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Файл:Improve your vocabulary and grammar. For classwork and selfstudy. Учебное пособие
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The most convenient form of power is that of electric power. Great
attention is being directed to various techniques for turning the light and
heat of the Sun directly into electricity. In the U.S. many schools are using
solar units to provide classroom heat. It is solar cells that produce power
from the Sun. They are used in the space program, but remain too
expensive to be applied everywhere.
C Life originated in the oceans, and the dependence of life on water is
complete. It is the most important part of living matter. From 50 to 90
percent of the weight of living organisms is water. Protoplasm, the basic
material of living cells, consists of a solution in water of fats,
carbohydrates, proteins, salts and similar chemical substances. Blood
consists largely of water and serves to transport food and remove waste
material.
Water may be considered an inexhaustible resource because the
amount of water in the biosphere is not affected by human activities – it
is not destroyed by human uses.
Water is required for a variety of purposes. Water for transportation
has always been important. Most major cities are located on the shores of
the oceans, along rivers. Water has been used directly as a source of
power since the time of the first boat and the first waterwheel. To be
useful, however, it must be in a particular place and of a certain quality.
Water for drinking is still very important, and such water must be almost
pure. Pure water rarely exists in nature. It is an odourless, tasteless liquid.
Almost all supplies of natural drinking water contain fluorides in varying
amounts. The correct amount of fluorides in drinking water prevents tooth
decay.
Lack of water of proper quality and quantity has been a major factor
affecting urban and industrial development. To solve this problem, water
has been transported great distances. The use of the oceans as sources of
fresh water is being developed in many countries.
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ГРАММАТИКА
I.
A. Найдите предложения, в которых глагол HAVE используется
для образования группы Perfect и Perfect Progressive, и
переведите их.
1. He had to translate this article yesterday.
2. Anna has been dreaming of becoming a teacher for two years now.
3. Guess what! Mike has ten cats!
4. By the time she is ten, she will have been studying French for 3 years.
5. They had a long walk in the park in the morning
6. Have you ever collected stamps?
7. I only have a night or two to solve this problem.
8. When he came to the station the train had already gone.
9. I’ll have typed this report by 5 o’clock.
10. Having come earlier than the others, he did nothing to help me.
11. The house has just been cleaned. You can see it.
B. Укажите номера предложений, в которых глагол HAVE
является смысловым, и переведите их.
1. Adam has not believed a single word.
2. She has been helping the poor man since the age of 17.
3. Some students have to work hard before the exams.
4. Has John ever been to Argentina?
5. The house has 5 split floors.
6. The work has just been done.
7. They have been talking about this project for years.
8. Why do you have to translate this article?
9. The house looks nice! It has been painted.
10. Will you have designed the park by the end of April?
11. You may have fish and chips instead.
II. Выберите правильный вариант.
1. I …… to call you for an hour.
a) try b) trying c) have been trying
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2. She cannot play. She ……her arm.
a) break b) broke c) has broken
3. He …… to Madrid tomorrow.
a) flies b) is flying c) has been flying
4. Her flight … tonight at 7 pm.
a) arrives b) is arriving c) has been arriving
5. Bob ……a two-year contract.
a) just sign b) has just signed c) just signing
6. Look! They ……a dangerous experiment.
a) make b) are making c) have been making
7. What’s the matter? There …a power cut at your home.
a) has b) is having c) has been
8. She …….the University two years ago.
a) leaves b) has left c) left
9. He ……for her when the accident happened.
a)waits b) was waiting c) will be waiting
10. Linda ……..his report when her boss asked to see him.
a) just finished b) have just finished c) had just finished
11. She …….as a clerk for two years before she was promoted.
a) working b) had been working c ) has worked
12. When I …… home last night I met Sally.
a) was walking b) has walked c) had been walking
13. If you …….here tomorrow, I’ll send you the car.
a) come b) will come c) will be coming
14. I’ll meet you, after I …my shopping.
a) will finish b) have finished c) will be finishing
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III. Употребите глаголы в скобках в нужной форме.
A
I (just/to receive) a letter from my brother Tim. He (to be) in Australia
now. He (to be) there for six months. Tim (to be) an engineer. He (to
work) for a big company and he (already/to visit) a great number of
different places in Australia. He (just/to buy) an Australian car and (to go)
to Alice Springs, a small town in the center of Australia. He will soon
visit Darwin. From there he (to fly) to Perth. My brother (never/to be)
abroad before, so he finds this trip very exciting.
