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Файл:Science and Technology. Пособие по развитию навыков чтения при обучении английскому языку
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READING: Electric Excavator
TASK 1. Read the text. Use the text to write a short summary.
Practical tips
You should read the article more than once to make sure you’ve thoroughly
understood it. It’s often effective to read in three stages.
Scan the article quickly to get a sense of its topic and overall shape.
Read the article carefully, highlighting important points and taking notes
as you read.
Skim the article again to confirm you’ve understood the key points, and
re-read any particularly important or difficult passages.
Keep in mind that a summary does not involve paraphrasing every single
paragraph of the article. Your goal is to extract the essential points, leaving out
anything that can be considered background information or supplementary
detail.
The Electric Excavator
In the early days of canal and railway engineering, the only implements
available were the navy’s spade and barrow, and progress was slow. Later,
man was relieved of this uninspiring toil by the invention of steamoperated shovels. Nowadays it is one of the occupations of the engineer to
design and manufacture excavators to handle any kind of material.
The mechanical excavator digs canals and pipe trenches, tears out
1937
1/4
15
593
94
55
103
clay or gravel, smooths away hills and fills in valleys so as to level roads,
or perhaps mines such materials as ironstone. The giant modern
excavator shown above is one of a number engaged in mining operations
in various parts of Great Britain. A large bucket with a cutting edge is
pushed into the bottom of the working face and is then swept upwards,
scooping out a load of material on its way. The machine is then swung
round on a circle of conical rollers until the bucket is in such a position
that, when its hinged bottom is opened, the load can be dumped into
wagons for removal. Excavators are made with buckets which hold only
1/4 cubic yard. But this one will hold between 9 and 12 cubic yards,
equivalent to loads of 12 tons and 15 tons respectively. The bucket can
take a cut, be swung round nearly to the opposite point, discharge the
load and be returned for the next cut once in every minute, the material
being taken some 70 yards away from where it was cut. All that this
requires is a man moving a few control levers in a cabin at the front of
the machinery house.
Electricity does the work through motors, winches, racks and pinions
and wire ropes, the current supply coming through a trailing cable from
an adjacent source. The machine, though it weighs 593 tons, is moved as
a whole by its own power to a fresh position. The boom is 94 feet long
and its angle can be varied to suit the work in hand in the same way as
the jib of a crane.
The dipper stick carrying the bucket is 62 ft 6 in long and is formed
partly of steel and partly of a single piece of Columbian pine. It can be
pushed forward or drawn back, and the bucket movement is adjustable to
give any depth of cut up to 55 feet, the maximum dumping height being
68 feet, and the dumping radius up to 103 feet.
[From Wonders of world engineering part 5, published 30 March
1937.]
TASK 2. What do these numbers from the text The Electric Excavator
refer to? Write the answers.
43
TASK 3. Find the English equivalents of technical words from the text
строительство
каналов и
железных дорог
ковш
механический
экскаватор
траншеи
из глины или
гравия
сглаживать
холмы
выровнять дороги
добыча
полезных
ископаемых
большой ковш с
режущей кромкой
конические
ролики
1/4 кубического
ярда
нагрузка
рычаги управления
в кабине
лебедка
стойка
шестерня
стальной трос
источник тока
стрела крана
максимальная
высота сброса
радиус
The Electric Excavator. Write your answers in the space provided.
44
READING: Cybercrime
.
TASK 1. Read the texts. Match the headings (1–8) with the texts (A–G).
There is one extra heading.
1. The changing nature of hacking.
2. Invisible hack security.
3. Being cyberbullied?
4. Computer back door.
5. Anatomy of botnet.
6. Modern crime technologies.
7. On the classification of cybercrime.
A Cybercrime is a fast-growing area of crime. More and more
criminals are exploiting the speed, convenience and anonymity of the
Internet to commit a diverse range of criminal activities that know no
borders, either physical or virtual. These crimes can be divided into three
broad areas: Attacks against computer hardware and software, for
example, botnets, malware and network intrusion; Financial crimes and
corruption, such as online fraud, penetration of online financial services
and phishing; Abuse, in the form of grooming, especially crimes against
children. Cybercrime is a bigger risk now than ever before due to the
sheer number of connected people and devices. In a nutshell, it is simply
a crime that has some kind of computer or cyber aspect to it. This
includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing
millions of dollars from online bank accounts. Cybercrime also includes
non-monetary offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other
computers or posting confidential business information on the Internet.
