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Файл:Improve your vocabulary and grammar. For classwork and selfstudy. Учебное пособие
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11
E
1. Mysterious isotopes were found in Greenland ice not long ago.
The scientists … the idea that they came from Southern Spain –
where the Romans once lived.
a) forecast b) put forward c) belong d) appear
2. The Pompeii bacterium lives at the temperatures hot enough to kill any
other living thing. A scientific expedition to the bottom of the Pacific
proved this fact – the world’s hottest bacterium can … in water close to
100ºC.
a) fail b) freeze c) survive d) discover
3. Maillard, a French churchman, lived among the Micmac Indians in the
18th century. There is a legend that the Micmac writing was invented by
him. But the facts show that ancient Egyptians are … for the Micmac
writing as the similarities in the languages may have been due to sea
contacts between them.
a) characteristic b) similar c) responsible d) gigantic
F
1. …1….rapid development of …2…during the last hundred years,
neither English nor all the languages of Europe could provide sufficient
words for its needs.
Scientists have always turned to the languages of Greece or Rome to
create words, and still do so. It is hard to give an example of a modern
…3…. word originated from any language other than Latin or Greek.
It is well known that after M. Faraday had finished his basic research on
the …4… of electrolysis, he asked a professor at Cambridge to look for
suitable words with which to describe his results, and in 1833 the now
familiar terms "anode" and "cathode" came into existence in this way
(these terms originate from the Greek words "anion" and "cation"
meaning "up" and "down").
1. a) characteristic of b) because of c) responsible for
2. a) century b) universe c) science
3. a) solar b) scientific c) gigantic
4. a) bacteria b) diseases c) phenomena
2. Because Egyptians believed in .life after death, they mummified the
body to preserve it from decay. The ancients left no written letters about
12
the mummification process, so it was a great ...1... for many centuries.
Scientists had to study mummies and ...2....their own theories. But it is
no longer a mystery today. …3…the reports of modern scientists, this
process took about seventy days for the rich and only a few for the poor.
Certain ...4… were used to preserve the dead person which was later
wrapped in a cloth and then put in a wooden box and only after that
placed in a sarcophagus.
1. a) legend b) fact c) mystery
2. a) offer b) put forward c) prove
3. a) according to b) thanks to c) because of
4.. a) cultures b) experiments c) matters
3. The pyramids on the west bank of the Nile were built by the pharaohs
as burial places. The best known are those at Giza built during the fourth
dynasty. The largest of them was constructed for Pharaoh Khufu, better
known as Cheops, in 2720 ВС.
The …1... Egyptians were great astronomers, so ..2…for the pyramid
were based on astronomical observations.
It is called the Great Pyramid and considered 'one of the seven wonders
of the world. Was this superstructure made by …3…people, or one built
by superior men?
1. a) cosmic b) common c) ancient
2. a) structures b) civilizations c) calculations
3. a) legendary b) ordinary c) human
III. Вставьте пропущенные слова в нужной форме и озаглавьте
тексты.
a) belong k) century
b) develop l) fail
c)survive m )divide
d) as for n) freeze
e) ancient o) invent
f) AD p) proof
g) exist q) too
h) law r) disease
i) level s) origin
j) appear t )responsible
13
The history of Egypt goes back to...1… times. It was ..2….and united
many times. ..3….Egypt as a state it was formed about 15 ...4.....ago.
Egyptians had high .....5… of knowledge. They are ...6…for many
interesting ideas. There are many.….7....that they knew natural ...8….
They…..9….numbers and quite a strange method of writing ...10….to
them. People... 11….to read their letters and only in the middle of the 19
th
century a method of reading their letters...12…They knew a lot about the ...
13…of some diseases .They couldn't ... 14….food, it was …15…hot for it
at that time but the food kept in the Pyramids…16…for centuries. Now we
know what plants ... 17...at that time.
B
a) matter i) laboratory
b) fundamental j) experiments
c) units k) key
d) discoveries l) physicist
e) divided m) existing
f) mention n) mystery
g) mysterious o) phenomenon
h) put forward
One century ago, the British …1… J. J. Thomson, studied the atom.