B
– What are you looking for?
– I (to lose) my glasses again. I (to look) for them for about 20
minutes already. Susan (to look) everywhere but couldn’t
find them. You (to take) them?
Of course, not. You (to wear) them when I (to come) in.
Well, I (not /to wear) them now, so where are they?
You (to look) in the kitchen?
No, I (to go) and look now. Here they are. They (to lie) on the
table all this time. Oh, I (just/to remember) – Jill (to phone)
while you were out.
(she/to leave) a message?
No, just her telephone number.
OK, I (to phone) her now.
C
– Do you like traveling?
Yes, it is my hobby.
What countries you (to visit)?
Well, I (to be) to Italy, Greece and India. Some day I will go to
the US. My cousin (to invite) me several times already.
I never (to be) to any of these countries. When you (to be) in
Greece?
Two years ago. I (to go) there with my parents.
I always (to want) to travel to other countries, but I (not to have) a
chance. I (to go) to Germany in my childhood, but I (not to be)
anywhere since then.
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D
A lady (to be late) for the concert. When she (to come) the concert (to
begin). She (to enter) the hall and (to find) her seat. The orchestra (to
play) some music. She (to listen) for a while before she (to ask) her
neighbour, “What are they playing?” “The ninth symphony”, he (to
answer). “Oh, dear! I (to miss) the first eight!” (to exclaim) the lady.
E
I (just /to receive) a letter from my friend. He (to be) in London now. He
(already/ to be) there for a month. Jean is a painter. He (already/ to visit) a
number of museums in London and Edinburgh. Now he (to fly) to Wales.
He (never/to be) there before. He (to paint) some water colours of those
places.
F
– Mr. Irving (just/ to come) back from Vienna film festival. He will tell
you a lot about it.
So, you (to be) to Vienna. You saw there the most beautiful women in
the world, I’m sure.
I (to think) so yesterday, but I just (to change ) my mind.
You (to see) already the film “….”?
Yes, it is the best film I ever (to see).
G
I (to visit) Brazil in February. I (to stay) at a nice hotel for a fortnight
there. I (to stay) at the hotel for a week when I (to receive ) your letter.
One day I (to sit) in my room talking over the phone. I (to talk) for a
whole hour when a porter (to knock) at the door and (to bring) another
letter from you. I hardly (to finish) speaking with the porter when the
phone (to ring) again. First I (to answer) the phone and then I (to read)
your letter. And I (to begin) writing to you instead of going to the museum
as I (to plan) before. I hope you (to receive) my letter by the end of May.
H.
Once a man who (to come) to see his friend (to tie) his horse to a tree.
When he (to come out) of his friend’s house, he (to see) that somebody
(to take) his horse and (to leave) a donkey instead. The man (to go) to the
police about it.
The police (to look for) the horse everywhere but failed. They (can) find
neither the horse nor the man who (to take) it. At last a clever man (to
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advise) them to let the donkey go free. In a minute it (to go off) and (to
stop) at an old house. Near the house the people (to see) the horse which
they (to look for).
IV. Назовите номера предложений, в которых есть инфинитив.
1. Do you want me to stay in bed?
2. Make him do it again!
3. Young people must serve in the Army.
4. Lanny returned to the native village.
5. My mother helped me make my house better.
6. His face colour changed to red.
7. I am sorry to have troubled you.
8. I will make this experiment tomorrow,
9. Get closer to the deer and feed it.
10. To understand means to forgive.
V. Подчеркните правильный вариант.
1. You must to eat/eat lots of fresh vegetables.
2. You would rather to learn/learn French than Spanish.
3. I have decided to have/have a party next weekend.
4. We managed to repair/repair the laboratory equipment.
5. He advised me to wear/wear warm clothes.
6. My parents let me to use/use their car.
7. They refused to give/give him any more money.
8. Tom wants to concentrate/concentrate on his medical studies.
9. You must to be/be polite to the elderly.
10. That box is too heavy for her to lift/lift.
11. Nobody is allowed to smoke/smoke in the office.
12. She will to return/return the books next weekend.
13. She is too short to become/become a fashion model.
14. I have no idea what kind of books to order/order.
15. He rushed to the back door only to discover/discover that it was
locked.
16. He asked to show/show him where the chemistry laboratory was.
17. Our scientists must to direct/direct their attention to the
development of new technologies.
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VI. Вставьте “to”, где это необходимо.
