide the text into logical parts and entitle them.
Text 1
Flight dynamics
The science of mechanics has as its object the study of the motions of
material bodies, and its aim is to describe the facts concerning these motions
in the simplest way. That portion of the subject of mechanics which
describes the motion of bodies, without reference to the causes of the
motion, is called kinematics, while that portion which studies the
relationship between the mutual influences and the resulting motions is
called kinetics. These two subjects are usually combined under the name
dynamics. The general principles of dynamics:
(1) Every body persists in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line, except in so far as it may be compelled by force to change that
state.
(2) The time rate of change of momentum is equal to the force
producing it, and the change takes place in the direction in which the force
is acting.
(3) To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, or the mutual
actions of any two bodies are always equal and oppositely directed.
These statements may be regarded partly as definitions and partly as
experimental facts.
Aircraft flight dynamics and control aircraft motion is more complicated
than spacecraft motion due to the dependence of forces and moments on
attitude and velocity. Typical first investigations of aircraft dynamics and
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