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Файл:Английский язык для авиаинженеров. Aviation English for Engineering Specialties. Учебное пособие
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3.1.6. Find English equivalents in the text.
Динамика флюидов, аэродинамическая поверхность, подразделение, в особенности, широкий диапазон, силы и импульсы,
действующий на, воздушное судно, однонаправленный поток, самолет,
с механическим приводом, с неподвижным крылом, сопротивление,
занимать, вытеснять, сжатый воздух, скорость движения, быстрота,
четырехкратно, тяга, профильное сопротивление, закон сохранения
массы, полированная поверхность, плавное обтекание воздушным
потоком, межзвездные туманности, вихревой
поток, закон сохранения
импульса, подъемная сила, лобовое сопротивление, масса, свойство,
закон сохранения энергии
3.1.7. Match the words below to make word partners.
1. fluid a) interstellar space
2. turbulent b) resistance
3. aerodynamic c) flow
4. nebulae in d)detonation
5. dynamic e) fixed-wing aircraft
6. laminar f) forces
7. profile g) flow
8. engine-driven h) reaction
9. fission weapon i) dynamics
10. quadrupled j) drag
3.1.8. Which word is similar in meaning?
1. branch: a) industry b) subdivision c) direction
2. to calculate: a) retain b) consider c) count
3. force: a) strength b) effort c) endeavor
4. flow: a) feed b) stream c) leakage
5. to compress: a) pack b) crimp c) squeeze
6. to move: a) shift b) locate c) stir
7. velocity: a) speed b) flash c) wave
8. to apply: a) attach b) spread c) implement
9. smooth: a) straight b) mild c) soft
10. thrust: a) traction b) throw c) push
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3.1.9. Match these words with their definitions.
1. thrust
2. drag
3. lift
4. weight
5. laminar flow
6. disrupted flow
a) is a force that is produced by the dynamic effect of the air
acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flight path
through the center of lift (CL) and perpendicular to the
lateral axis.
b) non turbulent motion of a fluid (or air) in which parallel
layers have different relative velocities
c) the forward force produced by the power plant/propeller or
rotor. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag. As a general
rule, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.
d) motion in a liquid (or air) whose speed at any point varies
rapidly in an irregular manner
e) the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel,
and the cargo or baggage. It opposes lift and acts vertically
downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG)
f) a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow
by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects.
3.1.10. Define the following words as parts of speech and give the
initial words of the following derivatives.
Movement, application, calculating, determining, heavier, reaction,
previously, greater, resistance, proportional, differently, rapidly, polished,
assumption
3.1.11. Complete the sentences.
1. Hydroaerodynamics is a branch of mechanics that ….
2. Hydroaerodynamics has some subdivisions: ….
3. Hydroaerodynamics has a wide range of applications: ….
4. Airplane is ….
5. Air offers ….
6. Resistance depends on ….
7. A polished surface favours….
8. The fundamental forces of flight: ….
9. Continuum flow fields are characterized by ….
10. These properties may be measured in ….
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3.1.12. Replace the Russian words with the appropriate English
equivalents.
1. Hydroaerodynamics is отрасль of mechanics that describes the laws
of жидкостей.
2. Hydroaerodynamics has широкий диапазон of applications,
including calculating расхода сил и нагрузки acting on an aircraft.
3. Airplane is an engine-driven с механическим крылом aircraft.
4. The air сжимается in front of the moving object and flows along the
contour of it.
5. Чем выше the speed, the more compressed the air will be.
6. Resistance depends on скорости воздушного потока and is
proportional to the square of the speed.
7. If an aircraft doubles its speed it will meet профильное сопро-
тивление.
8. A polished surface favours плавному обтеканию воздушным по-
током; where as a rough surface leads to вихревому потоку.
9. Первичные силы of flight: подъемнаясила, drag, тяга, and weight.
3.1.13. Complete the following sentences with infinitive or gerund.
1. The elevator, ailerons and rudder are essential … in the aircraft. (to
control)
2. The goal of airplane designers is … maximum efficiency. (to obtain)
3. The additional weight lowers the efficiency of the airplane by … its
speed. (to reduce)
4. Wings are subjected to thorough analysis before … for use on
airplanes. (to approve)
5. The increased lift enables the pilot … steeper approaches to a landing
without … airspeed. (to make, to increase)
6. When the flaps are no longer needed, they can … (to retract).
7. Mechanical linkage allows the pilot … the angle of attack of the
entire horizontal stabilizer. (to change).
