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Файл:English for communication. Учебное пособие
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9. Answer the questions.
1. What equipment should you have when you go hiking in the mountains?
2. Have you ever been in a dangerous situation in the mountains, at sea, or on
a lake?
3. What ecological disaster may occur in your area?
4. Have you ever experienced any of them?
10. Choose one of the topics. Speak and discuss.
1 No more nuclear power plants should be built and the old ones should all
be closed down.
2 Rich developed countries are morally obliged to help developing countries.
3 Natural disasters are a form of punishment for the horrible things people do
to nature.
4 Large-scale recycling of paper, glass, metal and plastic isn't realistic in
Russia.
5 It's unreasonable to spend so much money and effort on the protection of
animals when people die of hunger.
6 Space exploration is a waste of money. Do you agree with this opinion and
why?
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14. STATE AND SOCIETY
Read and translate the texts. Are there differences between state and
society?
A state and a society are both comprised of people. “Society” and “state” are
interrelated. They depend upon each other, and the progress of one influences the
progress and livelihood of the other. People belonging to one society may belong to
the state, and the majority of the state may comprise people of the same society.
They complement each other and are dependent on each other. The social customs,
traditions, philosophies, and actions of a society directly influences a state and its
work ethics. No matter how complimentary they are the basic difference between a
state and a society is that in society everything happens due to voluntary actions,
and there is a vast limit for flexibility and acceptability. In a state there are rules and
regulations; the actions are mechanical and rigid.
State
A state is an integral part of the society. It can be defined as a particular or
specific part or portion of a certain society which is organized politically. This
politically organized portion of society is responsible for the protection of the
society and also responsible for the progress, promotion, and well-being of the
society. A state is, as mentioned before, a political organization unlike a society
which is not a political organization.
The state has authority to punish or award the people of society. The main
strength of the state is derived from the laws that have been made and implemented.
The state, unlike society, has the authority to regulate only those relationships of
society which are external.
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The state has sovereignty and has the power to coerce. Any kind of
disobedience or non-compliance of rules by anybody in the society can be punished
by the state according to its laws.
The state has territories. It has well-defined boundaries. It is referred to as a
territorial organization. In the same state there might be different societies following
different cultures and traditions. The state is considered an organization which is
compulsory in order to maintain law and order for the proper functioning of all the
societies included in it.
Society
A society is basically a collection or group of people who are brought
together and held together by the internal relationships amongst themselves in order
to achieve common goals. The common goals may be happiness, progress, or any
other well-being of all the individuals included in the society. The strength of the
society depends upon its culture and traditions. All kinds of social behaviour and the
conduct of all individuals are regulated by common customs.
In a society, obedience has to be dictated and expected of their individuals
through the power of customs, traditions, and moralities instead of through
coercion. It has to be, in a way, persuaded and required by cooperation. Individuals
are not punished as per some law when they do not follow dictums of society.
Society does not have any physical or geographical territories. They can
expand from one state to another and commonly from one country to another.
Society is an absolutely voluntary unit. No one is a part of it if they do not want to
be a part of it. Society could be either broader or in some cases narrower than the
state.
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1. Match the words on the left with those on the right. What is the function
Institution
Person
government
MP president
parliament
spokesperson
ministry
prime minister
minister
embassy
ambassador
political party
senator
trade union
mayor
politician
senate
diplomat
city/town council
consul
judge
tribunal
blue-collar worker
UN EU NATO FAO UNESCO UNICEF WHO IMF WTO IOC
of such institutions?
2. What do the following abbreviations mean?
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3. Find the definitions of the following words and phrases. Answer the
Christianity Catholicism Judaism Islam Buddhism Hinduism Shinto
Confucianism
tax office
GNP (gross national product)
Agriculture
profit
free market inflation
demandand supply exchange rate PIT
(personal income tax) income economy
loss
black market
investment
export
services
VAT (value added tax)
industry
shares
globalisation
state budget
import
stock exchange
questions.
1 Which of the above items do we associate with a nation's economy?
2 Which concepts are important to every individual citizen? Why?
3 What happens to the price of a product if the demand for it or supply of it
changes?
4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the global economy?
5 When can we say that a company is doing well on the market?
6 Why does the black market for products and services exist in Russia?
Which parts of our economy are most infiltrated by the black market?
