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МИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ЛИПЕЦКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
С. А. Пономарева
Д. А. Малинина
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
Липецк
Липецкий государственный технический университет
2013
ББК Ш 143.21 я 7
П 563
Рецензенты:
Кафедра иностранных языков Липецкого эколого-гуманитарного университета,
канд. пед. наук, доц. Кабакова Е. Н.;
Начальник отдела Торгово-промышленной палаты Маркова Л. Б.
Пономарева С. А.
П 563
«YOUR MAJESTY SCIENCE», учеб. пособие / С. А. Пономарева,
Д. А. Малинина. – Липецк: Изд-во Лип. гос. тех.ун-т, 2013. – 67 с.
ISBN 978-5-88247-641-9
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для магистрантов технических
направлений, изучающих английский язык.
В пособии используются аутентичные материалы зарубежной прессы.
Цель пособия – закрепление терминологического минимума по
специальности, обучение работе с научными источниками профессиональноориентированного характера, совершенствование навыков коммуникативной
направленности и преодоление языковых трудностей, характерных для научнотехнической литературы.
В пособии также используются упражнения на дальнейшее
совершенствование грамматических навыков.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ЛГТУ
ISBN 978-5-88247-641-9
© ФГБОУ ВПО «Липецкий
государственный технический
университет», 2013
© Пономарева С. А., Малинина Д. А., 2013
ПЕРЕВОД ИНФИНИТИВА И ИНФИНИТИВНЫХ ОБОРОТОВ
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Indefinite
(to) design
(to) be designed
Perfect
(to) have designed
(to) have been designed
Continuous
(to) be designing
-
Prefect Сontinuous
(to) have been designing
-
1. He tried to find the right answer.
Он пытался найти правильный ответ.
2. They must have been waiting too
long.
Должно быть, они ждут уже давно.
Не может быть, что он так
поступил.
Должно быть, он сейчас работает.
Никому не нравится, когда им лгут.
6. The manuscript seems to have been
written in the 12th century.
Рукопись, по всей видимости,
относится к 12 веку.
3. He couldn’t have done it.
UNIT ONE
I Формы Инфинитива
4. He must be working now.
5. Everybody hates to be lied to.
II Функции инфинитива в предложении
В предложении инфинитив может выполнять следующие функции:
1. Подлежащее: They arranged to visit the laboratory the next day.
2. Предикатив (именная часть составного сказуемого): All I want to do is to
help you.
3. Сказуемое в односоставных предложениях (использование структурно
ограничено. Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется в вопросительных
предложениях после why): Why waste your time on this kind of work? Why not go
there right away?
4. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого.
a) после модальных глаголов (без частицы to): He was so excited that he
couldn’t talk of other things.
d) после глаголов: to seem, to appear, to turn out, to prove, to happen
(с частицей to): They seemed to be getting on a bit better.
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5. Второе действие при глаголе сказуемом: One night he woke up to hear a light
knock at the door.
6. Дополнение:
a) после глаголов: to agree, to arrange, to attempt, to choose, to decide, to
deserve, to expect, to fail, to help, to hesitate, to hope, to learn. to long, to
manage, to mean, to offer, to omit, to plan, to promise, to refuse, to tend, to
threaten, to want: He refused to see me.
b) после модального сочетания can afford: We can’t afford to buy a car.
c) после фразеологических сочетаний to make up one’s mind, to take care, to
take trouble, to make sure etc. He took care to buy the newsфpaper.
7. Субъектный предикатив (после пассивной формы некоторых глаголов):
to advise, to allow, to ask, to believe, to consider, to expect, to feel, to find, to force,
to hear, to instruct etc.): They were heard to discuss the possibility.
8. Объектный предикатив: He advised me to call him up.
9. Обстоятельство: He dressed and went out to buy the morning paper.
To learn a foreign language you have to practice a lot. I was silent in order to give
him time to think.
10. Определение: It’s a matter for you to decide. He was the first to come.
11. Вводные словосочетания: to put it mildly, to be quite frank, so to speak, to
make matters worse, to tell the truth. To put it mildly, she is just a bit inquisitive.