At the Cavendish…2… at Cambridge University, Thomson made
…3…with the…4…of currents of electricity inside empty glass tubes. He
needed a…5… to the long-standing …6…known as "cathode rays."
His…7…let him…8… : these …9… rays are streams of…10… much
smaller than atoms, they are in fact pieces of atoms. He called these units
"corpuscles," and …11…that they made up all of the …12…in atoms. It
was hard to imagine a unit …13…inside the atom – most people were
sure that the atom could not be…14…, the very…15…unit of matter.
C
a) appeared i) origin
b) true j)originated
c) ancient k) B.C.
d) units l) religious
e) survived m) prove
f) centuries n) theories
g) peoples o) traditions
h) scientists
14
The…1…written work, which…2…was the Book of the Dead. It
…3… in about 4500…4…, became available in book form from the
third millennium and still was known in the early….5….of the Christian
era. The Book of the Dead made of shorter works about burial…6…, with
instructions on the way to prepare oneself for death and the afterlife.
The…7…of the…8… that make up the Book of the Dead is lost in time,
and modern…9…on the subject are usually not…10… . Some …11…try
to…12…that these prayers are …13…hymns …14….from Egypt, where
early Asian…15…lived on the banks of the Nile.
D
a) culture i) developed
b) proves j) natural
c) proofs k) human
d) existed l) high
e) level m) originated
f) changes o) ВС
g) because of p) ancient
h) appeared q) too
Archeology…1…that a farming …2… …3…along the Nile in the
10th millennium…4… . But another culture of hunters, fishers and
gathering peoples using stone tools…5…instead of them.
…6…indicate…7…habitation in the southwestern corner of Egypt…8… .
…9… climate …10…around 8000 ВС the…11…pastoral lands of Egypt
began to worsen, and early tribes migrated to the Nile river where they
…12… an agricultural economy and centralized society of…13… ..
…14… Egyptians produced ceramic faience, constructed large buildings
and high pyramids. The earliest known artwork of ships…15… from
ancient Egypt in 6000 ВС.
E
a) proofs i) true
b) solar j) discovered
c) universe k) too
d) theory l) planets
e) system m) Earth
f) ancient n) mysteries
g) centuries o) knowledge
h) technologies
15
The …1… out to Saturn were …2… by astronomers, who studied
these cosmic bodies. They found …3…that the two objects, the Sun and
the Moon, moved across the same fixed background. However, …4… of
the nature of these phenomena was …5… speculative and not…6… .
The nature and the structure of the solar…7… were great …8… for at
least two reasons:
- There was a …9…, in which the stationary …10… is at the center
of the …11... .
- Many solar system objects and phenomena cannot be seen.
Over the last several …12…, and modern …13… helped us to understand
the …14…system much better.
IV. Прочитайте текст, кратко передайте его содержание.
Переведите текст на русский язык, обращая внимание на
выделенные слова, и проанализируйте, что было непонятно при
чтении.
A Human history is full of legends and mysteries but keys to them are
found even nowadays. Legends are characteristic of early times but true
facts are often responsible for their appearance. The story of the
Colossus of Rhodes is one of them. Ancient books mentioned it as one of
the seven Wonders of the World. It did not survive so people thought it
was a legend. Some scientists put forward an idea that it really existed
and found the key to its mysterious disappearance. According to the
knowledge received from old books ancient Greece consisted of citystates united by common laws and similar development. One of them
was on a small island of Rhodes. The state was quite rich and that was the
cause of a great number of enemy's attacks. When one of the long attacks
in the 4th century ВС failed and the city's wealth survived its people
decided to make a statue of sun god Helios. The level of things made by
early Greeks was very high. The statue was not made of a single stone, but
still it was beautiful. As for its size, it was gigantic too. In fact, too
gigantic to survive the catastrophe of about 226 ВС. For almost a
millennium nobody could see it on the earth. In the 7th century AD some
scientists discovered fragments of a gigantic statue in Syria and proved it
was the very legendary statue lost many centuries ago.
B From ancient times people have been trying to find keys to natural
laws and mysterious phenomena and to forecast their future. Early
astronomers proved the rotation of cosmic bodies in the Universe and
16
mentioned some common causes of planet collision. They knew that the
Earth is a part of the solar system and tried to find out what matter the
stars are made of. A lot of great ideas belonged to them, but science as it
is didn't exist at that time.
