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Файл:Science and Technology. Пособие по развитию навыков чтения при обучении английскому языку
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READING: Engineering
TASK 1. Read the text.
Engineering is an occupation with an extremely wide range of
engineering disciplines.
Engineers are scientists, inventors, designers, builders and great
thinkers. They improve the state of the world, amplify human
capability and make people’s lives safer and easier.
Engineering skills include:
the scientific method;
social, cultural and economic awareness;
mathematics;
biology, chemistry, physics and other areas of science;
creativity;
teamwork.
Engineering disciplines cover.
Mechanics and the construction of tools and machines of all sizes,
from the nano scale to entire manufacturing facilities.
The creation of cars, trains, ships, boats, aircraft and all other
vehicles.
The design and production of chemical compounds.
Operations of businesses and cities.
Entertainment, industry, construction, transport, healthcare,
defence and more!
TASK 2. Answer the questions.
1. What is Engineering?
2. What skills does Engineering include?
3. What disciplines does Engineering cover?
TASK 3. Give three more examples of Engineering disciplines.
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TASK 4. The discussion on ENGINEERING.
1. Analyze the impact of engineering on global development.
2. Discuss the evolution of engineering over the centuries.
3. Evaluate the role of engineering in disaster management.
4. Discuss the intersection of engineering and technology.
5. Evaluate the impact of engineering on economic growth.
6. Discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on engineering.
7. Discuss the challenges of engineering education and training.
8. Analyze the role of engineers in healthcare advancements.
9. Discuss the future trends in engineering.
10. How do engineers contribute to transportation advancements?
11. What would you build if you were an engineer?
12. Do you know any famous engineers?
13. What subjects do engineers study?
14. How do engineers use math?
15. Would you like to be an engineer? Why?
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READING: Aerospace Engineering
TASK 1. Read the text and match the questions (1–4) with the
appropriate paragraph (A–D).
1. What areas can aerospace engineers work in?
2. What is an aerospace engineer?
3. What is the workplace of an aerospace engineer like?
4. What does an aerospace engineer do?
A Aeronautical engineering was the original term for the field. As
Aeronautical Technology advanced to include Spacecraft operating in
Outer Space (Astronautics), the broader term “Aerospace Engineering”
has come into common use. Aerospace engineering, particularly the
astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as “Rocket
Science”. Avionics engineering is the Electronic, Electrical, Instrument
and Communication side of aerospace engineering. The term “Rocket
Scientist” is sometimes used to describe a person of great Intelligence,
since rocket science is seen as a practice requiring great mental ability,
especially technically and mathematically. An aerospace (or
aeronautical) engineer is someone who designs, tests, and supervises the
manufacture of aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition,
they test prototypes to make sure they function according to design and
develop new technologies for use in space exploration, aviation, and
defense systems.
B Aerospace engineers design, analyze, test, troubleshoot and
develop advanced technology in defense systems, spacecraft, and
aviation. They develop the standards for quality control and design
processes, identify issues for products that are not working properly, and
try to find solutions to fix those issues.
Aerospace engineers may choose to specialize in areas such as
aerodynamic fluid flow, structural design, guidance / navigation and
control, instrumentation and communication, robotics, or propulsion and
combustion. They can specialize in designing different types of
aerospace products, such as commercial and military airplanes and
helicopters, remotely piloted aircraft and rotor-craft, spacecraft
including launch vehicles and satellites, and military missiles and
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rockets. They often become experts in one or more related fields:
aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, flight mechanics,
propulsion, acoustics, and guidance and control systems.
Aerospace engineers can apply their knowledge to any part of the
engineering process: design, analysis, integration, testing, deployment,
or maintenance. They can also hone in on the analysis areas, such as:
mechanical / structural design, dynamics, programming, and electronics.
Aerospace engineers are typically well-suited to project engineering,
systems engineering, and business roles – these are roles where systemlevel knowledge as well as math and science knowledge is needed to
make, and back up, any decisions.
C Aerospace engineers work in offices, laboratories, or
manufacturing environments where they design or build aircraft,
spacecraft, missiles, or systems for national defense. They work for
either private companies or the federal government where they can
engage in manufacturing, analysis and design, and research and
development.
Aerospace engineers typically spend a considerable amount of time in
office environments, working with computers and sophisticated software
programs in order to assist with design elements. These software
programs build virtual models, and it is up to the aerospace engineer to
run test simulations and perform evaluations before the manufacturing
process begins.
D The aerospace engineering industry is very intriguing, dynamic,
and exciting, especially in our modern times. Individuals that have a
thirst for scientific and mathematical knowledge are often drawn to this
industry, especially those that are curious about things that fly and those
who have a desire to improve our current technology.
Aerospace engineers can work in a variety of areas and industries,
such as in the technology, defense or aircraft/space industry, or for the
federal government. There are many opportunities available for
individuals that choose this career, both in finding positions that will suit
their interests and in advancement opportunities.
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TASK 2. Match the words / phrases in bold from the text to their
attracted to
implementation
progressed
protection
desire
in everyday speech
participate
objects launched to
orbit Earth or other
celestial bodies
the process of
causing the
body to move
the study of the
motions of
astronomical bodies
concentrate on
appropriate
self-driving
is in charge
investigation of
physical
conditions on
celestial bodies
find and correct
errors or faults
intelligence
complex and refined
rockets
burning
support
definitions below. Write your answers in the space provided.
