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Файл:Functional English for university students (for economists and managers). Учебное пособие
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5 I was surprised _____________ when Michaela said I’d hurt her feelings.
6 Richard finally met the woman of his dreams and got married and started
to live quietly _____________ in Australia.
7 I saw Mrs. Khan in the center of town and she asked for news about
_____________ you.
VII Phrases and collocations
Write one word in each gap
1 Could you _____________ me a favor and ask Oliver to see me in my
office?
2 I don’t have many ambitions, but I’d like to graduate and then
_____________ a family.
3 As we walked down the street, Helen _____________ pity on the beggar and
gave him some money.
4 Nadia’s hair looked awful, but I didn’t _____________ the courage to tell
her.
5 My dad can’t stand _____________ an argument and always has to have the
last word.
6 The new law seemed to _____________ with everyone’s approval.
7 Can you _____________ care of your little sister for a minute while I go to
the shop?
8 When you first _____________ in love, the whole world seems a beautiful
place.
9 I don’t really _____________ friends very easily because I’m quite shy.
10 I didn’t recognize Ed when I saw him because he was _____________
disguise.
11 You’re in a very good _____________. Why are you so happy?
12 If you keep _____________ your promises, people won’t trust you
anymore.
13 I _____________ am really strange dream last night about my best friend.
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VIII Find 10 extra words
Living together in society.
_____________ Hell, said Jean-Paul Sartre, is other people, and whether you
agree with_____________ or not, we are all have to learn to live together. We may
not always_____________ approve of that other people’s behavior, but we do have to
live with it._____________ It is impossible to force other people in to behave exactly
how we think_____________ they should behave. Of course, the law bans from all
kinds of behavior_____________ and if you can convince to enough people, you
might be able to get the_____________ government to pass a new law. Mostly,
though, you have to let off people_____________ live their own lives, in the same
way you expect them to allow you for to_____________ live your life. You don’t
have to pretend it that you like how some other_____________ people live, but
letting them to be themselves is often the only choice.
IX Word formation
a) Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap in the
same line
I had a really stupid (1) _____________ ARGUE with my best friend the other
day. It all started because we were talking about (2) _____________MARRY and
having a family. I said that (3) _____________ POLITE is important when you are
married and she said that she thought that was rubbish and that (4) _____________
KIND is much more important. Well, we were (5) ____________ ABLE to agree
and, in the end, she left without saying goodbye. I do hope it doesn’t spoil our (6)
_____________FRIEND.
b) Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals
when this is necessary
1 My best friend has a great _____________ (PERSON) and everyone likes
her.
2 I have a good _____________ (RELATE) with my mum and I can talk to
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her about anything.
3 They’ve just published a book of George Bush’s _____________
(CORRESPOND) and it looks really interesting.
4 Jenny seemed _____________ (WILLING) to talk about her argument with
Nancy, but I eventually got the facts.
5 As I waited for Kelly to arrive at the cinema, I bit my nails _____________
(NERVE).
6 Ignore what Sharon says about you. It’s just _____________ (JEALOUS).
7 In the past, children were expected to be very _____________ (OBEY).
8 Brenda blames her _____________ (HAPPY) on being single, but I’m not
so sure.
9 Tom knew that being chosen as class president was a real _____________
(ACHIEVE).
10 Kevin’s so sensitive that you have to be very _____________ (CARE)
what you say to him.
X Review
a) Culture shock. Fill in the gap with a suitable word
Many people dream (1) _______________ living in a foreign country. It can
be an amazing experience for those who (2) _______________ the courage to leave
their family and friends and settle (3) _______________ in a new place. However,
there’s one potential problem you should be aware of: culture shock. Culture shock is
the feeling we get from living in a place that is so different to where we (4)
_______________ up that we are not sure how to deal with it. Societies are
organized in many different ways, and we can often be (5) _______________ a back
by some of the things we find in foreign countries.
Customs and traditions can be very different and that can sometimes make it
difficult to (6) _______________ on with local people and to (7) _______________
friends. They might not approve (8) _______________ things you do or might object
(9) _______________ things you say. You might even be banned (10)
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_______________ doing things in another country that are perfectly legal in your
own.
(11) _______________ you were to move to a country such as Singapore, say,
you might find some of the laws very strict. There, people can be forced (12)
_______________ pay a large fine just for dropping litter.
Eventually, though, most people who live abroad (13) _______________ in
love with their adopted country and learn to accept its differences. It does (14)
_______________ real courage to make such a big change to your life, but many
people agree (15) _______________ it is worth it in the end.
b) Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals
when this is necessary
My __________ (FRIEND) with Tatyana is one of the most important things
in my life.
Many parents complain of their children’s __________ (OBEY), but I think
they were probably exactly the same.
Don’t listen to Mary - she’s just __________ (JEALOUS) of you.
We all watched __________ (NERVE) as Mark made his speech of thanks.
Don’t you think that we should make sure that __________ (ABLE) people
have the same rights as everyone else?
Terry is really __________ (ARGUE) and is always looking for fights with
other people.
Hasn’t anyone ever told you that it’s very __________ (POLITE) to interrupt
when other people are talking?
c) Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each
gap
I promised my mum that I would work hard this year. made
I ____________________________ that I would work hard this year.
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My parents allowed me to go out even though it was very late. let
My parents ____________________________ even though it was very late.
Margaret and I have had an argument, so we’re not talking to each other. out
Margaret and I ____________________________, so we’re not talking to
each other.
Nobody approved of the new law when it was introduced. approval
The new law didn’t ____________________________ when it was
introduced.
I didn’t want to have an argument, so I changed the subject. mood
I wasn’t ____________________________ an argument, so I changed the
subject.
