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Файл:Mass media in modern world. Массмедиа в современном мире. Учебно-методическое пособие
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2. Procedures
Structure of the Debate:
1. Arguments For
2. Arguments Against
3. Rebuttall (for)
4. Rebuttall (against)
5. Audience’s questions
6. Audience’s summary of the arguments presented by each group
7. Voting for the best argumentation
8. Audience’s decision
- Each group has 3 minutes to present their arguments for/against;
- Rebuttal: each group has 3 minutes to give examples or reasons that prove
that the other group’s arguments are wrong;
- The audience can ask each group 3 questions; the questions shall be read
by elected spokespersons;
- Each member of the audience votes by putting a cross in the box of the
group they prefer; then cut it out and hand it to the audience’s leader;
- The audience’s leader counts the votes and announces the winning team;
Rules
- Always provide examples for the reasons you present;
- One person speaks at a time. No side discussions!
- All members of each side must participate in the debate;
- Participants may bring brief notes, but may not read them;
- Use proper language and be polite in referring to your opposing team;
- Maintain good eye contact with the audience;
Debate Topic: Should the Media be regulated by the government?
Arguments FOR (examples)
Yes, the government needs to regulate the Media
- It is the responsibility of the government to take corrective measures when
a situation becomes dangerous
- Media sends wrong messages
- What is more important to the growth of our society: discussing ways to
improve our economy or celebrities holidays? Who gets more coverage in
the Media?
- Media is causing serious damage to society. The only way things will
change is if the government intervenes
Give the reasons.
Give the rebuttal.
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Fill up the organization checklist:
- Reasons are in order of most important to least important
- Reasons are not too similar
- Each example given clearly proves the reason that it is matched with
Arguments FOR (examples)
No, the government should leave the Media deregulated
- Have you ever heard of the right to 'Free Speech'?
- The Media only reflects what society as a whole does
- Governments only make matters worse by introducing bureaucracy - they
don't really improve a situation
- True change needs to come from within and not be imposed from without
Give the reasons.
Give the rebuttal.
Fill up the organization checklist:
- Reasons are in order of most important to least important
- Reasons are not too similar
- Each example given clearly proves the reason that it is matched with
Make a summary FOR;
the audience asks the questions, the speakers answer them;
all group votes FOR or AGAINST these arguments.
Make a summary AGAINST;
the audience asks the questions, the speakers answer them;
all group votes FOR or AGAINST these arguments.
After counting all votes the winner announces.
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APPENDIX
Texts for reading and writing summaries
1. How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers
Child Mind Institute by Rachel Ehmke
“Many parents worry about how exposure to technology might affect
toddlers developmentally. We know our preschoolers are picking up new social
and cognitive skills at a stunning pace, and we don’t want hours spent glued to
an iPad to impede that.
A survey conducted by the Royal Society for Public Health asked 14-24
year olds in the UK how social media platforms impacted their health and
wellbeing. The survey results found that Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter and
Instagram all led to increased feelings of depression, anxiety, poor body image
and loneliness.
Teens are masters at keeping themselves occupied in the hours after school
until way past bedtime. It may have looked like a lot of aimless hanging around,
but what they were doing was experimenting, trying out skills, and succeeding
and failing in tons of tiny real-time interactions that kids today are missing out
on. For one thing, modern teens are learning to do most of their communication
while looking at a screen, not another person. Dr. Catherine Steiner-Adair, a
clinical psychologist and author of The Big Disconnect claims “There’s no
question kids are missing out on very critical social skills. In a way, texting and
online communicating—it’s not like it creates a nonverbal learning disability,
but it puts everybody in a nonverbal disabled context, where body language,
facial expression, and even the smallest kinds of vocal reactions are rendered
invisible.”
Certainly speaking indirectly creates a barrier to clear communication, but
that’s not all. Learning how to make friends is a major part of growing up, and
friendship requires a certain amount of risk-taking. “If kids aren’t getting
enough practice relating to people and getting their needs met in person and in
real time, many of them will grow up to be adults who are anxious about our
species’ primary means of communication—talking. And of course social
negotiations only get riskier as people get older and begin navigating romantic
relationships and employment.” says Dr. Catherine Steiner-Adair.