8. The trim tab is a part of the elevator but may … independently of the
elevator. (to move)
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9. Care must … in … engines using APU when the battery is dead. (to
exercise, to start)
10. The oil system provides a means of … and … oil throughout the
internal components of the engine. (to store, to circulate)
3.1.14. Work in pairs. Define and describe the following terms.
1. turbulence
2. smooth airflow
3. smooth surface
4. friction (or resistance)
5. lift
6. drag
7. weight
8. thrust
3.1.15. Make a 2–3 minute report about the importance of
hydroaerodynamics. Support your ideas with different examples.
3.1.16. Find more information about the latest investigations in
hydroaerodynamics and present it to the group mates.
Unit 3.2. Laws of Hydroaerodynamics
3.2.1. Train the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the
following international words.
Law, quantity, conservation, mass, momentum, energy, the theory of
relativity, fluid, molecule, to collide, hydroaerodynamics, foundation
3.2.2. Match the words to their Russian equivalents.
1. foundation а) закон сохранения
2.in particular b) теория относительности
3. quantum mechanics c) твердый
4. the theory of relativity d) давление
5. to modify e) сила трения
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6. law of conservation f) свойство жидкости
7. solid g) основа
8. as a result of calculations h) в особенности
9. to assume i) квантовая механика
10. fluid property j) плотность
11. density k) (видо)изменять
12. pressure l) материя и энергия
13. to define m) количество
14. to state n) предполагать
15. matter and energy o) сила, действующая на тело
16. quantity p) в результате проведенных расчетов
17. frictional force q) указывать
18. body force r) определять
3.2.3. Read the text and find out.
1. What are the foundations of hydroaerodynamics?
2. What are the main laws of hydroaerodynamics?
3. What do the laws of hydroaerodynamics state?
Text 2
Laws of Hydroaerodynamics
The foundations of hydroaerodynamics are the laws of conservation, in
particular, the law of conservation of mass, the law of conservation of
momentum (Newton's second law) and the law of conservation of energy
(the first law of thermodynamics). All of them were formulated by
classical mechanics, modified by quantum mechanics and the theory of
relativity.
In addition, it is sometimes believed that the fluids are a solid mass. In
fact, they are made up of molecules that move and collide. As a result of
calculations of hydroaerodynamic problems, it is assumed that fluid
properties such as density, pressure, temperature and flow rate are well
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defined at an infinitely small point in space, changing from point to point
continuously.
The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states
that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of
the system must remain constant over time, as system's mass cannot change,
so quantity can neither be added nor be removed.* Hence, the quantity of
mass is conserved over time. The law implies that mass can neither be
created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities
associated with it may be changed in form. *
Conservation of momentum, linear momentum, translational
momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta), in fluid dynamics, the
mathematical formulation of this principle can be considered an application
of Newton's Second Law. Momentum within a flow is only changed by the
work performed on the system by external forces, which may include both
surface forces, such as viscous (frictional) forces, and body forces, such as
weight. The momentum conservation principle may be expressed as either a
vector equation or separated into a set of three scalar equations (x, y, z
components). *
The conservation law of energy states that the total energy of an isolated
system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time.* This law
means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only
be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
In addition to the laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy,
for complete calculations, it is also necessary to use the thermodynamic law
of state, which indicates the dependence of pressure on other
thermodynamic properties.
3.2.4. Mark the sentences as T (true), F (false) or N (not mentioned).
In case the statement is false, correct it.
1. Hydroaerodynamics is founded on the laws of conservation.
2. Laws of conservation are fundamental to our understanding of the
physical world.
3. Fluids are a solid mass and made up of molecules that move but do
not collide.
4. The law of conservation of momentum is the first law of
thermodynamics.
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5. The conservation law of energy states that the total quantity of energy
in an isolated system does not change, though it may change form.
6. The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
3.2.5. Find pairs of words that mean the same.
Preservation, basis, act, power, liquid, weight, hard, account, feature,
thickness, tension, concept, to indicate, to transmit, number, to mean, to
break, use, strength, formula, separate, unchanged
3.2.6. Give an adequate translation of the sentences marked with an
asterisk.
3.2.7. Compare two columns of words and find Russian equivalents
to the following English words.
1. molecules that move and collide a) принцип сохранения импульса
2. laws of conservation b) векторное уравнение
3. classical mechanics c) квантовая механика
4. quantum mechanics d) закон предусматривает
5. solid mass
6. changing from point to point
continuously
7. the law implies g) элементы, связанныес
8. the entities associated with h) классическая механика
9. the momentum conservation
principle
10. vector equation j) непрерывно меняясь от точки к точке
e) молекулы, которые движутся
и сталкиваются
f) законы сохранения
i) сплошная масса
3.2.8. Fill in the gaps with the missing words from the list in a
proper form.