PRACTICE
1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive.
a. I can’t afford to go out.
b. We expect to see you soon.
c. Let’s arrange to meet again next week.
d. Are you prepared to risk your life for this?
e. The aim is not to win, but to enjoy yourself.
f. The police appear to be chasing someone.
g. I’d like everyone to help us.
h. Since we saw him last, he appears to have become more responsible.
i. He always pretends not to understand, but he does.
j. I am sorry to have woken you up.
k. You need to concentrate on the road,
l. Your grandmother was sad not to see you.
m. I am so happy to be leaving school at last!
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n. I can’t bear to watch this horror film any more.
o. Sam was sad to have lost the race.
p. Give a man a fish and he’ll eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he’ll eat
for a lifetime.
2. Translate into English using the Infinitive.
a. Если быть откровенным, финансовый кризис обнажил множество
проблем.
b. Изучать точные науки необходимо.
c. Я постараюсь сделать все, что смогу.
d. Однажды ночью он проснулся и услышал легкий стук в дверь.
e. Почему бы не предпринять необходимые шаги незамедлительно?
f. Мой план заключался в том, чтобы перезагрузить компьютер и начать
все сначала.
g. Он не старался найти выхода из сложившейся ситуации.
h. Не может быть, чтобы он сделал эту ошибку.
i. Он, должно быть, водит машину не первый год.
j. Наверное, она все еще ждет.
k. Кажется, ты нарушаешь скоростной режим. Притормози!
3. Skim the article to find the sentences with the Infinitives and state their
functions.
It's a knockout
Engineers find a new way to punch holes through steel
Electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) are usually associated with
warfare. The idea is to use a blast of energy to fry the enemy’s
computers and telecommunications gear. One common way proposed
to do this is with an atomic bomb. In a less extreme fashion, however,
EMPs have peaceful uses. They are already employed industrially to shape soft and
light metals, such as aluminium and copper. Now a group of researchers has found a
way to use an EMP device to shape and punch holes through industry’s metallic
5
heavyweight - steel. This could transform manufacturing by doing away with the
need to use large, heavy presses to make goods ranging from cars to washing
machines.
Verena Kräusel and her colleagues performed their trick by beefing up an
existing electromagnetic-forming machine. Such machines use a bank of capacitors to
discharge a current rapidly through a coil. The coil converts the current into a
powerful magnetic field. When the component to be worked is placed next to such a
machine, the coil induces in it a corresponding field. Like poles repel, and the
repulsion between the two fields is strong enough to make the metal distort.
Dr Kräusel and her colleagues boosted the power of their machine by
strengthening its coil and speeding up the rate at which the capacitors dump their
charge. The result is an extremely strong field - one that delivers enough pressure
when it hits the steel to punch out the material next to it, leaving a hole behind. The
impact pressure on the steel is about 3,500 atmospheres. That is the weight of three
small cars pressing on an area only a centimetre or so square.
The result is that the machine is able to punch holes 30 mm in diameter
through the type of sheet steel used to build car bodies, which is usually around 1mm
thick. The group have also used their machine to punch holes in hardened steel,
including stainless steel. And, besides punching holes in steel, such a machine could
also be used to form shapes out of the metal without the need to use a mould or a die.
The Economist
4. Read the article carefully and choose the best answer for each question.
a. If you describe someone or something as a knockout, you think that they
are: a. extremely attractive or impressive; c. rude and aggressive;
b. strong and powerful; d. weak and dependent.
b. The word warfare is closest in meaning to: a. competition; b. natural
disaster; c. peace; d. military action.
c. What is true about EMPs?
Researchers have failed to work out any ways of using them in industry.
6
They have nothing to do with violent struggle.
They have found a new application in industry.
Their uses for peaceful purposes are limited.
d. If you do away with something, you:
go away from something.
put an end to it.
find a new way of using it.
use a remote control to do something.
e. If you beef up something, you:
increase, strengthen, or improve it.
cook a meal using beef.
fight with it.
abandon an attempt to get something.
f. Like poles are: a. similar; b. different; c. good; d. the ones you like.
g. The group increased the power of their machine by:
changing its design completely.
making its coils stronger.
eliminating the capacitor.
increasing the number of its coils.
h. What is not true about the pilot electromagnetic-forming machine?
