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Файл:Improve your vocabulary and grammar. For classwork and selfstudy. Учебное пособие
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10. reflect 10. современный
11. by heart 11. отражать
12. solve 12. улучшать
13. instead (of) 13. решать, разгадывать
14. visible 14. внутренний
15. решение
16. конечно
F
1. удивляться (чему-либо) 1. unfortunately
2. посвящать 2. safe
3. запись 3. win
4. к сожалению, к несчастью 4. force
5. сила 5. success
6. побеждать, выигрывать 6. message
7. безопасный 7. wonder
8. успех, удача 8. devote (to)
9. влияние 9. influence
10. сообщение, записка 10. physicist
11. record
II. Вставьте пропущенные слова в нужной форме.
1. require 14. contribute
2. Renaissance 15. substances
3. contemporaries 16. notion
4. achievement 17. link
5. breakthrough 18. increase
6. a physicist 19. solution
7. speculate 20. above
8. carry out 21. success
9. research 22. visible
10. complete 23. message
11. decrease 24. devote
12. observe 25. oxygen
13. external
1. The….is a period between the 14th and the 17th centuries.
2. The detective stories by Agatha Christie are always a…with the
readers.
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3. Did you get the…about the date of the meeting?
4. …is a person who studies or works in physics.
5. The old… that the Sun moves round the Earth doesn't exist anymore.
6. …is a colourless tasteless gas present in the air.
7. The winter temperature in India is usually 16-18 degrees… .
8. Economists say that prices will not ….next year.
9. Scientists first…., and then put forward a hypothesis.
10. The new road will…Manchester and Birmingham to London.
11. The works of many artists were not known by their… .
12. Astronomers…the stars.
13. American scientists plan to….some new experiments with space
technologies.
14. A price…is natural after long inflation periods.
15. Printer and scanner are popular…units of the computer.
16. Progress in politics is always…in economics.
17. The cosmic flight is the greatest…of modern science and technology.
18. A cake is not…without cream and jam.
19. Alternative medicine uses only natural… .
20. Few people…their life to science completely.
21. The…to modern scientific problems will be found in the future.
22. Modern governments…to social projects.
23. Scientific…helps technology a lot.
24. Some other artists developed cubism – a new style and a…in art.
25. Peace…understanding.
III. Выберите слово, подходящее по смыслу.
1. People manage to count even when they do not have names for
numbers. Early men demonstrated ...1.... to each other by counting on
their fingers, and some primitive tribes still do this. In fact, some tribes
have names for only the numbers "one" and "two" and can only indicate
higher numbers by ...2... to a particular finger. In other tribes, the numbers
do have names, but these names are directly connected with finger
counting.
1. a) systems b) numbers c) proofs
2 a) pointing b) formulating c) dividing
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2. A highly developed and specialized civilization existed in Italy from
about 264 BC until the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD. Important
…1… were made in art, science, education, religion, and architecture.
Remains of Roman aqueducts and amphitheatres can still be seen in
various parts of Africa and Europe today. Probably, the most lasting of the
Roman heritage to the world can be found in …2… based on Roman ideas
of law as found in England, Latin America, and the United States, as well
as the Roman alphabet which forms the basis of many …3… among
which are English, Spanish and German.
1. a) traditions b) contributions c) religions
2. a) laws b) theories c) systems
3. a) technologies b) laboratories c) languages
IV. Прочитайте текст, кратко передайте его содержание.
Переведите текст на русский язык, обращая внимание на
выделенные слова, и проанализируйте, что было непонятно при
чтении.
A About a century ago few women entered either political or
production life, very few entered or graduated from Universities. They
were quite safe at home. Unfortunately, they considered neither
politics nor work outside home important. In fact, they were very much
devoted to their families. Children usually required their complete
attention. Their husbands preferred having them at home and women
themselves didn't like to mix business and home, though some of them
kept records of family money or were a success as singers or actresses at
unprofessional theatres. The notion of women's social life had undergone
visible changes by the beginning of the 20th century, though nobody
anticipated them. A lot of women were forced to make money
themselves, because they lost their husbands in military battles. We
should also note that scientific achievements of the last century greatly
influenced family life. It was hard to believe that there was a link
between it and the breakthrough discoveries of the century. Actually, it
was greatly improved by new appliances that solved lots of household
problems. It meant more free time. The number of women in industry was
increasing. Women started making their contribution to science and
politics. We could only wonder at new discoveries reported all over the
world that were made by women physicists and mathematicians. Marie
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Curie and her contemporaries discovered nuclear substances, observed
distant stars, carried out biological research and explained natural
phenomena, changed civil laws and bravely entered military professions.
Nowadays, futurologists suppose that no decrease in women's activity is
anticipated, instead new generation of young women will take more
active part in social and political life.
