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Файл:Are you ready for an emergency. Практикум для СПО
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41
VII. FIRE ON BOARD
Fire Triangle
The three elements necessary for a fire
to start to burn and continue to burn are
oxygen, heat and fuel. The heat of the
fire vaporizes the fuel and maintains the
chemical chain reaction
The Spread of Fires
Heat moves in three ways:
Convection — Heat moving in a liquid gas.
Conduction — Heat traveling through a solid.
Radiation — Heat energy traveling out as heat rays (direct heat).
Convected hot air and flame will always move upward, trapping
anyone or anything that cannot climb up quicker than it does.
Conducted heat may transfer through steel bulkheads or pipes into
another compartment remote from the fire itself.
Radiated heat may grill anything that is close enough in front of it.
42
Fire Fighting on Ships
Fire is one of the worst emergencies on board. Fire fighting on a ship
is difficult and dangerous due to the confined areas and restricted means of
escape. These difficulties and dangers can be greatly reduced with the
regular exercising and training in fire drills. Every ship has a special squad
for fighting a fire. Every crewmember must be trained and certified in fire
fighting according to STCW convention requirements. Fire drills focus on
preparing the crew to combat onboard fires effectively.
Key activities during the fire drills:
identifying the source of the fire and activating the fire alarm
system;
simulating firefighting using fire hoses, portable extinguishers, and
fixed systems like CO2;
coordinating ventilation shutdowns and boundary cooling to
prevent fire spread;
conducting search and rescue operations in smoke-filled
compartments using breathing apparatuses.
An exercise or an emergency is announced by the general emergency
alarm. Since that moment all subsequent action are carried out according
to Muster List. It means:
the Master is in overall charge;
the OOW on the bridge exercises this overall charge until the
Master arrives;
the crew assembles at the Muster Station.
When you notice the fire or its signs:
raise the alarm and inform the Bridge;
find the origin of fire;
restrict fire if possible by closing fireproof doors and shutting off
ventilation;
start fire fighting with portable extinguisher or by another means.
43
Ex. 1. Say in English.
1. опасное происшествие
2. строгие меры
3. предотвращение пожара
4. морские суда
5. можно избежать
6. тесные помещения
7. ограниченные пути эвакуации
8. пожарные учения
9. испарять топливо
10. цепная реакция
11. твердое вещество
12. поймать в ловушку
13. подниматься вверх (2)
14. передаваемое тепло
15. стальные переборки и трубы
16. удаленный от огня
17. излучаемое тепло
Ex. 2. Find synonyms in the text.
1. incident
2. vital
3. because of
4. constrained
5. diminish
6. to transfer
7. to keep
8. distant
9. to burn
10. near
44
Ex. 3. Match parts of the sentences.
1
Strict fire prevention measures
a
can greatly reduce difficulties
2
A lot of fires happening on
board
b
oxygen, heat and fuel
3
Confined areas and restricted
means of escape
c
must be taken on board
4
Regular training
d
moves upwards
5
The three elements of fire are
e
can be avoided
6
Convected air always
f
may transfer through steel
bulkheads and pipes
7
Conducted heat
g
may grill anything close to it
8
Radiated heat
h
make fire fighting difficult
9
The crew must be ready
i
is responsible for firefighting
until the Master arrives
10
The OOW
j
to fight the fire quickly and
effectively
Ex. 4. Review questions.
1. What are the three main elements necessary for fire?
2. What ways does the heat move?
3. How does convected hot air move?
4. How does conducted heat transfer?
5. Why is radiated heat dangerous?
6. Why is fire fighting at sea a difficult and dangerous task?
7. What can reduce the danger of fire fighting on board?
8. What is the main purpose of fire drills?
9. How is fire alarm or fire drill announced on ships?
10. Who is in charge of fire fighting on the ship?
11. What are your actions if you see the fire or its signs?
45
Ex. 5. Study the tables below. Make sure you know classes of fire
and types of extinguishers.
Classes of fire
Types of extinguishers according to classes of fire
Class
Fuel
Examples
Class A
Solids containing carbon
Wood, paper, cloth, plastic
Class B
Combustible liquids
Petrol, oil, tar, paint
Class C
Combustible gases
LPG (liquid petroleum gas)
Class D
Combustible metals
Aluminum, sodium, potassium
Class E
Live electrical equipment
Switchboards, generators
46
Water type extinguishers are marked red. They are suitable for fires
involving rags, paper and other flammable solids. They should never be
used on oil or electrical fires. They extinguish the fire by cooling the
combustible material.
