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Файл:Your majesty science. Учебное пособие
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UNIT FIVE
ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ
Под герундиальным оборотом понимается сочетание герундия с
притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном
падеже. Они представляют собой эквиваленты придаточных предложений
и в большинстве случаев переводятся придаточными предложениями,
соответствующими синтаксической роли герундия в предложении.
Your taking up English as supplementary education will do you a lot of good. То,
что вы выбрали английский в качестве дополнительного образования очень вам
пригодится.
His being such an easy-going person made my staying at his place even more
comfortable. То, что он был таким общительным, сделало мое пребывание в его
доме еще более приятным.
PRACTICE
1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Gerundial Constructions.
a) I can’t excuse her not answering out invitation.
b) You must pardon my not getting up.
c) Would you mind Jane’s practicing in the room next to yours?
d) I can’t bear him whistling while I am trying to concentrate.
e) I really miss your bringing me breakfast in bed.
f) Fancy your meeting a ghost!
2. Skim the article to find the sentences with the Gerund and Gerundial
Constructions. Translate them into Russian.
How the alchemists used smart materials science
In their tireless quest for the Philosopher's Stone, alchemists relied on crucibles
that have only just yielded their secrets to scientists. Using the 21st century
technology, scientists have cracked the secret recipe used centuries ago in creating
extraordinarily tough crucibles that enabled alchemists to do clever chemistry and
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pursue the Philosopher's Stone, the secret of turning base metals into gold and of
immortality.
Since the Middle Ages, mixing vessels - or
crucibles - manufactured in the Hesse region of Germany
have been world renowned because of their ability to
withstand strong reagents and high temperatures.
Alchemists and metallurgists did make crucibles, but they were never as good as the
Hessian ones, which had to be imported when conducting important, challenging
chemical reactions.
The researchers revealed using a range of modern analytical techniques that
Hessian crucible makers had unwittingly created an advanced ceramic material only
properly identified and named in the 20th century. The analysis of 50 Hessian and
non-Hessian crucibles revealed that the secret component in their manufacture is an
aluminium silicate known as mullite (Al6Si2O13).
Today mullite is used in a wide range of modern conventional and advanced
ceramics, such as building materials, electronic packaging devices, optical materials
and catalytic converters, as well as in ceramic matrix composites such as thermal
protection systems and liners for aircraft and stationary gas turbine engines.
Hessian crucible makers’ taking advantage of this peculiar aluminium silicate
400 years earlier, this material was only first described in the 20th century. They
synthesised mullite by manufacturing their crucibles with kaolinitic clay (produced
by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals such as feldspars) and
then firing them at temperatures above 1100 degrees. Crucible makers’ not being
aware of mullite, they mastered a very successful recipe, and that's why they kept it
constant, and secret, for centuries.
Since the Renaissance, alchemists and assayers used increasingly high
temperatures and stronger reagents in their chemistry, in order to purify metals and
minerals - and, in some cases, hoping to reduce them to their quintessence, as a basic
step in the production of the Philosopher's Stone.
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With normal ceramic vessels, the extreme heat and aggressive chemicals would
attack the crucible itself, and often lead to cracks, leakage, or the vessel itself melting
down - which you wouldn't want to happen with any metals, but especially if you are
working with noble metals or the philosopher's stone.
The Economist
3. Scan the article and find words and word combinations to match the
definitions.
a) ________________ a scientist in the Middle Ages who tried to discover
how to change ordinary metals into gold
b) ________________ a ceramic or metal container in which metals or other
substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures
c) ________________ a common metal that is not considered precious, such
as copper, tin, or zinc
d) ________________ known or talked about by many people; famous
e) ________________to remain undamaged or unaffected by; resist
f) ________________to make (previously unknown or secret information)
known to others
g) ________________ far on or ahead in development or progress
h) ________________ not done on purpose; unintentionally
i) ________________ make good use of the opportunities offered by
4. Read the article carefully and mark the statements T (true) or F (false).
a) The Philosopher’s stone is a substance that was believed to have the power
of transmuting base metal into gold.______________
b) A crucible can’t be used for melting or subjecting substances to very high
temperatures.__________________
c) Hessian crucible makers identified and named an advanced ceramic
material they used.______________
d) Mullite hasn’t found any wide industrial application. __________
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e) Hessian crucible makers changed the composition and improved the quality
of the material they used several times.__________
f) Ancient alchemists were able to achieve quite high temperatures.________
g) Normal ceramic vessels are able to withstand any severe conditions of a
chemical reaction.___________
5. Read the article again and state the advantages of mullite as modern
ceramics component.