The ancients were philosophers and formulated their hypotheses
thinking them over and over again. Science is different from philosophy.
Experiment is characteristic of science. The origin of science dates back
to the 17th century AD, when people started making experiments to prove
their ideas and were divided into philosophers and scientists. When a
scientist discovers something that seems to be true, he puts forward a
hypothesis. A hypothesis is a solution to a scientific problem which is
usually developed from the intuition of the scientist and is based on facts.
According to Darwin his discovery of evolution was the product of many
years of study and experimentation.
As new information appears, a hypothesis may fail. Early
philosophers were responsible for the picture of atom structure drawn in
the prehistoric time, but their hypothesis didn't survive because of the
information, which appeared after invention of new scientific
instruments. So it had to be changed. When quite a great number of
scientists agree to a hypothesis it becomes a theory. When a theory unites
a lot of knowledge it becomes a natural law (for example law of gravity or
Archimedes' law).
ГРАММАТИКА
I. Hайдите в тексте 1-ую, 2-ую, 3-ью формы глагола.
Einstein was not a remarkable child. He began taking piano lessons at the
age of six. He did not seem to be particularly talented. He liked
daydreaming and playing. He did not enjoy talking very much. In fact, he
waited till he was three before starting to talk. In spite of not having a
very exciting childhood, Einstein later appeared to have a very vivid
memory of it. He remembered being impressed by how a compass worked
and by the mysterious force which made the compass needle point in a
given direction.
II. Подчеркните неправильные глаголы в форме Past Simple.
Yesterday was the coldest day of the year. It had been snowing all night
and everything was white. The children woke up earlier than usual. They
17
were excited because the snow was deeper than ever before and they
wanted to go outside and play. We dressed hem in the warmest clothes
we could find, then they went out into the garden. We watched from the
window as they built the biggest snowman I have ever seen. As the snow
was falling harder than ever, the children soon came inside to warm up.
They were laughing as if they had heard the funniest joke ever told. They
said that they thought winter was the best season of all.
III. Pаскройте скобки.
А
The Bells usually …1…(go) on holiday in September. They rarely
…2…(stay) in England. When they …3…(go) abroad their dog
…4…(stay) with the Allens or with the Todds. Sometimes they …5…(go)
to Spain or to Greece. The weather …6…(be) usually wonderful there.
Last summer the Bells…7…(fly) to Greece on holiday. They …8…(see)
the Parthenon and many other buildings and they…9…(eat) a lot of Greek
food. They …10…(sit) on the beach in the sun and…11…(swim) in the
warm sea. Nick and Jenny…12…(make) some Greek friends.
They…13…(write) a lot of postcards to their friends in England and
they…14…(take) a lot of photographs. They all…15…(get) sunburned.
Unfortunately Mr Bell…16…(fall) down the hotel steps and
…17…(break) his arm! But he…18…(bring) home many other souvenirs
as well.
B
Columbus…1…(believe) that the earth…2…(be) round. He…3…(want)
to sail west from Europe to India. Columbus first…4…(ask) for money
and ships for his journey from the king of Portugal. The
king…5…(refuse). So Columbus…6…(go) to Spain. Queen
Isabella…7…(give) him three ships.
Columbus…8…(sail) from Spain on August 3
rd
, 1492. Although
he…9…(know) about the winds and weather and…10…(be) a good
sailor, his men…11…(be) afraid. Things…12…(become) difficult and
they…13…(want) to sail back to Spain. Columbus…14…(say) “No”.
The journey…15…(take) ten weeks. Then a sailor…16…(see) a bird.
This…17…(prove) that they…18…(be) near land. On October 12
th
, 1492
Columbus…19…(carry) the Spanish flag onto an island.
He…20…(name) the island San Salvador.
18
C
I (watch)1……a long film on television last night and it (be) 2……very
late when I (go) 3…….to bed. I (read) 4….a book in bed because I (can)
5……..not go to sleep. I (fall) 6…..asleep at about 2 a.m. but I (wake)
7…….up suddenly at 3.30 a.m. because I (hear) 8…….a loud noise in the
kitchen. I (walk) 9……downstairs, (open) 10…… the kitchen door and I
(see) 11……the “burglar” – our cat! I (shout) 12…….at it and it (run)
13……away through the open kitchen window.