The other big danger that comes from kids communicating more indirectly
is that it has gotten easier to be cruel. Peer acceptance is a big thing for
adolescents, and many of them care about their image as much as a politician
running for office, and to them it can feel as serious. Add to that the fact that
kids today are getting actual polling data on how much people like them or their
appearance via things like “likes.”
Both experts interviewed for this article agreed that the best thing parents
can do to minimize the risks associated with technology is to curtail their own
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consumption first. Not only does limiting the amount of time you spend
plugged in to computers provide a healthy counterpoint to the tech-obsessed
world, it also strengthens the parent-child bond and makes kids feel more
secure. Kids need to know that you are available to help them with their
problems, talk about their day, or give them a reality check. Offline, the gold
standard advice for helping kids build healthy self-esteem is to get them
involved in something that they’re interested in. It could be sports or music or
taking apart computers or volunteering—anything that sparks an interest and
gives them confidence. When kids learn to feel good about what they can do
instead of how they look and what they own, they’re happier and better
prepared for success in real life” [https://childmind.org/article/how-usingsocial-media-affects-teenagers/].
2. When Are Kids Ready for Social Media?
And how to monitor social media use when kids are starting out
Child Mind Institute by Caroline Miller (14.03.2023)
“Since kids are so quick to pick up on digital technology, it can be a big job
for parents to keep up with them – monitoring what they’re accessing in the
way of games, music, videos, photos, and websites. But for many, the biggest
challenge is when to let kids have access to social media. And how much
access?
Kids crave contact with their friends and peers, and social media has
become an important way for them to interact. For children who are isolated, it
can be a lifeline. But it also has the potential to become addictive, to get them
into trouble, and to harm fragile self-esteem.
Kids often start pushing for access to social media in late elementary and
early middle school, and parents feel pressured to allow it because they don’t
want their children to feel left out. But delaying social media immersion helps
insure that they will be more mature about what they post, more able to resist
its addictive appeal, and less vulnerable to emotional harm.
Max Stossel, the founder and CEO of Social Awakening, a group that
promotes healthy use of social media, has talked to groups of parents, students,
and educators about the impact of technology on kids for more than 10 years.
Stossel says he always asks parents to raise their hands if they wish they had
given their kids access to social media sooner. “I am still waiting for the first
parent to tell me they wish they had given it sooner, he says. “And that’s
thousands of parents. But many, many say they’re glad they waited.”
Stossel notes that social media algorithms are designed to maximize profits,
not to benefit kids. “Eleven-year-old kids are just too young to have these super
computers pointed at their brains, often preying on their self-image, or their
hormones, to keep their attention.”
Stossel endorses a parent movement called Wait Until 8th that advocates
delaying exposure to social media until kids are in eighth grade. “And eighth
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grade is the minimum, I would say. Research shows that 10 -to 14-year-old
girls are hit hardest by this. I would wait until 15, 16, but that has just seemed
less and less realistic for a lot of parents’ lives and kids’ lives.”
The best timing for each child depends not just on their age but their
maturity, and kids develop at different rates. “I could introduce you to a really
mature 13-year-old and a really immature 17-year-old,” notes Jerry Bubrick,
PhD, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute.
When they are ready will depend on things like their ability to read social
cues, their impulse control, and their vulnerability to criticism or rejection. If a
tween has a particularly hard time disengaging from continuously stimulating
things like video games, they might have trouble resisting the rabbit hole of
social media.
Dave Anderson, PhD, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute,
suggests that introducing social media in middle school gives parents the
opportunity to supervise their initial exposure as a condition for the privilege of
using the app. “If you wait until high school to give permission, they’re not
likely to let you monitor their social life. You will never know what their online
world looks like. And you will never be able to kind of navigate that with
them.”
Experts agree that parental oversight is crucial when kids are starting to use
social media.
“Initial access should come with a lot of talk beforehand and a parent
saying, ‘Here’s what I consider to be acceptable and unacceptable behavior,’”
Dr. Anderson explains. “And also ‘I want to go on Instagram with you, look at
some of your friends’ accounts, and we’ll talk about what is acceptable or
unacceptable about what they’re doing with their accounts.’
