Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Science and Technology. Пособие по развитию навыков чтения при обучении английскому языку
.pdf
TASK 3. Find the words in the puzzle “Astronautical Engineering: S and
C words”.
21
READING: Marine Engineering
TASK. Read the text and use it to do the tasks.
What is Marine Engineering?
The past few years have witnessed a steady growth in international
trade and with that, the demand for marine engineers has increased
manifold. This is no surprise considering the fact that shipping is the
cheapest and easiest mode of transportation globally. Thus, marine
engineering as a career is well sought after throughout the world.
Fortunately, there are lots of career opportunities in the field as well,
be it private, educational, corporate, or governmental sectors. With
modern advancements and computer-aided navigation, the demand for
marine engineers has only increased.
What is the job of a Marine Engineer?
Marine engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with boats
and ships. It includes repairing, designing, operating, and maintaining
ships and the equipment used in them. It deals with the technical aspects
of ships and is one of those branches of engineering with the most scope.
The responsibility of a marine engineer concerns the design,
construction, and maintenance of seagoing vessels and the various
equipment within. Marine engineering in itself is a very vast field with
several sub-branches of study like naval architecture and nautical
science.
A marine engineer is also in charge of building, installing, inspecting,
and maintaining the propulsion systems and also that of the engines,
pumps, and other parts of the vessel. Overall, their job is to see to the
effective functioning of the maritime vessels which something can be as
complex as frigates, warships, and submarines.
Marine engineers are required to select an area of specialization.
Suppose you are an aspirant, then you would be given the choice of
focusing and developing your skillset on maintaining propulsion systems
and engines when the ships are in the dry docks. You also have the
option of focusing on other areas of study like underwater vehicle
22
research, cable laying work, renewable energy production in marine
areas, etc.
Alternatively, if you like to work with computer-aided design (CAD)
software then you can spend your time as a design engineer and make a
complex system. Thanks to such designers, during the latter half of the
19th century, marine engines for propulsion made their way to the system
and totally changed the method of travelling by sea vessels.
Presently, several such technologies have been introduced to enhance
the machines and their parts like fuel cells and magnetohydrodynamics and
research in several different parts of the system is going on. They would
make our journey into the seas and oceans much better in the future.
Your responsibilities will depend on the area of marine engineering you
have chosen. Based on that you will be given a project whereby you have to
communicate with the client regarding the specifics of the project.
Once you familiarize yourself with the requirements of the project,
you will be devoting yourself to the research, design development,
testing, production, and all that is necessary for it along with several
others who might also be working on the same project as you. Your goal
would be to keep the budget and time in check while you work your way
towards the completion of the project.
The discussion so far might lead you to the misconception that marine
engineering is all about the hands-on approach. Senior engineers are
often given the task of project management and budget planning.
Specialties in Marine Engineering
Naval Architect
A Naval Architect is an engineer responsible for the design,
construction, and repair of all types of marine vessels like ships, boats,
and offshore structures. They are one of the pillars of the shipping
industry.
Mechanical Engineer
Compared to the naval architect, a Naval Mechanical Engineer is
more concerned with the essential details of the ship components like the
main propulsion plant, the mechanization and powering aspect of the
ship like steering, anchoring, ventilation, etc.
23
How the cargo is going to be loaded and unloaded into the vessel is
also devised by the mechanical engineers. Ships are equipped with
communication systems. That too is designed by mechanical engineers.
Oceanographic Engineer
Oceanography may be defined as the study of physical and biological
aspects of the ocean that includes an ecosystem, plate tectonics, lava
flows, current waves, etc. They in turn help in understanding other
branches of research and study. Ships that are equipped with the kind of
technology that enables such research need Oceanographic Engineers.
They develop and take care of the mechanical, electrical and electronic,
and computing technology that is used for the purpose.
Conclusion
New fields like the combination of different alternative energy
sources with the traditional ones, continue to create a steady demand for
marine engineers. With the government taking steps to curb pollution by
setting regulations regarding emissions, companies might be forced to
make certain changes to their system. This will create openings for new
jobs. Now is probably the best time to jump into this field because the
market is yet to be saturated. But it is also necessary to keep one’s hopes
and expectations in check.
TASK 1. Give definitions to the words in bold. Then make up your own
sentences using the words in the appropriate context. Write the sentences
down.
TASK 2. Do you know what a person needs to become a Marine
Engineer? Read How to become a Marine Engineer? and find out. Then
complete the task below.
How to become a Marine Engineer?
Although you can get into this profession with a degree in any
relevant field like physics, maths, mechanical, architectural, or electrical
engineering having a degree in marine engineering is always an added
advantage. It would also do you good if you have some work experience
24
that you can show before you apply for a job. Many companies offer
A B C D E F G
graduate development programs. The good thing about this is that you
get placed in different departments and organizations, giving you the
opportunity to gain some hands-on experience.
These training schemes span over two to three years depending on the
company policy and also to a great extent on what you would be
specializing in. As you work your way towards the career of a marine
engineer with a chartered status you will be given financial support
alongside the in-house training.
As you gain more and more experience from your work, it is a good
idea to apply for managerial roles in the same company that you are
working for. If you are willing to study further, then you can take a look
at naval architecture. Once you have earned enough reputation, you can
choose to provide consultation services. However, that will require you
to be very patient as you build up your credibility.
TASK 3. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G
соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют
(2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста
нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not
stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу.
A A degree in marine engineering doesn’t benefit your employment
prospects.
