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Файл:Functional English for university students (for economists and managers). Учебное пособие
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it’s easy to cause offence, or feel offended, if you don’t know what other cultures
expect.
Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and
very open. People here change jobs and move house quite frequently. As a result,
they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get
to know people quickly. So, it’s normal to have friendly conversations with people
that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard
as private.
At the other extreme are more crowded and less mobile societies where longterm relationships are more important. A Malaysian or Mexican businessperson, for
example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start
business. But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much
deeper than it would in a mobile society.
To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first. On
the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society put it, it’s no fun spending
several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks
you all sorts of embarrassing questions that you don’t want to answer.
Cross-cultural differences aren’t just a problem for travellers, but also for the
airlines that carry them. All airlines want to provide the best service, but ideas about
good service vary from place to place. This can be seen most clearly in the way that
problems are dealt with.
Some societies have "universalist" cultures. These societies have a strong
respect for rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way.
"Particularist" societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less
important than the society’s unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a
particular situation or a particular person. So, the formal rules are bent to fit the needs
of the situation or the importance of the person.
This difference can cause problems. A traveller from a particularist society,
India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist
culture. The Indian traveller has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been
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away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family.
He expects that the check-in clerk will understand his problem and will bend the rules
for him. The check-in clerk, however, expects that if she explains the rules, the
customer will understand. If he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn’t be
fair to the other passengers, But the traveller thinks this is unfair, because the other
passengers don’t have his problem.
2.7.1 Find words or expressions in the article which mean the same as
a flight between continents;
someone who is travelling with you;
male, if you are female;
are different;
moving;
often;
lasting a long time;
it isn’t enjoyable;
in different places.
2.8 Translate, write transcription of these words and learn them by heart
1 travelling to all corners of the world;
2 to get easier;
3 to arrange a meeting;
4 foreign business colleagues;
5 to be bang on time for a meeting;
6 to be 15 min` early for ...;
7 to be 15 min` late for ...;
8 to allow up to an hour for ...;
9 the European Community;
10 to increase in size;
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11 to give advice on international etiquette;
12 to assume;
13 to discuss business matters;
14 to get to know one another;
15 to talk business afterwards;
16 to be well fed and watered;
17 to take off jackets and roll up sleeves;
18 a sign;
19 to get down to work;
20 to take it easy;
21 executives;
22 to signal feelings of ease and importance;
23 to be shocked;
24 the height of bad manners;
25 a social insult;
26 to blow nose in public;
27 the strictest rules of social and business behavior;
28 seniority;
29 to complete business deal;
30 to exchange business cards;
31 to establish everyone’s status and position;
32 a superior position;
33 to bow;
34 greeting;
35 to shake hands;
36 a mark of respect;
37 to be casual and more informal;
38 cool and reserved;
39 to find a geographical link.
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2.9 Culture Quiz. Choose the correct answer
1 If you’re doing business with a German, you have to shake hands
a when you meet
b when you leave
c when you meet and when you leave
2 In the Middle East you have to give presents to business contacts
a in private
b in public
c every time you meet
3 If you’re giving a present to your Latin American customer, you mustn’t give
a cutlery
b food and drink
c a clock
4 If an Indian says "Come any time," he or she expects you to
a arrange a visit immediately
b visit him/her the next day
c ignore the invitation
5 You can’t do business in Muslim countries
a on Wednesdays
b on Fridays
c on Sundays
6 If an American nods his/her head, it probably means
a I understand
b Yes
c I’m interested
7 At a social occasion with an Indian client
a you can discuss business
b you mustn’t discuss business
c you don’t have to discuss business
8 If you’re doing business in Thailand, you must
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a shake hands firmly
b bow
c make sure you don’t touch your head
9 If a Japanese person gives you their business card, you have to
a take it with both hands and study it carefully
b put it straight into your wallet or pocket
c write notes about them on it
10 If you’re in a pub in England, you have to buy a drink
a for yourself
b for everyone in the group you’re with
c for everyone in the pub
2.10 Read the text and give a brief summary
Who’s for a business lunch?
Forget the language barriers. Forget the jet lag. If you’re traveling abroad on
business, your most difficult problem is lunch. Every country has different customs
and you can’t afford to get it wrong.
Down in the south of Europe, lunch breaks last a long time. In Italy they can
last three hours. In Spain they can be followed by a siesta. Some Greek people
actually have a siesta instead of lunch, so they can prepare for a very substantial late
dinner. And when dinner comes, everyone’s attention is on the food. So, don’t worry
if the business discussion is slow starting. The goal is to eat well, demonstrate
hospitality and develop relationships. Business can wait.
Some lunches are lighter than others. If you’re in Scandinavia, a business lunch
is sometimes just a plate of sandwiches. And don’t be surprised if your hosts refuse
alcohol and drink milk instead – and skimmed milk at that. Not all places are so
health conscious. As one Russian businessman remarked “The Americans are always
complaining about smoking and drinking. In Russia we have no problems. We do
both”.