It is able to make holes through stainless steel.
It is impossible to use it for making holes in hardened steels.
There is no need in using any supplementary equipment while shaping steel.
Automakers will benefit from using this machine.
5. Translate the last paragraph of the article in written form.
6. Learn the words in the box. Translate the sentences into English using
the Infinitive where possible.
7
Electric welding – электрическая сварка.
Direct polarity – прямая полярность.
Reversed polarity – обратная полярность.
Bolt – болт, скреплять болтами.
Forging – ковка.
Rivet – заклепка.
Glue – клей.
Electric arc – электрическая дуга.
Fusion welding – сварка плавлением.
Consumable electrode – плавящийся электрод.
Nonconsumable electrode - неплавящийся электрод.
a) Металлические изделия можно соединить между собой болтами,
заклепками, клеем, ковкой и т. п.
b) Одним из самых надежных и долговечных способов крепления
является электросварка.
c) Главными преимуществами электросварки, которые позволили этому
методу получить широкое распространение не только в промышленности, но и
в быту, являются быстрота, экономичность и прочность
d) Известно, что электрическая дуга занимает одно из ведущих мест
среди различных видов сварки плавлением.
e) Все операции по зажиганию дуги, поддержанию ее длины и
перемещению вдоль линии шва сварщик осуществляет вручную.
f) Дуговая сварка может быть выполнена как плавящимся, так и
неплавящимся электродом при прямой или обратной полярности.
8
SELF-ASSESSMENT I
1. Translate the article using a dictionary.
Blacksmithing forges ahead
Blacksmithing conjures up images of hot, heavy work
carried out by burly bearded Britons ages ago; not much to do
with today’s world you might say. But take a closer look around
you, and you’ll be amazed at the amount of ironwork you can
see – the hinges holding open the door, the hook hanging up your coat, the ornate
railings you pass by every day. You may not know it, but blacksmiths created the
very nails that hold the modern world together.
In its purest form, the craft consists of shaping metal using heat, a hammer and
anvil. “You’re basically mucking around with its atomic structure,” says Aaron
Petersen, a blacksmith, sculptor and university lecturer. On a hot Saturday in an even
hotter forge in west Wales, he is teaching me the right way to pound the hell out of a
piece of steel.
“When the metal is heated, the molecules loosen so it’s easier to bend; a bit
like cooking,” says Petersen. But this is no ordinary kitchen: the Petersen family
forge is like something from another age, with its intense fire, hundreds of hammers
and tongs adorning the walls and weighty anvils which look as though they haven’t
moved an inch in centuries. An iron bottom clasped by an iron hand completes the
scene.
This morning we are cooking up mild steel to fashion into a decorative
candlestick, which will hopefully take pride of place on the family mantelpiece. “The
temperature should be from 1,000C-1,300C and a good welding heat is a yellow
one,” says Petersen, which means steel-capped boots and goggles are a must for this
line of work. And then the clanging begins: we begin by “drawing down” the steel
9
rods, pounding it with a hammer to “upset” or reduce the thickness of the metal, and
“drawing it to a point”.
“It’s an antidote to our computer-bound lives,” says Petersen. It’s incredibly
hot and dirty work too. “The great thing is that it’s an immediate process,” he says.
“The metal shapes quickly in smithing, as opposed to something like pottery which
involves several stages of firing and drying before you see the result.”
Students on his weekend course, which is geared towards mastering basic
smithing skills, have ranged from artists to stressed-out executives. “A lot of wives
send their husbands. Some are spurred to take it up professionally – not everyone is
cut out to be a hedge fund manager,” says Petersen. Everyone comes away with their
own finished pieces, be they bespoke tools, nails, decorative artwork or
doorknockers. Others renovating their homes come to work on specific items.
The Economist
2. Write an essay answering the question: ‘Will blacksmiths actually be
needed in the future?’
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