This consists of login information, such as usernames and passwords,
phone numbers, addresses, credit card numbers, bank account numbers,
and other information criminals can use to “steal” another person’s
identity. For this reason, it is smart to always check the URL or Web
address of a site to make sure it is legitimate before entering your
personal information. Therefore, it is smart to protect yourself by using
antivirus and spyware blocking software and being careful where you
enter your personal information.
B The computer or device may be the agent of the crime, the
facilitator of the crime, or the target of the crime. The crime may take
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place on the computer alone or in addition to other locations. The broad
range of cybercrime can be better understood by dividing it into two
overall categories, defined for the purpose of this research as Type I and
Type II cybercrime. The victim unknowingly downloads a Trojan horse
virus, which installs a keystroke logger on his or her machine. The
keystroke logger allows the hacker to steal private data such as internet
banking and email passwords. Another common form of Type 1 cyber
crime is phishing. This is where the victim receives a supposedly
legitimate email (quite often claiming to be a bank or credit card
company) with a link that leads to a hostile website. Once the link is
clicked, the PC can then be infected with a virus. Type 2 cybercrime
tends to be much more serious and covers things such as cyberstalking
and harassment, extortion, blackmail, stock market manipulation,
complex corporate espionage, and planning or carrying out terrorist
activities. It is generally an on-going series of events, involving repeated
interactions with the target. Eventually, the criminal exploits the
relationship to commit a crime. Or, members of a terrorist cell or criminal
organisation may use hidden messages to communicate in a public forum
to plan activities or discuss money laundering locations. Hackers
understand the intense complexity of the World Wide Web, which
changes every day. They know the weaknesses of the common browsers,
programming languages and operating systems that we all use. Modern
cyber criminals might pretend to be a government agency, bank or trusted
a friend in order to gain access to your personal information.
С There are bullies and then there are cyber bullies. While bullying
typically happens at school or work, cyberbullying takes place over
cyberspace. This includes both the internet and cell phone
communication. Like physical bullying, cyberbullying is aimed at
younger people, such as children and teenagers. It may involve harassing,
threatening, embarrassing, or humiliating young people online.
Cyberbullying can take many forms. The following are just a few
examples: Making fun of another user in an Internet chat room.
Harassing a user over an instant messaging session. Circulating false
rumors about someone on social networking websites. Posting
unflattering pictures of another user on the Web. Spamming another user
with unwanted e-mail messages. Sending threatening or provocative emails. Repeatedly calling another person’s cell phone. Cyberbullying
46
may seem humorous to some people, but it is a serious matter. Kids who
are bullied online often feel hurt and rejected by their peers. This can
lead to low self-esteem and depression. Therefore, cyber bullying should
not be tolerated and should be reported to authorities. Technically,
cyberbullying takes place between two young people. When adults are
involved, it may be called cyber-harassment or cyberstalking.
D Identity theft, viruses and malware, botnets that turn your
computer into an uncontrollable slave, hackers, financial crimes and
fraud of all kinds, etc., the internet has them all. Much of this modern
crime is high-technological and requires an enormous amount of
expertise to combat. A botnet also called a “zombie army” is a number of
Internet-connected computers communicating with other similar
machines in an effort to complete repetitive tasks and objectives. The
word botnet is a combination of the words robot and network. While
botnets can be used for distributed computing purposes, such as a
scientific processing, the term usually refers to multiple computers that
have been infected with malicious software. In order to create a
malicious botnet, a hacker must first compromise several computers. This
might be done by exploiting a security hole through a Web browser, IRC
chat program, or a computer’s operating system. A hacker may create a
botnet for several different purposes, such as spreading viruses, sending
e-mail spam, or crashing Web servers using a denial of service attack.
Each one of the zombie machines is controlled by a master computer
called the command and control server. From the command and control
server, the cybercriminals manage their botnets and instructs the army of
zombie computers to work on their behalf. A botnet is typically composed
of large number victim machines that stretch across the globe. In most
situations, users do not know that their computers have become part of a
botnet. Therefore, it is a good idea to install antivirus or anti-malware
software that regularly checks for such intrusions on your computer.
E A rootkit is a software program designed to provide a user with
administrator access to a computer without being detected. Root is a
UNIX / Linux term that’s the equivalent of Administrator in Windows.