B You need to have at least two years of working experience before
you apply for a job.
C Graduate development programs let you gain experience only in
one particular department.
D The length of the training scheme depends on the field of your
specialization.
E Before you become a certified marine engineer you will get
weekly wages while training.
F It is advisable to apply for higher positions in the same company
that you are working for.
G You must develop patience and build up trustworthiness to provide
consultation services in marine engineering.
25
TASK 4. Using the text above write an e-mail message to your career
adviser.
In your message write about:
your interest in marine engineering;
possible areas of focus;
some courses you need to take.
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of e-mail writing.
26
READING: Renewable energy
TASK 1. Read the text and choose the best phrases (A–H) to fill each
gap (1–7). There is one phrase which does not fit in any gap.
A take into account the timing of wind generation result.
B a viable strategy for developing wind and solar power.
C can enable African countries to pursue “no-regrets” wind and solar
potential.
D with international sharing of power.
E closer to areas where electricity would be consumed.
F for fostering international collaboration.
G which includes more than half of Africa’s population.
H but it is not available in all countries.
Renewable energy has robust future in much of Africa
As Africa gears up for a tripling of electricity demand by 2030, a new
Berkeley study maps out [1] while simultaneously reducing the
continent’s reliance on fossil fuels and lowering power plant construction
costs.
Using resource mapping tools, a UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory team assessed the potential for large solar and wind
farms in 21 countries in the southern and eastern African power
pools [2] stretching from Libya and Egypt in the north and along the
eastern coast to South Africa.
They concluded that with the right strategy for placing solar and wind
farms, and [3] most African nations could lower the number of
conventional power plants – fossil fuel and hydroelectric – they need to
build, thereby reducing their infrastructure costs by perhaps billions of
dollars.
“The surprising find is that the wind and solar resources in Africa are
absolutely gigantic, and something you could tap into for relatively low
cost”, said senior author Duncan Callaway, a UC Berkeley associate
professor of energy and resources and a faculty scientist at Berkeley Lab.
“But we need to be thinking now about strategies [4] to tap into the
resource in a way that is going to maximize its potential while
minimizing its impact”.
27
The main issue, Callaway says, is that energy-generating resources
are not spread equally throughout Africa. Hydroelectric power is the
main power source for one-third of African nations, [5] and climate
change makes it an uncertain resource because of more frequent
droughts.
The team set out to understand where wind and solar generation
plants might be built in the future under a range of siting strategy
scenarios, and how much renewable generators might offset the need to
build other forms of generation.
Based on the team’s analysis, choosing wind sites to match the timing
of wind generation with electricity demand is less costly overall than
choosing sites with the greatest wind energy production. Assuming
adequate transmission lines, strategies that [6] in a more even distribution
of wind capacity across countries than those that maximize energy
production.
Importantly, the researchers say, both energy trade and siting to match
generation with demand reduces the system costs of developing wind
sites that are low impact, that is, closer to existing transmission
lines, [7] and in areas with preexisting human activity as opposed to
pristine areas.
TASK 2. The discussion on ENERGY.
STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to Student B.)
1. Does your country need a lot of energy? Why?
2. How can you save the amount of energy you use every day?
3. Do you think scientists will solve the world’s energy problems?
Why / why not?
4. What happens if we run out of energy?
5. What kind of renewable energy does your country use?
6. What do you think of a future in which we totally rely on nuclear
energy?
7. What are biofuels and what harm do they cause the environment?
8. What energy-efficient appliances can we buy for our houses?
9. Do you think it is possible to get our future energy from some
source we don’t yet know of?
28
STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to Student A.)
1. How much energy do you use every day?
2. Do you try to save energy?
3. What do you think of the world’s hugely increasing energy needs?
4. Do you think solar cells, wind farms, tidal power, hydropower and
thermal energy will solve our future energy needs?
5. How would the world be a better place if we used only clean
energies?
6. What have you done today that has used your country’s energy.
7. What do you think low energy houses of the future will be like?
8. Does your government have / need an energy conservation policy?
9. Do you think our energy demands are sustainable? Why? What are
they?
29
READING: Smart Materials
A B C D E
extra
TASK 1. RNE – the Russian National Exam.
Установите соответствие между текстами A–E и заголовками 1–
6. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру
только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Smart Materials in Civil Engineering Applications.
2. Mechatronics.
3. Air travel will not be so noisy.
4. Smart materials for the International Space Station.
5. An introduction to polymers.
6. Smart Materials in Aerospace.
A When a satellite is launched into space moving parts are usually
subjected to suffer no damage. This is understandable because of many
present vibrations when the rocket is taking off. Solar panels must deploy
satellites and probes which have to be bulky folded during launch. For a
time being in space, such panels are deployed and the fixed mechanisms
that break with small pyrotechnic explosions need to be released. This
technique is used for many years, but can lead to insecurity. Any
pyrotechnic explosion, however small, could represent a huge
catastrophe in space. Therefore, in the International Space Station
technology of smart materials will be tested to hold moving parts.
Arquimea company has eight years working on the development of
materials that do not require pyrotechnic explosions to release the
securing elements. It is too early to predict the future of this technology,
but it sure will be very useful up there.
B Some materials and structures can be termed “sensual” devices.
These are structures that can sense their environment and generate data
for use in health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS). The most wellestablished application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in areas
such as aircraft checking. An airline such as British Airways requires
over 1000 employees to service their 747s with extensive routine, ramp,
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]