Tina was depressed because she couldn’t make friends at summer camp.
inability
Tina was depressed because ____________________________ friends at
summer camp.
Could you open the door for me, please? said Simon. me
Simon ____________________________ the door for him.
Make sure you look after your little brother while I’m out. care
Make sure you ____________________________ your little brother while I’m
out.
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3 Unit 3 Three sectors of economy
3.1 Reading
In this extract from David Lodges novel Nice Work, Robyn Penrose, a
university English lecturer, is accompanying Vic Wilcox, the managing director of
a manufacturing company, on a business trip to Germany. She looks out of the
aero plane window, and begins to think about the essentially English act of making
a cup of tea.
Write down the key point that this extract is making about economies
Sunlight flooded the cabin as the plane changed course. It was a bright, clear
morning. Robyn looked out of the window as England slid slowly by beneath them:
cities and towns, their street plans like printed circuits, scattered over a mosaic of tiny
fields, connected by the thin wires of railways and motorways. Hard to imagine at this
height all the noise and commotion going on down there. Factories, shops, offices,
schools, beginning the working day. People crammed into rush hour buses and trains, or
sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up breakfast things in the
kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own little worlds, oblivious of
how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife, switching on her electric kettle to
make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the immense complex of operations that
made that simple action possible: the building and maintenance of the power station that
produced the electricity, the mining of coal or pumping of oil to fuel the generators,
the laying of miles of cable to carry the current to her house, the digging and smelting
and milling of ore or bauxite into sheets of steel or aluminum, the cutting and pressing
and welding of the metal into the kettle’s shell, spout and handle, the assembling of
these parts with scores of other components – coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets,
wires, springs, rubber insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the
advertising of the kettle, the marketing of the kettle to wholesale and retail outlets, the
transportation of the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the
distribution of its added value between all the myriad people and agencies concerned in
its production. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she switched on her kettle.
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Neither had Robyn until this moment, and it would never have occurred to her to do so
before she met Vic Wilcox.
3.2 Read the text and translate it orally
We generally describe the economy as consisting of three sectors:
the primary sector: agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from the
earth;
the secondary sector: manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are turned
into finished products (although of course many of the people working for
manufacturing companies do not actually make anything, but provide a service –
administration, law, finance, marketing, selling, computing, personnel, and so on);
the tertiary sector: the commercial services that help industry produce and
distribute goods to the final consumers, as well as activities such as education, health
care, leisure, tourism, and so on (Fig. 4).
Figure 4 – Comprehension
3.3 Vocabulary
Classify the 18 activities from the passage according to which sector they
belong to:
advertising product
assembling
building
calculating prices
cutting metal
digging iron ore
distributing added
value
maintenance
pressing metal
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milling metal
packaging products
pumping oil
marketing products
laying cable
mining coal
smelting iron
transportation
welding metal
Can you think of three important activities to add to each list (not necessarily in
relation to the kettle)?
3.4 Discussion
Which sector do you intend to work in or do you already work in?
How do you "fit into the total picture"?
How many people in the tertiary sector have you already spoken to today
(travelling to college or work, shopping, eating, and so on)? What about people in the
other two sectors? When did you last talk to someone who grew or produced food, for
example?
3.5 Different kinds of companies
Sectors of economy and selected product groups (Fig. 5).
Work in groups
Which of these companies do you know? Match them up with the sectors of
industry and the product groups in the chart. Discuss these questions:
Which are the five largest or most important companies in your region (or
country)?
Which sectors of industry or product groups do they belong to?
Make a list of the products they make or the services they supply.
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Primary Secondary
Tertiary
Figure 5 – Different kinds of companies
3.6 Work in pairs. Read through this extract from a business textbook,
which deals with a related topic. Fill each gap with one of these words
a) another
d) basic
g) countries
j) fishing
m) major
p) fully
b) per cent
e) business
h) economic
k) labour
n) most
q) primary
c) productive
f) secondary
i) services
l) work
o) workers
Divisions of economic activity. Although the structure of each country is
different, their economies can be shown to have similar sectors. When speaking of
1)…………………. or economic activity, commentators normally recognize three
2)…………………. "sectors":
primary agriculture, fishing, mining, construction
3)…………………………… crafts and manufacturing
tertiary 4)……………………, including education, banking, insurance, etc.
Vehicle manufacturing
Food processing, beverages
Oil Electronics Aerospace
Engineering
Chemicals
Computers
Insurance Transport
Retailing Banking
Hotels Restaurants Catering
Telecommunications
Airline
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The occupational structure. The types of activities that most 5)………….... are
occupied in, differ, sometimes dramatically, from one country to 6)………………and
from one time to another. In 7)……………………………. developing countries (and
in all 8)………………before the 19th century), the vast majority of the workforce
9)…………….in the agricultural, or 10)…………………………, sector. Their work is
almost entirely manual, and most of the country’s 11)………………………………
power is concentrated on the 12)………………………...task of feeding the population.
In 13)…………… developed countries far more of their 14)…………………….
resources are directed towards other 15)………………………activities. In the United
States and Canada, for example, only 4 and 7 per cent, respectively, of all employed
persons work in agriculture, 16)…………………………, and mining, compared to
more than 17) 70………………… in India.
3.7 Work in groups. Discuss these more general questions
What percentage of people working, approximately, are engaged in
each of the sectors in your country?
Which sector is contracting? Which is growing? Which is staying the
same?
In which sector are the most companies, businesses or enterprises in
your region located, would you say?
Which sector do you (or do you expect to) work in?
Which areas of the economy in your country are changing most?
Which areas have the most people working in them?
Which areas are the most important?
Which sectors can we not do without?
3.8 Translate, write transcription of these words and learn them by heart
1 the primary sector;
2 the secondary sector;
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