B Computers can do many things we do, but faster and better. Many
people associate computers with the world science and mathematics but
they are also a great help to scholars in other subjects: in history,
literature, and so on. It is now possible for a scholar to find either books
or a scientific report required very quickly, which nowadays when the
number of books increases every year is quite an advantage.
There are also systems which are being developed to translate
scientific reports from foreign journals by computer and to make up many
files of information, which are required in a modern library. One can
anticipate the time when libraries will be run by computers without
human being at all.
The first mechanical calculator was produced by Blaise Pascal in
1642. Others tried to improve it but not until the XIX-th century were
any visible results achieved. When Ch.Babbage, an ambitious professor
of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating
machine in 1833 he could hardly anticipate the situations we find
ourselves in today. Actually, almost everything in modern world is
carried out with the help of computers-the complicated version of his
simple machine.
Computers are being improved and now they are used more and more
widely for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human
beings. They have much better memories and can store a great amount of
information and they can solve problems in a fraction of the time required
by a human mathematician. No one can do 500,000 sums in one second,
but a modern computer can. We very often wonder at the achievements
of our contemporaries – scientists and researchers working with
computers – they really do wonders.
C The invention of writing was a breakthrough in human history.
People started to record everything that attracted their attention –
battles won and lost, scientific achievements, social improvements. It
should be noted that ancient people preferred to speculate more about
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military facts. There were not many social events at that time and
besides, wars contributed much more to people’s wealth. We can only
wonder at the scientists of the past who had to be as brave as military
men. They completely devoted their lives to science. They observed
natural phenomena, tried to link different facts, explained them,
carried out experiments and sometimes completed them if other
scientists died or were killed. For example, Copernicus of Poland
reported that the Earth went round the Sun. His contemporaries didn’t
believe him and, unfortunately it was against Church’s notion of the
Universe. He was taken to prison and killed. It was Galileo who was
influenced by Copernicus’ ideas. He made the first telescope and proved
that Copernicus was right.
D Every year more and more plants and animals disappear from the
earth. This means that younger generations won’t see them or find out
how they looked like. Unfortunately, wildlife cannot be constructed
artificially. Once it is gone, it is gone forever. Man cannot rebuild
ecology.
Some animals are killed too much. Birds are forced to lose their
original nesting areas and cannot survive in new conditions brought by
man. They die of diseases caused by lead and other harmful substances
and mixtures existing in the air.
Actually, it reflects the state of ecology and it is the problem of our
century. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological
problems are becoming. Scientists have an explanation to this
phenomenon. It is industrialization and man’s activities that influence
the health of animals and birds. No wonder there are numbers of birds,
animals and plants which may disappear before they are even
discovered.
It has become evident that ecological problems must be solved and
require united efforts of different scientists. The most important
problems must be considered at the government level. Much attention is
being paid to the development of international scientific contacts.
Biologists from different countries carry out international research
programs. European governments contribute a lot to these projects.
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ГРАММАТИКА
I. Укажите номер предложения c усилительной конструкцией.
1. The fact that many dams built by the Romans survived proves
that their methods of design were developed.
2. It was on April 12, 1961 that the first man, Yuri Gagarin, was
launched into space.
3. This is the oldest book that gives the principles upon which
Each building should be designed.
4. I don't like this book. Give me that one.
5. In spite of the fact that water pressure reached 1 million tons, the dam
withstood the catastrophe without any damage.
6. There are some people who believe that architecture is not a fine art.
7. It was in the second half of the 19th century that the progress in
European countries started.
8. The level of living in the capital is much higher than that in other
cities.
II. Укажите номера предложений, которые переводятся с
помощью слов «как раз, именно»:
1. It was the secretary who sent Jake the photos yesterday.
2. I didn’t lose my glasses, I lost my keys.
3. It was Carl who broke the kitchen window yesterday.
4. I don’t think they know what they are doing.
5. The traveling makes the job interesting.
6. It’s not math she’s studying, it’s physics.
7. I don’t understand why she stays with him.
8. The mystery of the Great Pyramid made this Egyptologist look for the
answer to many questions.
9. It was the mystery of the Great Pyramid that made him one of the
greatest Egyptologists.
10. The mystery of the Great Pyramid made him one of the greatest
Egyptologists.
11. It was in 1930 that Edward met Wallis.
12. Edward understood that love was the most important thing in his life.
13. It was very difficult for him to leave his country.
14. It was in Sweden in 1993.
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15. This book helps to become a physicist.
