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Ex. 12. Put the actions in order.
Upon detection of fire on board a sailor must:
close watertight and fireproof doors;
inform the Bridge;
start fire fighting;
find the origin and the source of fire.
Ex. 13. Match parts of the sentences.
1
Fire prevention includes
a
must be checked for oil leaks
2
It is not always possible to call
b
is prohibited
3
The area near the heat source
c
provided while welding
4
Oil tanks as well as valves and
piping connections
d
regular fire drills and proper training
5
Tank tops should be
e
in well ventilated places
6
Smoking and naked fire
f
carried out once a month
7
Paints should be stored
g
in good order and tested weekly
8
Welding should be done
h
a professional shore fire party while
at sea
9
Earthing should be
i
must be clear of oily rags and wastes
10
FFE should be kept
j
away from flammable materials
11
Fire drills should be
k
cleaned, painted white and well
illuminated
Ex. 14. Read the article and fill in the report form.
Real life accident
While alongside its berth, a coastal RO/RO passenger vessel was
using its small auxiliary boiler to provide onboard accommodation heating
while the main engines were shut down. Shortly after the boiler began
operating, the engine room fire alarm activated, indicating a fire in the
vicinity of the auxiliary boiler. The vessel’s engineers were mustered and
sent to the engine room to investigate. When they approached the auxiliary
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boiler, they saw flames inside the burner casing and smoke entering the
engine room through the burner unit’s melted sight glass.
The engineers quickly shut the boiler down and put the fire out with
a portable foam fire extinguisher. When the boiler was examined, the
engineers found that the internal fuel supply pipe to the burner nozzle was
leaking at a compression fitting. When the pipe was removed, one of its
compression fittings was found to be worn and damaged to the point it
could no longer provide a seal against the fuel pressure. Fortunately, in
this case, the consequences of the fire were not serious. However, boiler
explosions, including those resulting in fatalities, have occurred when
there has been fuel leakage into a boiler.
Auxiliary boiler — вспомогательный котел
To investigate — расследовать
Burner casing — корпус горелки
Sight glass — смотровое стекло
Compression fitting — компрессионное соединение
To provide a seal — обеспечить герметичность
Consequences — последствия
Report Form
Type of accident
Location
Cause
Crewmembers involved
Actions
Safety equipment used
Injures
Damage
Risk classification
Serious / Moderate / Minor/
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Ex. 15. Review questions.
1. Why is fire prevention vital on ships?
2. What does fire prevention include?
3. What areas and equipment should be cleaned regularly to ensure
fire prevention? How often?
4. What are the sources of heat on board?
5. Is smoking allowed in the engine room?
6. How should paints be stored on board?
7. What do we mean by safe welding practice?
8. What fire detecting and fire — protecting equipment should
be checked regularly? How often?
9. How often should fire drills be carried out on ships?
10. What are your actions if you see the fire or its signs?
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VIII. PERSONAL SAFETY
Ex. 1. Look at the picture and study the use of PPE.
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Ex. 2. Read the text and make up a short summary about the use
of PPE on board.
Personal Safety on Board
By far one of the first and most important steps towards personal
safety on board ships is to be aware of your surroundings. Awareness of
surrounding includes knowing your working space, risks and hazards
present around you, and assessing the amount of efforts the job would
require. This would allow to plan your job safely and efficiently. As a rule
the most frequent tasks on board a ship always include dangerous
procedures and using the equipment which requires thorough knowledge
about it. It is always better to find out risk involved with the job before
getting into it and minimize as many hazards as possible from you working
place before carrying out your assigned job. Wear appropriate safety and
protective clothing during work.
To achieve safety on board ship the basic step is to make sure that
everybody wears their personal protective equipments made for different
types of jobs carried out on ship. Every crew member gets the necessary
personal protective equipment required for his job. Depending on position
on board it can be: safety goggles, gloves, etc. It is the responsibility of all
crew members to wear the proper personal protective equipment and to
keep it in good condition.
Following are the basic personal protective equipment (PPE) that
is always present on board a ship to ensure safety of the working crew:
Protective Clothing: Protective clothing protects the body of the crew
member from hazardous substances like hot oil, water, welding spark etc.
Use of chemicals on board ship is very frequent and some chemicals are very
dangerous when they come in direct contact with human skin. To prevent
direct contact with dangerous chemicals chemical suit should be worn.
Helmet: The most important part of the human body is the head.
A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used in workplace
environments such as industrial or maritime sites to protect the head from
injury due to falling objects, impact with other objects, rain, and electric
shock. Suspension bands inside the helmet spread the helmet’s weight and
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the force of any impact over the top of the head. Suspensions also provide
space of approximately 30 mm between the helmet’s shell and the
seaman’s head, so that if an object strikes the shell, the impact is less likely
to be transmitted directly to the skull. Some helmet shells have a mid-line
reinforcement ridge to improve impact resistance. The rock climbing
helmet fulfills a very similar role in a different context and has a very
similar design.
Safety Hand gloves. Seafarers sometimes suffer from cuts. They
often cut their fingers when they are careless with sharp machinery. To
prevent cuts, it is important to use safety guards and to wear gloves.
Different types of hand gloves are provided on board ship. Some of the
gloves provided are heat resistant gloves to work on hot surface, cotton
gloves for normal operation, chemical gloves to work with chemical
substances.
Safety Shoes. Maximum of the internal space of the ship is utilized
by cargo and machinery, which is made of hard metal and which makes it
clumsy for member’s feet while working or walking on board. So, the
necessary requirements for protective shoes are that it should be fully
closed and non-slippery. Seafarers sometimes break their arms and legs
when they slip or fall. These accidents happen when safety boots or decks
are wet and oily. Seafarers also fall when ladders are not secured. To
prevent broken arms and legs, it is important to wear safety boots. Suitable
safety shoes should be worn to protect toes from crushing.