The word kit denotes programs that allow someone to obtain root/admin
level access to the computer by executing the programs in the kit – all of
which is done without end-user consent or knowledge. It may consist of
spyware and other programs that: monitor traffic and keystrokes; create a
47
“backdoor” into the system for the hacker’s use; alter log files; attack
other machines on the network, and alter existing system tools to escape
detection. Rootkits have two primary functions: remote command/control
(back door) and software eavesdropping. Rootkits allow someone to
administratively control a computer. This means executing files,
accessing logs, monitoring user activity, and even changing the
computer’s configuration. Rootkits can’t propagate by themselves. In
reality, rootkits are just one component of what is called a blended threat.
Blended threats typically consist of three snippets of code: a dropper,
loader, and rootkit. The presence of a rootkit on a network was first
documented in the early 1990s. At that time, Sun and Linux operating
systems were the primary targets for a hacker looking to install a rootkit.
Today, rootkits are available for a number of operating systems,
including Windows, and are increasingly difficult to detect on any
network. Detection and removal depend on the sophistication of the
rootkit. Be sure to keep antivirus/anti-spyware software up to date. That
will go a long way toward keeping malware away.
F Originally (14th c.), someone who makes furniture with an axe,
“a chopper, cutter”, perhaps also “one who makes hacking tools”, was
called a hacker. More recent research shows it originating in the
subculture of 1960s computing. When this original sense was used, being
called a hacker was a badge of honor, denoting as a computer expert with
unusual abilities on both machine and software, however, since the 1960s
this sense has widened to include fields of technology outside computing.
Hacker is a term used to mean “a clever programmer”, a person who
enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch
their capabilities, an expert at a particular programming language or
system, a person capable of appreciating hack value, who picks up
programming quickly or an expert or enthusiast of any kind, e. g. an
astronomy hacker. A “good hack” is a clever solution to a programming
problem and “hacking” is the act of doing it. The “hacker” also tends to
connote membership in the global community defined by the net. The
term hacker is used in popular media to describe someone who attempts
to break into computer systems. Typically, this kind of hacker would be a
proficient programmer or engineer with sufficient technical knowledge to
understand the weak points in a security system. This can be as simple as
figuring out somebody else’s password or as complex as writing a
48
custom program to break another computer’s security software. Hackers
are the reason software manufacturers release periodic “security updates”
to their programs.
TASK 2. Make up a glossary of 10 words you consider to be most
important for understanding the text. Use the words from the list in the
appropriate context. Write the sentences down. You can use different
resources to find the examples. Write at least 3 examples for each word
of expression if possible.
TASK 3. The discussion on HACKING.
STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS. (Do not show these to Student B.)
1. What do you know about hacking?
2. Why do you think hackers do what they do?
3. Do you think hackers add to new technology developments?
4. What do you think technology companies think about hackers?
5. Are you worried someone could hack into your computer?
6. What could you lose if someone hacked into your computer and
how upset would you be?
7. Do you always download security updates to protect your computer
from hackers?
8. Do you think large companies fear hackers?
9. Who do you think is ahead of the game, the hackers or the software
companies?
STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS. (Do not show these to Student A.)
1. Have you heard of any big hacking cases?
2. What punishment should a hacker receive?
3. What do you think of the schoolchild hackers that get in the news?
4. Do you think your computer is becoming less or more secure?
5. Do you think it’s possible for a hacker to steal and take over your
whole identity and life?
6. Do you think a hacker could take over another country?
7. What would you do in case hackers read your e-mail or credit card
details?
8. What question would you like to ask a hacker?
9. What do you think his / her answer would be and why?
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES
A Smart Man Unique Pathway (pages 5–8)
Students’ own answers
Science terms: Physics (pages 9–10)
1 – phenomenon
2 – accept
3 – essential
4 – obligatory
5 – research
6 – terminology
7 – consider
8 – demonstration
Engineering (pages 10–12)
Students’ own answers
Aerospace Engineering (pages 13–15)
Task 1.
1 – D, 2 – A, 3 – C, 4 – B
Task 2.
advanced – progressed
colloquially – in everyday speech
mental ability – intelligence
supervises – is in charge
satellites – objects launched to orbit Earth or other celestial body
missiles – rockets
space exploration – investigation of physical conditions on celestial
bodies
defense – protection
troubleshoot – find and correct errors and faults
propulsion – the process of causing a body to move
combustion – burning
remotely piloted – self-driving
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