When Alan was ten, he seemed …1… be very interested in computers.
His mother knew that he would …2… love …3… have one, but she
couldn’t …4… afford …5… buy him one. He learned how …6… use a
friend’s computer, but he couldn’t …7… wait ….8… get one of his own.
His mother decided …9… give him a computer for his twelfth birthday.
At first she only …10… let him …11… use it for an hour a day. She
didn’t want it …12… damage his eyes.
By the time Alan was fifteen he had become very good at using his
computer, but it was his only hobby. His mother wanted him …13… go
out and do things, but he had very few friends. Nobody could …14…
persuade him …15… do anything and nothing could …16… make him
…17… turn his computer off.
In the end, his mother threatened …18… turn off the electricity. Alan
went to bed and pretended …19… be asleep, but at midnight he got up
…20… work at the computer again. He didn’t want …21… sleep or
…22… eat. He just couldn’t …23… bear …24… be away from his
computer.
Alan’s mother didn’t know what …25… do. Her son had become a
computer addict. Not even the family doctor knew how …26… help. One
morning Alan’s mother found him lying on the bedroom floor. He had
collapsed with exhaustion. Two weeks in hospital finally made Alan
…27… realize that his computer had become a dangerous obsession.
Now Alan …28… is eighteen. He …29… has lots of friends and hobbies.
He hopes …30… study computer science at university and would …31…
like …32… find a job in computer research.
VII. Укажите номера предложений, в которых подчеркнутая
часть отвечает на вопрос:
а) какой, который?; б) для чего, зачем?; в) что делать?
1. To design, construct and operate a laser system is a great
technological achievement.
2. To protect the water resources, forests and atmosphere, several laws
were passed in Russia in the 1970s.
3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source
of energy.
4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication.
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5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of
a) То divide two by two is
easy.
1. Чтобы разделить
2. Разделить
3. Два, которые нужно
разделить
b) To survive in the catastrophe
he had to walk 10 miles.
1. Чтобы выжить
2. Выжить
3. Катастрофа, в которой нужно
выжить
c) To mention the fact in his
presence required all his
courage.
1. Чтобы упомянуть
2. Упомянуть
3. Факт, который нужно
упомянуть
energy.
6. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very interesting
problem for the scientists in many countries.
7. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, Russian scientists
have developed large laser installations.
8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to
protect big cities from pollution.
9. Lasers to be placed on satellites will transform solar radiation into
laser beams.
10. To put some projects with lasers into operation, great technological
difficulties must be overcome.
11. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to
lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials.
12. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.
13. The dean’s assistant told us to do all our work in time.
VIII. Выберите правильный перевод инфинитива с английского
языка на русский.
68
d) The idea to put forward was
new and strange.
1. Чтобы выдвинуть
2. Выдвинуть
3. Идея, которую надо
выдвинуть
e) To learn this poem by heart
he had to read it at least 10
times
1. Чтобы выучить
2. Выучить
3. Стихотворение, которое
нужно выучить
f) To solve this problem meant
to provide the humanity with
power for ever.
1. Чтобы решить
2. Решить
3. Проблема, которую нужно
решить
g) They will discuss the results
to obtain at the conference.
1. Чтобы получить
2. Получить
3. Результаты, которые нужно
получить
IX. Выберите в предложении место, куда нужно вставить
инфинитив, и переведите полученные предложения.
1. ………the article………is interesting (to read).
2. …….the book …….. he started to collect facts (to write).
3. .................... English ................. they took a teacher (to study).
4. ...................the substance ................ was not easy (to get).
5. ……..the substance …… was of very good quality (to get).
6. .............. Tom ................ was really difficult (to surprise).
7. .............. the University ................ you've got to pass difficult
exams at school (enter).
8. …….the University ........................ should not be very far
from your house.
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X. Переведите предложения, используя инфинитив.
1. Чтобы предотвратить экономическую катастрофу, нужно
разработать новый закон.
2. Чтобы открыть это вещество, ученый провел много опытов.
3. Опыты, которые нужно провести требуют много внимания.
4. Он рисовал растения, чтобы доказать их сходство.
5. Изобретение, которое должно обсуждаться на конференции,
принадлежало неизвестному ученому.
6. Он выдвинул теорию, которую надо доказать.
7. Доказать эту теорию будет очень трудно.
8. Потребуется много времени и денег, чтобы найти
доказательства.
9. Провалиться на экзаменах означает не поступить в университет.
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