Dr. Bubrick encourages families to go one platform at a time, and monitor
what kids are posting. “So parents are really kind of helping their kids learn the
do’s and don’ts rather than parents just hoping they’ll figure it out.”
Parental oversight should also pay attention to the balance in the child’s life,
Dr. Bubrick adds. “There’s a dedicated time for social media. But it’s only part
of your day because you also have to be out face-to-face with friends, and you
have to be exercising, and you have to do homework. So really teaching our
kids how to have balance with social media is just as important in my point of
view as helping them learn what’s appropriate and inappropriate to post.”
Families vary about what they want kids to be allowed to do on social
media, but parents can make it clear to kids that access is contingent on
following rules. Some parents set rules limiting who their kids can interact
with, some on what kinds of things they can post.
For many, the cardinal rule is not to post anything they wouldn’t say to a
person face-to-face, or want adults in their lives to see. “Tell kids they should
act as if their parents are reading almost everything they post,” says Dr.
Anderson. “And if that’s not enough of a deterrent to oversharing or acting
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impulsively, explain that they shouldn’t post anything they wouldn’t be
comfortable having their grandparents read.”
Dr Anderson notes that some parents are drawing the line on posting selfies.
“A lot of families are making that decision because selfies invite judgment of
just you and how you look, and that can be damaging to kids’ self-esteem” he
explains. “If you post pictures of you and your friends hanging out by the lake,
you get comments like, ‘Wish I was there. Oh my gosh, you guys are looking
like you’re having so much fun.’ But if you post a selfie in a bikini, you’re
asking followers to decide whether or not they like your clothing or your
appearance.”
Likewise, he adds, it’s important to have well-defined consequences for not
following the rules, for example, “As long as you’re ok with the no-selfie rule,
we can keep Instagram, but if you break it we’ll have to delete the app.”
Dr. Bubrick recommends prompting kids to think through who they are
sharing with as well as what’s appropriate to share. “How are you defining
who’s a friend online and what are you willing to share with them.”
Major social media platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and Snapchat have
rolled out a series of parental control settings as an answer to parents’ concerns
about their kids’ exposure. Not only has TikTok launched a new dashboard
where users can now monitor and set limits on their screen time, but they’ve
also added a Family Pairing setting. Once parents link their account to their
child’s, they can control all privacy settings for their child’s account. Parents
can also restrict the types of videos that can come up on their feed, limit screen
time, limit or turn off comments and likes, and turn off direct message (this is
automatically disabled for kids ages 13 to 15).
The Family Pairing setting is password protected and even if the child
manages to disable it, parents will be sent a notification.
While TikTok’s settings appear to be the most expansive in their restriction
abilities, Instagram and Snapchat have launched similar settings. Instagram has
also separately given the option of limiting or completely turning off comments
and likes.
Alternatively, if parents aren’t comfortable with their child having their own
account but still want to give them the freedom to express themselves online,
they can create a joint account and engage in the content with them. On TikTok
and Instagram, there are several family accounts in which the parents create,
control, and appear in the videos or photos alongside their children. Often the
comments on these accounts are limited or even shut off to shield children from
unwanted scrutiny. There are also more kid-friendly apps such as Funimate and
Triller that allows users to create and edit fun videos without the immediate
option of sharing their content with an outside audience.
Stossel recommends the parental control tool Bark, which monitors a
child’s activity on social networks, as well as YouTube, email and text
messages. It filters for the signs of harmful content, including sexual material,
57
threats of violence, depression,suicidal ideation, and bullying. Parents get email
and text alerts if there is something concerning in the child’s online activity. It
can also be used to limit screen time and to block individual websites.
Screen Time is another tool that allows you to set time limits on daily
screen time, block out periods when screens are not to be used, and includes
categories of sites and individual URLS.
For kids who are struggling with emotional issues, parents need to be aware
that the algorithms in social media apps can read their mood and reinforce it.
“Social media is built to feed you content you’re more and more interested
in,” says Dr. Anderson. “If you have a kid who’s depressed, the algorithm will
feed them content that aligns with their mood. If you’ve got a kid who’s
anxious, the algorithm will feed them the content that aligns with their
dominant emotional state. And if you’ve got a kid who has ADHD (attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder) and is looking to be distracted, the algorithm will
feed them distraction.”