Face mask. Working on insulation surface, painting or carbon
cleaning involves minor hazardous particles which are harmful for human
body if inhaled directly.
Welding shield. Welding is a very common operation on board ship
for structural repairs. A welder is provided with welding shield or mask
which protects the eyes from coming in direct contact with ultraviolet rays
of the spark.
Protective goggles. Seafarers sometimes injure their eyes when they
work with machinery. Dust sparks, and chemicals are very dangerous
when they enter the eye. To prevent eye injuries, it is important to wear
protective goggles.
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Ear Muffs/plugs. Engine room of a ship produces 110–120 db
of sound which is very high for human ears. Even few minutes of exposure
can lead to head ache, and sometimes partial or full hearing loss. An ear
muff or ear plug is used on board ship which dampens the noise to
a bearable decibel value.
Safety harness. Safety harness is a form of protective equipment
designed to protect a person from injury or damage. Routine ship operation
includes maintenance and painting of high and elevated surfaces which
require crew members to reach areas that are not easily accessible.
To avoid a fall from such heightened area, safety harness is used. The
harness is an attachment between a stationary and non-stationary object
and is usually made from rope, cable or webbing and locking hardware.
On board tall ships safety harnesses are used to protect cadets from falling
a great distance onto a hard deck.
United Nation’s International Maritime Organization (IMO) plays an
important role in handling all international maritime affairs with support
from the maritime nations of the world. One of the most important
instruments of IMO are conventions.
Of all international conventions dealing with personal and maritime
safety, the most important is the International Convention for Safety of
Life at sea (SOLAS).
The main objective of the SOLAS convention is to specify minimum
standards for the construction, equipment, and operation of ships
compatible with their safety.
Control provisions also allow Contracting Governments to inspect
ships of other Contracting States if there are clear grounds for believing
that the ship and its equipment do not comply with the requirements of the
Convention. This procedure is known as Port State Control.
Chapter IX makes mandatory International Safety Management
(ISM) Code which requires a ship-owner to establish a safety management
system.
ISM is International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation
of Ships and for Pollution.
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Statistics say that about 80 % of all shipping accidents are caused by
people. Objectives of the ISM Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention
of human injury or loss of life and avoidance of damage to the
environment, especially to the marine environment and to property.
The ISM Code establishes an international standard for the safe
management and operation of hips — Safety Management System (SMS).
The ISM Code requires the company to develop plans and
procedures for all special and critical operation on board. In order to avoid
accidents and eliminate the risk of fire and explosion onboard it is
necessary to plan the work and follow all work permits before any work
starts.
Required work permits include:
HOT WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks such
as fire, explosions. Example of work: welding, cutting. All hot work must
be reported to the officer before start.
ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT should be issued, when
involving risks like: lack of oxygen, dangerous gases. Example of such
work: tank cleaning, tank inspection. An enclosed space includes tanks
(cargo, ballast, fuel, water, lube oil, sewage), cofferdams, pump-rooms, as
well as any trunk ways, pipelines, or fittings connected to them, and any
other items of machinery or equipment which are not regularly ventilated
and entered.
Unconsciousness or death may result very rapidly when there is little or
no oxygen, and there is no warning effect. Confined spaces where there may
be ventilated before entering, that air tested and breathing apparatus worn.
Such accidents must be prevented through providing workers with
a proper air measurement device. Breathing equipment must also be
available for rescue operations. Normal gas masks give no protection against
oxygen deficiency. Workers must be properly warned of the danger.
ELECTRICAL WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving
risks like: electrical shock. Example of such work: replacing electrical
fittings.
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WORKING ALOFT PERMIT should be issued, when involving
risks like: failing down. Example of such work: replacing navigation
lights; any work done so high up that seaman risks to heart himself if fails.
UNDERWATER WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving
risks like: a diver may be injured by a propeller. Example of such work: diving.
WORKING OUTBOARD PERMIT should be issued, when
involving risks like: failing into the sea. Example of such work: fixing
a pilot ladder; any work outside the ship's hull.
COLD WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like:
explosions. Example of such work: rust chipping, all work with power
tools outside the engine-room.
Merchant Shipping Regulations require of every ship-owner
to ensure safety work practice on board. It means that every employee
should be supplied with proper protective equipment for every type
of work. The officer in charge should inspect all protective equipment at
regular intervals. All personnel who may use protective equipment should
be adequately trained and be familiar with the equipment and
its limitations
Ex. 3. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below.
1. All seamen who are working afloat, outboard or in any other area
where the risk of falling from the height exists, should wear a _______,
attached to a life line.
2. _______ must be warn wherever there is a possibility of falling
or slipping.
3. The simplest form of ear protection is _______.
4. _______ provide a more effective form of ear protection.
5. _______ Protects your head against objects falling from height.
6. Seamen must wear _____ when working in areas with excessive
dust.
7. Seamen working on steam valves or other hot units must wear
_______.
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Ex. 4. Formulate instructions beginning with: You should not,
Never ever, Do not, Be sure to, Don’t forget to.
1. … walk under the derrick boom
2. … wear goggles when chipping rust
3. … switch on ventilation 24 hours before entering enclosed space
4. … lave grease and rubbish on deck
5. … walk in slippers on open deck
6. … stand in the bight of a line
7. … test the atmosphere for poisonous gases before entering
enclosed space
8. … rig the safety net under the gangway
9. … attempt to stop the line by standing on it
10. … wear helmet and gloves when mooring the ship
11. … have a clear view of the working area
12. … put on a life-jacket before going to the muster station
13. … rig the safety line at the ladder
Ex. 5. Look at the pictures. Describe the accident using the verbs
below.
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