to define, processes, to transform, capacity, chemical, physical,
to convert, thermal, to create, mechanical, kinetic, mass
The conservation laws describe physical properties that remain constant
throughout the various processes that occur in the physical world. Energy
can be (1) ____ as the (2) ____ for doing work. It may exist in a variety of
forms and may be (3) ____from one type of energy to another in hundreds
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of ways. For example, burning gasoline to power cars is an energy
conversion process we rely on. The (4) ____ energy in gasoline is
(5) ____to thermal energy, which is then converted to mechanical energy
that makes the car move. The (6) ____ energy has been converted to kinetic
energy. When we use the brakes to stop a car, that (7) ____ energy is
converted by friction back to heat, or (8) ____ energy. Conservation of mass
implies that matter can be neither (9) ____ nor destroyed i.e., (10) ____ that
change the (11) ____ or chemical properties of substances within an isolated
system (such as conversion of a liquid to a gas) leave the total mass
unchanged. Strictly speaking, (12) ____ is not a conserved quantity.
3.2.9. Find English equivalents for the following sentences.
1. В основах гидроаэродинамики лежат законы сохранения, в част-
ности, законы сохранения массы, импульса и энергии.
2. Все эти законы были сформулированы классической механикой,
доработаны квантовой механикой и теорией относительности.
3. Иногда считается, что флюиды являются сплошной массой. На
самом деле они состоят из молекул, движущихся
и испытывающих
столкновения.
4. В результате вычислений гидроаэродинамических задач предполагается, что свойства флюидов, такие как плотность, давление, температура и скорость потока хорошо определены в бесконечно малой
точке пространства.
5. Кроме законов сохранения массы, импульса и энергии, для полных вычислений нужно также использовать термодинамический закон
о состоянии.
3.2.10. Fill in the gaps in the table with the missing adjectives or
nouns.
Adjective Noun
frictional
classical
thermodynamic
conservation
relativity
molecule
property
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3.2.11. Explain how you understand the italicized words and
phrases in the text. Make up sentences of your own.
3.2.12. Say what new information you have learnt from the text.
3.2.13. Make 5 questions to the text to interview your partner about
the laws of hydroaerodynamics.
3.2.14. Make a short report on one of the laws of
hydroaerodynamics and present it in class.
Unit 3.3. Powerplants for the aircraft
3.3.1. Train the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the
following international words and word combinations.
Pressure, engine, forward thrust, turning effect, shaft, power, pull force,
propeller, horizontal lift force
3.3.2. Read the text. Explain how you understand the italicized
words and phrases in the text.
Text 3
Powerplants for the aircraft
A: How does a propeller provide thrust?
A piston engine needs a propeller which converts the power output from
the engine into thrust.
A piston engine develops power and transmits it to the propeller by
means of a shaft; the piston engine transmits this power to the propeller as
engine torque or turning effect. The torque rotates the propeller and the
propeller transforms this turning effect into a push or pull force called
thrust. The propeller generates forces due to its motion through the air.
The propeller creates a horizontal lift force and pulls aircraft through
the air.
When a propeller rotates, the static pressure ahead of the blade is lower
than the pressure behind the blade.The result is forward thrust.
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B: How does a jet engine provide thrust?
The compressor.The compressor is made up of a series of rotating disks,
each of which is a set of fanlike blades. These rotary disks alternate with
rings of stationary blades fastened to the engine casing. These blades are
sometimes referred to as stators or vanes. The structure is intended to
redirect airflow from one set of rotary blades to the next. The purpose of the
compressor is to draw in air, heat it to the appropriate temperature, and then
force this heated air into the combustion chamber.
The combustion chamber.It is in the combustion chamber that highpressure air is mixed with a fine spray of fuel. This mixture is subsequently
ignited, giving rise to extremely hot exhaust gases which expand rapidly as
they are directed at high speed into the turbine.
The turbine.With alternating sets of rotary and stationary blades. The
turbine is similar to the compressor in structure. The turbine spins exhaust
gases, forcing them out through the exhaust nozzle at high speed. This is
what provides the thrust necessary to propel the aircraft forward. Shafts also
connect the turbine to the compressor, and this draws in more air.
3.3.3. Answer the following questions.
1. The compressor can be described as a two-port structure, one mobile
and one immobile. Explain.
2. The compressor compresses air. Where does the air come from and
how is it compressed?
3. What is the purpose of the nozzles?
4. How are turbine and compressor connected? How can the turbine be
said to drive the compressor?
3.3.4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
A piston engine needs a (1) ______which (2) _____ the power output
from the engine into thrust. A piston engine (3) ______ power and
(4) _______ it to the propeller by means of a (5) _____. The piston engine
(6) _______ this power to the propeller as engine torque or turning effect.
The torque (7)_____ the propeller and the propeller (8) ______ this turning
effect into a push or pull force, the thrust. The propeller (9) ______ a
horizontal lift force and (10) ______ the aircraft through the air. When the
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