While the majority of kids are not necessarily harmed by what they see on
social media, it’s not always clear to parents if a child is depressed or anxious,
so Dr. Anderson recommends careful monitoring and use of guardrails. “The
reality is that for kids who are already in a vulnerable mental health population,
consuming social media alone is a real risk factor. It can really affect them”
[https://childmind.org/article/when-are-kids-ready-for-social-media/].
3. 4 newspapers that turned Russia into a different country
Russia Beyond by Alexey Timofeychev
“Historically newspapers and magazines have played a crucial role in the
life of Russia. Here the four examples.
1. ‘Vedomosti’
Vedomosti meaning “news” was the first Russian newspaper launched by
tsar-reformer Peter I. The need to launch a newspaper was connected with the
prolonged Northern War (1700-21) that Peter I waged with Sweden to get an
access to the Baltic Sea. The war did not start successfully, so the tsar wanted to
explain to the nation why it was essential to continue fighting as well as to
justify some extreme measures that he took, for example, melting church bells
for cannons.
Peter himself paid a lot of attention to the newspaper, acting sometimes as
the editor-in-chief – correcting materials, suggesting topics, etc. To boost the
readership the tsar ordered the paper to be distributed for free in pubs.
They say that when the first issue of Vedomosti was published, Peter started
to show it enthusiastically to his courtiers. It was small and did not look
particularly impressive and one of the noblemen said that he had seen a much
58
better one in Germany. Peter got angry and told him “to appreciate small things
and then the big ones will come.”
2. ‘Sovremennik’
Probably no other magazine in Russia influenced the country’s literary and
social life as much as Sovremennik (“Contemporary”). Established by one of
the most influential Russian poets Alexander Pushkin in 1836, it published the
first works of Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Sovremennik discovered
Leo Tolstoy. The 24-year-old future famous writer in the note attached to his
novel Childhood wrote: “I am awaiting your judgment with impatience. It will
either encourage me to go on with my favorite activity or force me to burn
everything that I have already done…” The novel was published, so Tolstoy
had no reason to resort to fire.
In the late 1850s, Turgenev and Tolstoy left the magazine as it turned into a
mouthpiece for radical social and political ideas. This was the time of the
reforms of Alexander II who pushed Russia to the path of rapid modernization
that jazzed the Russian social and political life up to an unprecedented degree.
The magazine then published articles that could have been seen as calls to a
revolution. The famous Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s novel What is to be done? – a
manifesto of the Russian revolutionary youth was first published by
Sovremennik in 1863. Censors greenlighted the publication but then realized
their mistake, and the next edition didn’t come out in Russia until 40 years
later. Soon the authorities’ patience with the magazine became extremely thin
and it was closed after an order by the tsar himself.
3. ‘Kolokol’
In the late 1850s, Russian radical social thinker and writer Alexander
Herzen established Kolokol (“Bell”) that was later called the first revolutionary
Russian newspaper, after he emigrated from Russia. The newspaper was
published in London and then illegally distributed in the country. It quickly
became popular as it addressed the burning issues of the time. Its circulation
was on par with Russian legal publications.
Kolokol managed to get some confidential information from Russian
officials and made it public, as was the case with the classified figures of the
state budget for the years of 1859 and 1860. The newspaper exposed corrupted
officials by revealing any wrongdoing. Alexander II himself was a part of
Kolokol’s readership. They say that during some ministerial meetings he would
sometimes tell an official who was delivering a report that he already had read
about it in the newspaper.
However, when in 1863 the newspaper supported the Polish uprising
(Polish territories were included into the Russian state after Poland’s partitions
in the late 18th century between Russia, Prussia, and Austria) a large portion of
the Russian liberal public turned away from the newspaper. The project died
not long after this.
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4. ‘Pravda’
Pravda (“Truth”) was the main Soviet newspaper for 75 years. It was
established as a Bolshevik legal newspaper for workers in 1912. In the first
couple of years of the newspaper’s existence, its main contributor was
Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin: he published almost 300 articles.
Its dominant position among other printed media the newspaper acquired
soon after the Bolshevik revolution in October 1917, when all “reactionary”
press was closed down and one could get media only approved by the
Bolshevik party.
In the Stalinist period, Pravda’s articles essentially designated the party line.