6. Translate from Russian into English using the Gerund and Gerundial
Constructions where possible.
Что оставила нам эта необычная, загадочная наука – алхимия?
Первое и основное, что приходит на ум, когда говорится об алхимии, это поиск способа получить золото из менее благородных металлов, чтобы
обогатиться и в конечном итоге обрести власть. Другая цель этой науки -
достижение бессмертия. Об алхимиках, людях, посвятивших свою жизнь
алхимическим занятиям, ходило множество странных легенд. Среди прочего
поговаривали, будто бы они нашли формулу бессмертия - конечно
физического, поскольку в наше время это единственная форма бытия, которая
интересует людей. Все хотят узнать, как остаться вечно молодыми.
И третья цель алхимии - достижение счастья. О ней молчат философские
трактаты, однако думается, что поиски золота, молодости и счастья имеют
нечто общее. Алхимики искали одного и того же: счастья, вечной молодости
или сказочного богатства (конечно, если не касаться метафизической части
их учения).
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SELF-ASSESSMENT V
1. Translate the article using a dictionary. Pay attention to the Gerund and
Gerundial Constructions.
Abandoned US steel mill is sign of the times
For a century the Continental Steel mill
has loomed over the town of Kokomo,
Indiana - first as a sign of prosperity, then as a
reminder of the rust belt's decline and the cost
of environmental clean-up. A 15-meter high
pile of slag was left over from 74 years of
making nails, wire and fencing from scrap metal. There were 2,450 drums filled with
solvent, oil and rubbish dumped at the bottom of a quarry pond and scattered across
the 74-hectare property. The creeks that ran through town were so badly
contaminated that warnings were posted to stop people from eating the fish.
Thanks to a six-million-dollar infusion of economic stimulus funds, efforts to
restore the sprawling site are progressing. But it will still be several years before the
land abdicated in 1986 is deemed safe for use.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates there are more than
450,000 sites across the United States where hazardous substances, pollutants or
contaminants are hampering redevelopment. Many remain abandoned or under-used
because the cleanup costs are higher than the property's value, while the polluters
have gone out of business and can't be forced to pay for it. And it will still be years probably decades - until the industrial mess can be removed.
Pouring industrial by-products directly into the air, water and ground was
standard practice until the EPA began regulating pollution with the Clean Air Act of
1970. It took years to figure out how to store and treat hazardous waste safely, while
the clean-ups are incredibly complicated and laborious projects.
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First comes the investigation and risk assessment to sort out exactly what
contaminants are at the site and what threat they pose to human health. The tests are
expensive and have to be taken in different seasons to see how ground water is
affected. They often turn up hidden hazards that need to be dealt with immediately.
Designing an appropriate remedy can also take several years, while the actual cleanup
work can last for decades. Some contaminants can be burned. Others can be broken
down by sunlight or bugs or buried under a cap of clean soil. Others still must be
separated from salvageable soil and materials sent to an approved hazardous waste
site. At some point nothing can be done. Even when all the work is complete, it
doesn't actually end. Sites need to be revisited periodically to make sure the
contaminants haven't escaped. And the number of new sites and spills is growing
amid the latest economic downturn.
The Telegraph
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UNIT SIX
Active
Passive
Indefinite
inventing
being invented
Perfect
having invented
having been invented
ПЕРЕВОД ПРИЧАСТИЙ И ПРИЧАСТНЫХ ОБОРОТОВ
ФОРМЫ ПРИЧАСТИЯ
1. Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle)
Английское причастие настоящего времени соответствует русскому
причастию действительного залога настоящего времени или
деепричастию. Варианты перевода в зависимости от формы причастия:
Even in the vicinity of the Pole there are animals living on the ice. Даже в
окрестностях полюса есть животные, обитающие на льду.
Having reached its maximum intencity the activity of the volcano began to subside.
Достигнув своего максимального уровня, активность вулкана стала
снижаться.
Being the top of the class she never failed her exams. Так как она была лучшей
студенткой в группе, она всегда успешно сдавала все экзамены.
Having been discovered by the first settlers the Holy Spring is still
considered to retain its holistic properties. Считается, что открытый еще
первыми поселенцами, Святой Источник все еще обладает своей целебной
силой.
2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle)
Причастие прошедшего времени имеет только одну форму,
представляющую собой 3 форму глагола, на русский язык переводится
причастием страдательного залога.
The broken device can’t be mended. Испорченный прибор не подлежит
восстановлению.