4. Here is a list of the main religions below. Work in groups. Answer the
questions.
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1 In which parts of the world are these religions particularly influential?
addiction
unemployment
divorce
vandalism
homelessness
CRIME
VERB
NOUN
drug trafficking
speeding
kidnapping
shoplifting
smuggling goods across
2 Which of them worship one God (monotheism) and which worship many
gods (polytheism)?
3 Which of them believe in reincarnation?
4 Who is the founder of each religion?
5. Complete the table containing some of the most common social problems
with the words given below. What are the consequences of these problems for the
whole society and for each person?
social security • teetotaller separation • liver disease • hoologanism • to take
an overdose • sober • to smash something up • to be out of work • to be on the
streets • drug abuse • to be on the dole • public property • tramp • accommodation •
to cause damage • beggar • to be high • jobless • single parent family • to be stoned •
to detoxicate • HIV-positive • alcogolism • hangover • to be made redundant • hostel
• marriage • to drive under the influence • booze • hallucinations • offence • to split
up
6. Complete the table. Which of these crimes seem to be the most dangerous
and require severe punishment?
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the border
hijacking
pickpocketing
mugging
murder
theft
burglary
assassination
rape
A
pay
commit
arrest
bribe
send sb to
break
give
В
accuse sb of
question
charge sb with
sentence sb to
identify
examine
prevent
the judge
a suspect
a crime
a fine
the law
evidence
prison
murder
an offence
the evidence
ten-years' imprisonment
the victim
a witness
crime
7. Match the verbs in A and B on the left with the nouns on the right. Make
up your own sentences with these word combinations.
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8. How can the following measures prevent from crimes and their
a safe a money belt insurance karate a bodyguard a burglar alarm tear gas
a safe a money belt severe law
consequences?
9. Write a short story based on the headings below. Then answer questions
(1-5).
Infant kidnapped for 100,000 ransom
Old lady mugged on doorstep
150 injured in riots after concert
Terrorist attack in shopping centre
1 How does this series of news items make you feel?
2 Which of the events described seems the most cruel to you? Why?
3 Why are newspapers and TV news programmes always full of violence and
crime?
4 Are you afraid of violence? On what occasions?
5 Have you ever been involved in or witnessed an an act of violence.
Describe what happened.
10. Choose one of the topics. Speak and discuss.
1. Can legalising some less harmful drugs reduce crime? Explain how.
2. Can very severe punishments (the death penalty or long prison sentences)
and severe prison conditions deter criminals from committing crimes? Justify your
opinion.
3. Should domestic violence be punished as severely as other crimes? Why?
4. Can you suggest any ways of reducing the number of alcoholics in Russia?
What could the government and various organizations do to change the present
situation?
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5. What can be done to prevent football hooliganism in Russia? Explain.
6. Why are small towns’ usually safer places than large cities?
7. The family is getting weaker and family ties will gradually disappear.
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15. SOME INFORMATION ABOUT ENGLISH-SPEAKING
COUNTRIES
Read the text and translate.
Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are English speaking
countries. They are situated in different parts of the world and differ in many ways.
The nature of these countries, their weather and climate and way of life of
their people differ. Each country has it's own history customs, traditions, its own
national holidays. But they all have a common language. English, the language of
the people who left England to make their names in new countries.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland consist of 4 parts:
England, Scotland, Wales, Northen Ireland. The British Isles are group of islands
lying off the noth-west coast of the continent of Europe. There are no high
mountains, no very long river, no great forest in U.K. The population of the U.K. is
almost fifty-six million. Great Britain is a capitalists country.
The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The
population of the USA is more then 236 million people. The USA is a highly
develoed industrial country. In the USA there are two main political parties, the
Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
Canada has area of nearly 10 million square kilometres. It's westen coast is
washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. The
population of Canada is over 26 million people. Canada is a capitalist federal state
and a member of the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth of Australia territories are the continent of Australia, the
island of Tasmania and number of smaller islands. Australia has an area of nearly
eight million square kilometres. The population of Australia is over sixteen million
people. The Commonwealth of Australia is a capitalist self- governing federal state.
New Zealand is situated south-east of Australia. The country consists of the
large islands called North Island, South Island and Stewart Island and also many
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