Often some state campaigns were started after publications in the leading Soviet
newspaper. There a telling story about Pravda’s image in the USSR. When the
newspaper wrote about Stakhanov’s record in coal-extraction [the miner gave
his name to Stakhanovite movement for increased production], it called the
miner Aleksey instead of Andrey. When Stalin was told about the incident, he
said that “Pravda cannot make mistakes”. Stakhanov got a new passport with a
new name the next day. Pravda is still published today as an organ of the
Communist Party of Russia” [https://www.rbth.com/history/329468-4newspapers-that-changed-russia].
4. How Alexander Popov developed the first RADIO
Russia Beyond by Valeria Paikova
“Alexander Popov is widely known in Russia as a pioneering radio
inventor. Paradoxically enough, he built his first radio receiver, a thunderstorm
detector, working almost in parallel with Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi,
without actually knowing it. Great minds do think alike!
Popov was the son of a priest and was born in 1859 in the Turyinskiye
Rudniki settlement (now the town of Krasnoturinsk) in Sverdlovsk Region.
Naturally, his father wanted Alexander to follow in his footsteps, so he sent him
to the Seminary School in Yekaterinburg, in the Urals, to study theology. An
obedient son, Popov did what his father had done, but later made a surprising
U-turn, to do it his way.
From theology to science
After having studied at the Perm Theological Seminary for three years,
Popov enrolled at the University of St. Petersburg to study physics. Alexander
had been deeply in love with science and mathematics since childhood. He had
an incredibly technical mind and graduated from the university with distinction.
The young physicist defended his dissertation in 1882. He then focused on
electrical engineering and became a teacher at the Russian Navy’s Torpedo
School at Kronstadt (close to St. Petersburg). The students there were highlyskilled and competent, trained to take charge of electrical equipment on
warships. A gifted teacher as well as a bright researcher, Popov read a fair
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amount of books by his fellow foreign scientists. He was particularly impressed
by Heinrich Hertz’s discovery of electromagnetic waves and was looking for
some practical ways of receiving them over long distances.
In the summer of 1893, as a representative of the Naval Ministry, Popov
was part of the Russian delegation at the World Exhibition in Chicago. He had
a chance to observe Nikola Tesla experiments, whose work he was familiar
with.
Popov made a breakthrough in 1895, when he constructed an apparatus that
could register atmospheric electrical disturbances. The then 36-year-old
inventor installed his device at the meteorological observatory in St. Petersburg.
According to Popov, it could detect thunderstorms at a distance of up to 50 km
and was meant to be used for the reception of signals from a man-made source
of oscillations. The details of the discovery were published in his lecture titled
‘On the Relation of Metallic Powders to Electrical Oscillations’. The following
year, Popov appeared before the St. Petersburg Physicochemical Society and
transmitted the words “Heinrich Hertz” in Morse code. His short message was
received from a transmitter some 250 meters away. According to the Popov
Central Museum of Communications, based in St. Petersburg, Popov “managed
to solve the problem of building a device capable of receiving and registering
signals of various duration”. His work provided impetus for the emergence and
development of many completely new scientific fields, including radio
broadcasting, radio astronomy and television, radio meteorology, radio
navigation and radio intelligence. The system, developed by Popov, contained
“all the basic communication elements that are inherent in the modern concept
of ‘a radio signal transmission line’”.
Popov vs. Marconi
Some of the great minds were burning the midnight oil trying to find out
whether radio waves could be used to transmit signals. Guglielmo Marconi, an
Italian engineer and inventor from Bologna, used radio waves to transmit
signals over a distance of several kilometers. Marconi began his work on radio
transmitters and receivers in December 1894 and filed an application for patent
on June 2, 1896, that is, two months and eight days after Popov’s first radio
transmission. The Italian electrical engineer received a patent for
“Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals”, in other
words, the first patent for a radio wave-based communication system. In 1909,
the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Guglielmo Marconi and
German engineer Karl Ferdinand Braun “in recognition of their contributions to
the development of wireless telegraphy”. Marconi (1874-1937) has since been
widely recognized as the inventor of radio.
It’s believed that the regime of strict secrecy Alexander Popov was bound
by while working for the Russian Navy prevented the physicist from being
internationally recognized as radio’s first true inventor. The disputes that
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