D
Susan (1)… (try) to sleep last night and (2)… (can/not). She (3)…. (get)
up and (4)…..(go) downstairs to the sitting room, then she (5)…(watch)
TV until she (6)….(fall) asleep. She (7)… (wake up) at midnight.
Suddenly she (8)… (hear) a bang. ‘Who’s there?’ she (9)… (shout). The
door slowly (10)… (open) and she (11)…. (see) a pair of green eyes. ‘Oh
Felix’, she (12)… (say).
E
Yesterday, I (1)… (get) up at seven o’clock in the morning. It (2)…
not/be) a sunny day so I (3)… (spend) the morning at home. I (4)… (read)
the newspaper and then I (5)… have lunch. After lunch, I (6)… go)
shopping. I (7)… (see) a friend at the newsagent’s and we (8)…..(have) a
drink in a coffee shop. Then I (9)… (walk) home. I (10)… (enjoy)
yesterday very much.
F
Last weekend we (go) 1…to Edinburgh by train from London. We (stay)
2…at a hotel in Princes Street. It (be) 3…cold and windy when we
(arrive) 4……in Scotland, but the hotel (be) 5……..warm and
comfortable. On Saturday morning, we (get up) 6…at 8 o’clock and
(have) 7…a good breakfast. Then, we (walk) 8……down Princes Street
and (look) 9…..at the lovely shops. We (visit) 10……the castle in the
afternoon and (enjoy) 11…sitting in the gardens. We (not go) 12…out in
the evening, but we (stay) 13……in the hotel and (talk) 14…to some
people from America.
IV. Укажите номера предложений с Participle I:
1. The playing children were in the room.
2. The letter written by my sister was very short.
3. Sitting in the corner of the room she could see the children.
19
4. Laughing loudly she came into the room.
1. canals connecting the rivers
2. rivers connected by canals
3. connecting these towns
а) соединенные
б) соединяющие
в) соединяя
4. using a new method
5. new methods used by engineers
6. scientists using new methods
а) использующие
б) используя
в) используемые
7. keys left at home
8. leaving the key
9. children leaving the key
а)забывающие
б) забытые
в) забывая
10. methods discovered in the laboratory
11. discovering new lands
а) открывая
б) открытые
5. He likes to read books illustrated by this artist.
6. Among the subjects studied at the University is English.
7. The actress playing the part of Eliza is brilliant.
8. Will the translation be completed tomorrow?
9. He stood looking out of the window.
10. Having written the answer, she posted the letter.
V. Укажите номера предложений с Participle II:
1. The music played by him was rock.
2. The teacher examining the students is here.
3. The jacket bought for Nick is too small for him.
4. He came into the room laughing.
5. When I came into the room I saw a broken cup.
6. The children playing in the room are my cousins.
7. Where is the letter written by Ann?
8. He sat in the armchair listening to the music.
9. Reading books we learn many new things.
10. The letter written by my father is on the table.
VI. Переведите подчеркнутые формы
20
12. scientists discovering new methods
в) открывающие
13. constructing new roads
14. houses constructed in London
15. builders constructing in Edinburgh
а) построенные
б) строящие
в) строя
16. legends existing in ancient Greece
17. existing in the world
а) существуя
б) существующие
в) существовавшие
1. изученная теория
a) a studied theory
b) a studying theory
c) studying a theory
2. развивая новую гипотезу
a) developed a new hypothesis
b) developing a new hypothesis
c) a new hypothesis developing
3. переведенная статья
a) a translated article
b) translating an article
c) an article translating
4. тестируя студентов
a) testing the students
b) tested students
c) students are tested
5. используя серебро
a) used silver
b) silver using
c) using silver
6. появляясь на Земле
a) appeared on the Earth
b) appearing on the Earth
c) the Earth appearing
7. столкнувшиеся космические
тела
a) colliding cosmic bodies
b) cosmic bodies collided
c) colliding the cosmic bodies
VII. Укажите правильный перевод.
A
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