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The French like to take a long time over their lunch. One traveler can recall a
French lunch that lasted seven hours. French restaurants sometimes have a special
"business menu". This is a trick. It’s a reasonably quick three course meal designed
for people who have no business to do. If you want to do business, choose from the
real menu and take your time. Anything under about two hours is classed as a coffee
break.
Table 1 – Who’s for a business lunch?
Typical
length
Usual
time
Business
talk
Alcohol
Consumption
UK
1 hour
1.00-2.00
throughout the meal
Scandinavia
1 hour
12.00-1.00
throughout the meal
Russia
1.5 hours
1.00-2.30
throughout the meal
Germany
Up to 2 hours
1.00-2.00
throughout the meal
Belgium/Netherlands
1 hour
12.00-1.00
throughout the meal
France/
Luxebourg
2 hours
12.00-2.00
only after the cheese
Italy
2 hours
1.00-3.00+
Late in the meal
Spain/Portugal
3 hours +
12.30-4.00
Late in the meal
Greece
Several hours
more likely
to be dinner
occasionally
2.11 Progress test
I Match the words (1-5) with the words (a-e) to make up phrases
1 dream
2 every day
3 the cloak-room
4 the daily programme
5 the day
a becomes a question
b is overcrowded
c passed in my mind’s eyes
d come true
e promises
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II Match the words (1- 9) with their definitions (a- i)
1 room-mates
2 meet new people
3 dreams come true
4 overcrowded
5 do homework
6 enter the University
7 chat about smth.
8 have a walk
9 a day of hard work
a become a student
b discuss smth.
c full of people
d go out
e to get to know someone
f friends you share a flat with
g a busy day
h alive your ideas
i prepare for classes
III Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition
1 It is no easy matter to cram everything _____ one day and the daily
programme.
2 The working day begins____ the ringing of the alarm-clock ___my
bedside.
3 I go to the University ____bus.
4 The bus is always overcrowded ___ passengers going ___ work.
5 I have no time to read a book___ pleasure.
6 My student’s day is always a day __ hard work.
7 It is an institution___ higher professional education.
8 The foreign students can get higher professional education__ the
background of our university.
9 The students are expected to participate___ different scientific, social and
sport events.
10 The academic staff of the Institute is composed___ highly qualified
specialists.
11 The staff is recognized___ its academic and scientific research
achievements.
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IV Choose the correct answer
1 Everyone said they had _______ themselves at the wedding.
a) enjoyed
b) impressed
c) pleased
d) excited
2 Mary seems to go out with a different _______ of friends almost every
night.
a) group
b) band
c) company
d) collection
3 People can become very _______ when they are stuck in traffic for a long
time.
a) nervous
b) bad-tempered
c) stressful
d) pressed
4 More and more people are living into _______ age and it’s a serious social
problem.
a) high
b) ancient
c) far
d) old
5 Stephanie seems to be very _______ with her classmates.
a) likeable
b) famous
c) known
d) popular
6 Most _______ people have no idea what it’s like to be famous.
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a) usual
b) ordinary
c) typical
d) medium
7 When my parents got divorced, my best friend was very _______ and
listened to all my problems.
a) likeable
b) amusing
c) sympathetic
d) enjoyable
8 Rita’s very _______ and easily gets upset when people criticize her.
a) level-headed
b) sensitive
c) sensible
d) open-minded
9 Police were called in when the _______ of people began to get violent.
a) crowd
b) company
c) audience
d) herd
10 My dad says he once met Robbie Williams when he was still _______.
a) unknown
b) hidden
c) infamous
d) unrelated
V Circle the correct word
1 These days, many parents find it difficult to assist / support a large family.
2 Forgetting to thank us for dinner is usual / typical of George.
3 My grandma doesn’t have any close / near family her own age left.
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4 In ancient / old times, people had a very different view of the world.
5 Who was to blame / fault for the argument?
6 Don’t you know its kind / polite to close your mouth when you are eating?
7 Nathan’s parents were very enjoyed / pleased when they saw him in the
school play.
8 I have a very good connection / relationship with my mother.
VI Phrasal verbs
A) Complete the text using the words from the box. You need to use one
word twice
get • make • put • look • bring • fall • grow
Personality
Some of us seem to be infinitely kind, while others seem to (1) _____________
down on everyone around them. Some of us never forget an argument, while others
(2) _____________ up and forgive easily. As we (3) _____________ up, our
personality develops and we find that we (4) _____________ on with certain people
more than others. Who we are seems to have a large genetic element, but is also
influenced by those who (5) _____________ us up. If we (6) _____________ up to
our parents or other family members, we may want to be like them. On the other
hand, if our parents seem to (7) _____________us down all the time and we (8)
_____________out with them a lot, then perhaps we will develop quite different
personalities.
B) Write a phrasal verb in the correct form to replace the words in italics.
Add any other words you need
1 The doctor said that the old woman had died _____________ peacefully in
her sleep.
2 I always support _____________ my brother when he gets into trouble.
3 Tony seems to have really fallen in love with _____________ Vanessa.
4 Mark is such a bully and treats badly _____________ the younger boys at
school.
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