TASK 3. Use the words in the appropriate context. Write the sentences
down. You can use different resources to find the examples.
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READING: Aeronautical Engineering
TASK 1. Before you read about Aeronautical Engineers answer the
questions.
1. What will aeronautical engineers do?
2. What skills and knowledge will aeronautical engineers require?
3. What are working conditions for aeronautical engineers?
4. How do aeronautical engineers enter the job?
5. What secondary education do aeronautical engineers need?
6. What are personal requirements for aeronautical engineers?
7. What does useful experience for aeronautical engineers include?
8. What progression and specializations do aeronautical engineers
expect?
TASK 2. Read and check your answers.
Aeronautical engineers plan and supervise the design, development,
manufacture, modification, and maintenance of all types of flight
vehicles.
What they will do
Aeronautical engineers may do some or all of the following:
study aircraft defects or faults, such as engine issues, and
recommend repairs or changes;
design equipment or tools to repair or maintain aircraft;
discuss aircraft designs and data with colleagues, licensed aircraft
maintenance engineers, aircraft manufacturers and airline owners;
make detailed records of drawings, technical instructions,
assessments and calculations;
oversee the design of new aircraft or modifications to existing
aircraft;
give technical and regulatory advice to professionals in the
aerospace industry.
Skills and knowledge
Aeronautical engineers need to have:
knowledge of aircraft structures and engine systems;
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a good understanding of aerodynamics (how aircraft fly) and
thermodynamics (the effects of heat on aircraft);
knowledge of design techniques and engineering principles;
an understanding of mechanical processes and the metals and
alloys used in aircraft;
knowledge of civil aviation laws and regulations;
the ability to explain complicated ideas in simple language for
report writing or to express, design plans to licensed aircraft maintenance
engineers and technicians;
the ability to use computer-aided design (CAD).
Working conditions
Aeronautical engineers:
usually work regular business hours, but are sometimes required to
work weekends and evenings, and are often on call;
– work in offices, at airports, and aircraft workshops or hangars;
may travel nationally and internationally to inspect aircraft and
attend courses and conferences on aeronautical engineering.
How to enter the job
To become an aeronautical engineer, you need to have a Bachelor of
Engineering.
Aeronautical engineers should aim to become chartered professional
engineers and Civil Aviation Authority design approval holders after five
or more years of industry experience.
Secondary education
NCEA level 3 is required to enter tertiary training. Useful subjects include
English, maths, physics, and construction and mechanical technologies.
Personal requirements
Aeronautical engineers need to be:
confident;
adaptable and creative;
practical and accurate;
analytical, and good at problem solving;
strong communicators;
able to work well under pressure.
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There are times where the solution to a problem is obvious. But it’s
the times where the solution is not so obvious that are the most crucial.
Useful experience for aeronautical engineers includes:
any work involving machinery, engines or vehicles;
technical drawing;
inventing mechanical or electronic devices or equipment.
Progression and specialisations
Aeronautical engineers may move into supervisory or management
roles within airlines, oversee a team of engineers, or become selfemployed consultants working on a wide range of projects.
Some aeronautical engineers may specialise in particular types of
aircraft such as:
helicopters;
military aircraft;
aerospace vehicles, such as rockets.
TASK 3. Would you like to do Aeronautical Engineers’s job?
Why / why not? Write your answer.
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Astronautical Engineering
TASK 1. Do the word search puzzle to find the following words, use the
most appropriate word forms to complete the text.
Astronautical Engineer
Astronautical engineering 1_______________ primarily with
2_______________ the entire process for the development of
3_______________ that functions 4_______________ the atmosphere of
5_______________ (versus an aeronautical engineer who deals primarily
with aircraft that functions 6_______________ the 7_______________
of Earth). An 8_______________ engineer, also known as a
9_______________ scientist, studies spacecraft and
10_______________ on areas that include 11_______________,
aerodynamics, 12_______________ mechanics, 13_______________,
14_______________ systems, and 15_______________ mechanics.
Spacecraft may include products such as: rockets, remote sensing
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16_______________ missiles, space 17_______________, space
1) deal with;
2) oversee;
3) spacecraft;
4) outside;
5) atmosphere;
6) Earth;
7) inside;
8) astronautical engineer;
9) rocket scientist;
10) thermodynamics;
11) aerodynamics;
12) celestial mechanics;
13) propulsion;
14) guidance systems;
15) flight mechanics;
16) include;
17) rockets;
18) remote sensing
satellites;
19) missiles;
20) space launchers;
21) space vehicles;
22) navigational systems;
23) planetary probes;
24) direct broadcasting;
25) reconnaissance
satellites.
a) астронавтический инженер;
b) атмосфера;
c) аэродинамика;
d) внутри;
e) естествоиспытатель;
f) Земля;
g) иметь дело;
h) космические аппараты;
i) космический корабль;
j) механика небесных тел;
k) механика полета;
l) наблюдать;
m) навигационные системы;
n) планетарные зонды;
o) поступательное движение;
p) прямая трансляция;
q) разведывательные спутники;
r) ракета‑носители;
s) ракеты;
t) ракеты;
u) системы наведения;
v) снаружи;
w) содержать;
x) спутники дистанционного
зондирования;
y) термодинамика.
18_______________, 19_______________ systems,
20_______________ probes, and communication / direct
21_______________ / reconnaissance 22_______________.
TASK 2. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:
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