Иногда причастие прошедшего времени может употребляться в функции
обстоятельства:
Updated lately the product is going to be launched soon. После недавней
модернизации товар вскоре появится в продаже.
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1. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the Present and Past
Participles.
a) Knowing that he was poor, I offered to pay his fare.
b) Finding no one at home, he left the house in a bad temper.
c) Hoping to find the will, she searched everywhere.
d) She didn't want to hear the story again having heard it all before.
e) One evening you will be sitting by the fire remembering this day.
f) The government once tried to tax people according to the size of their houses
having put a tax on windows.
g) We saw the first star shining in the sky,
h) Surrounded by photographers and pressmen, she swept up to the
microphone.
j) Slates ripped off by the gale fell on people passing below.
k) Exhausted by his work, he threw himself on his bed.
l) Climbing the tree to get birds' eggs, the boy had a bad fall.
m) Uprooted by the gale, the tree fell across the road.
2. Translate into English using the Present and Past Participles.
a) Устав от моих жалоб, она вышла из комнаты, громко хлопнув дверью.
b) Растратив все деньги, он решил вернуться в отчий дом и начать
работать.
c) Она видела, как он сидел у окна и нервно курил.
d) Неожиданно разбуженный криками за окном, он долго не мог понять,
где он.
e) Он никак не мог придумать, где спрятать украденное серебро.
f) Мы, наконец, добрались до станции, вымокшие до нитки.
g) Потерянное время не воротишь.
h) Может, записаться в Клуб Разбитых Сердец?
i) Преподаватель вернул студентам проверенные работы.
3. Skim the article to find sentences with the Participles. Translate them
into Russian. State the function of the Participle.
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Scrap metal thieves target gas cylinders
First, it was copper cables, then church roofs, swiftly
followed by manhole covers. Now, scrap metal thieves
have found yet another lucrative and potentially
explosive source of income – disused gas cylinders. Calor
Gas, one of the UK’s largest suppliers of liquid petroleum gas, has had 100,000 steel
gas cylinders stolen over the last year with a market value of £4.5 million.
Organised criminals have targeted rural businesses and houses that are off the gas
mains and rely on tanked gas to heat their premises or homes. The gas is also used for
barbeques, cooking stoves and patio heaters.
Calor Gas has written to 1,500 scrap yards in the UK urging them not to accept
the steel cylinders, which it says are dangerous as they could still contain traces of
the highly flammable gas.
Some bottles have been seen in scrap yards with their basements welded off,
the company said. One man was recently found hitting gas cylinders with a
sledgehammer in a public car park in Newark in Nottinghamshire in an attempt to
remove the brass valves from the steel bottles prior to selling them on. The police
were called.
The missing cylinders are the latest instance of the growing trend of scrap
metal theft. Scrap metal prices have increased sharply due to rising demand. The
metal can be melted down and sold on, and many people in the unregulated trade
operate on a "no questions asked" policy. Earlier this month the Association of Chief
Police Officers said that 2011 has been an “extraordinary year” for metal theft.
Thieves have targeted everything from war memorials to copper cables above railway
tracks.
The cylinders cost up to £60 each to make. In the last 75 years, there has been
no need for a system to track our bottles, but that has changed. There is a criminal
element at play here. This is beyond casual theft now. Recently a lifestyle magazine
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even ran an article showing readers how to make traditional-looking wood-burning
stoves out of old gas cylinders.
At the start of December 110 Calor Gas bottles were taken from a depot in
Cardiff in what appeared to be an organized raid. One gas cylinder has been spotted
as far a field as Tanzania, where the company does not do business. The company has
alerted the police.
Almost three-quarters of Calor Gas’s business come from providing gas to
areas, which are off the mains supply, such as rural areas. This means that CCTV
footage of the people stealing the cylinders rarely exists.
The Economist
4. Read the article carefully and answer the following questions.
a) What objects have become the targets of scrap metal thieves?
b) What parts of the country suffer from criminals most?
c) What makes the trend of scrap metal theft dangerous?
d) Why is the situation turning into an issue of a great concern?
e) What does CCTV stand for?
f) What does the last sentence of the article imply?
5. Match the italicized adjectives with their definitions.
a) ___________________________very unusual or remarkable
b) ______________________able or likely to shatter violently or burst apart
c) ______________________________________________easily set on fire
d) ___________________not controlled or supervised by regulations or laws
e) _________________ places which are far away from large towns or cities
f) ______________________________able or likely to cause harm or injury
g) __________________________________producing a great deal of profit
h) _______________________________________not regular or permanent
i) ___________________________having a consistency like that of water or
oil, i.e., flowing freely but of constant volume.
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