16. It was this book that helped him to become a physicist.
17. His teacher wrote the book that helped him to become a physicist.
18. It was that book and it helped him to become a physicist.
III. Выберите правильный ответ.
1. I've never heard…fantastic story before.
a) such a c) such
b) so a d) so
2. She was…tired that she couldn't sleep.
a)such a c)such
b) so a d) so
3. Do this exercise … often... you can.
a) not as ........... as c) as ....... as
b) both ............ and d) not so ....... as
4. Mary studies worse than her brother because she is…clever...he is.
a) not as ....... as c) as ....... as
b) both ....... and d) not so ........ as
5. The place was ...... beautiful that we didn't want to leave it.
a) such c) such a
b) so d) so a
6. Last year this power station produced… little energy... it is
producing now.
a) not so.. .as c) not as ........ as
b)as...as d) both ........ and
IV. Вставьте SO или SUCH:
1. I have…much work to do!
2. I don’t know why she talks in…a loud voice.
3. It was… a lovely day that we went for a walk in the country.
4. She is …an ambitious student!
5. We have…little free time that we don’t watch television.
6. It was…a good film that I saw it twice.
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7. And their garden is…beautiful!
8. Last night was…hot that I couldn’t sleep.
9. Don’t be …stupid!
V. Напишите номера предложений, в которых присутствует
время Progressive.
1. Don't worry, the problem is being solved.
2. Speaking about his future work he was indecisive.
3. The two scientists have been discussing computer failure since
morning.
4. My favorite pastime is reading.
5. If the flight is not cancelled we'll be flying over London in an hour.
6. Why is your sister so scared? What is she being told?
7. Staying in bed was recommended by his family doctor.
8. Where is Jack? He is in his room trying to memorize a long poem.
9. In her childhood she was always losing her key.
10. Don't come in. The lecture is still being delivered.
11. The parents found the boy destroying his new toy car.
12. Yesterday at 7 he was having tea with his girl – friend at a cafe nearby.
13. She said funny things but was not smiling.
14. Listening and speaking are very important when you start studying
foreign languages.
VI. Вставьте V ing или be+V ing в соответствующей форме.
l …(Discover) new substances scientists are not at all sure how they will
be used. Roentgen 2… (describe) X-rays couldn't even suppose that he
3…(open) a nuclear era in human history. Nuclear substances changed our
world forever 4…(give) a new source of power generation. Today nuclear
power 5 … (meet) electrical needs of more than billion people. There are
434 reactors 6… (operate) in Europe. Nuclear power production in the
United States 7… (increase) as well. We also use nuclear materials 8 …
(improve) medical diagnostic techniques. 9… (Cause) different emotions
these materials remain among the most important achievements of the 20th
century because the world population 10 … (grow).
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VII. Соедините 2 части:
1. Sarah was cooking dinner
a) Emma opened the door.
2. Turning the key in the lock
b) I’ll answer it.
3. He is leaving for Amsterdam
c) when she burnt her finger.
4. In the year 2050
d) I left my purse in the
supermarket.
5. Sophie is very clever.
e) go fishing together.
6. Yesterday, while I was
shopping
f) every day.
7. The experiment was being
carried on
g) there will be colonies on
Mars.
8. They often went on holiday
abroad
h) when they were single.
9. Sam and Fred often
i) when it started to rain.
10. We were playing on the beach
j) in an hour.
11. She took the exam
k) last year.
12. Sam walks to school
l) when we entered the
laboratory.
13. The phone is ringing.
m) She speaks different
languages.
1. I'm listening to the lecturer
2. Joan is still sleeping
3. The cars are going to collide
4. John usually goes skating
5. The experiment is being carried out
6. He goes to Majorca
7. My family was making a cake
8. The young man is stealing a car
9. She read for 2 hours
10. I'll write to you
a) Look!
b) Always
c) Yesterday at 9
d) At the moment
e) In 2 minutes
f) Don't speak to me
g) At 9
h) It's 9 o'clock
i) Often
j) Last night
A
B
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VIII. Укажите номера предложений, сказуемое которых
выражает действие, совершаемое над подлежащим (пассив).
1. The workers were finishing the construction of factory.
2. This medicine will help you.
3. The new discovery of this professor was reported by radio.
4. The scientists will be studying the structure of this substance.
5. The experiment was being made when he came.
6. I thought I was right.
7. Unfortunately the answer to this question is not known yet.
8. When the lecture was over this article was still being discussed.
9. Are you still working at this problem?
10. They will be writing a test at this time next Wednesday.
11. This work will be finished next week.
12. Democritus studied astronomy with Egyptians and Babylonians.
IX. Выберите правильный вариант:
A
1. This time yesterday we…in the sea.
a) swam b) are swimming c) were swimming
2. I…to you as soon as I get home.
a) wrote b) am writing c) will write
3. Paul…abroad once a month on business.
a) travels b) is traveling c) travel
4. They…a lot of animals at the zoo last weekend.
a) see b) saw c) are seeing
5. …some spare time, tom went for a walk.
a) Had b) Having c) Have
6. She was lying on her bed…about the party.
a) thinking b) think c) thought
7. This time next month I…in a new house.
a) will live b) am living c) will be living
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