Foam type extinguishers are marked yellow. They are most suitable
for fighting fires involving combustible liquids such as oil, and they also
can be used on burning wood, plastic, coal, etc. The foam forms a blanket
over the source of fire and prevents access of oxygen. You should aim the
jet at the adjacent bulkhead or wall.
Dry chemical powder type extinguishers (DCP) are marked blue.
They are suitable for fires involving solids like coal, wood or plastic and
can deal with burning live electrical equipment. This type of extinguishers
gives out a jet spray of chemical powder to knock out small flames
smother larger fires. Never touch the metallic nozzle of the extinguisher as
it can freeze your skin.
CO2 type extinguishers are marked black. They can be used on all
types of fire but are best suited for small galley fires electrical equipment
box fires. They contain carbon dioxide gas that smothers the flames by
displacing oxygen from the fire area. Aim the gas jet at the base of the
flames and move slowly across the area. Be careful when using them
in confined spaces.
Ex. 6. Choose appropriate type of extinguisher for burning materials.
Material
Extinguisher
Switchboard
Water
Aluminum
Wooden bulkhead
CO2
Petrol
Cloth
Foam
Plastic canisters
Paint
Powder
Tar
47
Ex. 7. Agree or disagree with the following statements. If you
disagree, give your own statement.
1. You should never extinguish flammable liquids with CO2
extinguishers.
2. Small electrical fires can be put out with DCP extinguishers.
3. CO2 extinguishers are red with black band.
4. DCP extinguishers displace oxygen from the burning area.
5. Foam extinguishers are red with blue band.
6. Water is suitable for any type of fire.
7. CO2 installations can be used in the engine-room.
8. You can burn your hand when touching the nozzle of a DCP
extinguisher.
9. The foam makes up a cover over the burning area.
10. Yellow band marks foam extinguishers.
Ex. 8. Make sure you know fireman’s outfit items.
A complete fireman’s outfit typically includes several key
components designed to provide comprehensive protection:
1. Protective Clothing: Made from flame-resistant materials, these
garments shield the wearer from heat and flames. The outer layer is often
water-resistant to protect against steam burns.
2. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA): This device
provides breathable air in smoke-filled environments. According to
SOLAS regulations, SCBAs must have a minimum air volume of
1 200 litres and support at least 30 minutes of use.
3. Fireman Helmet: Constructed from heat-resistant materials,
helmets protect against impacts and thermal hazards. They often feature
visors for eye protection against sparks and debris.
4. Fire Boots: These are typically made from rubber or other non-
conductive materials to prevent electric shock while providing thermal
insulation.
48
5. Fire Gloves: Designed to protect hands from heat and sharp
objects, gloves are made from durable materials that resist flames and cuts.
6. Electric Safety Lamp: A portable lamp is essential for visibility
in smoke-filled environments. It should have a minimum burn time
of three hours.
7. Fire Axe: An insulated axe is included for breaking through
barriers or clearing debris during firefighting operations.
8. Fireproof Lifeline: This rope is used to secure firefighters
in hazardous areas, preventing them from becoming disoriented or lost.
9. Safety Belt: A belt is used for carrying auxiliary equipment such
as axes and lamps.
Ex. 9. Choose an item of a fireman’s outfit and describe it. Speak
about its colour, material and any other characteristics. Where do you
find it? What is its purpose? How do you use it?
49
Ex. 10. Read and translate the text.
Prevention of Fire on Ships
Fire is one of the most dangerous accidents at sea. It is very
important that strict fire prevention measures are taken onboard seagoing
cargo ships. Nearly all fires, which happen on board ships, can be avoided.
Since fire on board is very dangerous and Shore Professional Fire Team
cannot be called at sea, fire prevention is vital on ships. Fire prevention
includes regular fire drills on board with proper training.
Cleanliness.
No oils, oily rags and wastes should be in the vicinity of the heat
source such as boilers, heaters and exhaust systems.
No oil leak should occur from oil cargo tanks, fuel and lube oil tanks
and valves and piping connections.
Tank top and bilges should be cleaned frequently.
Tank tops and bilges should be painted white and proper illumination
of these places should be provided.
Heat sources.
No naked lights and smoking should be allowed inside the engine
room and near the bunker.
Paints should be stored in special well ventilated spaces away from
machinery space. Automatic water sprinkler system must be provided.
Welding practice should be done only in workshop and away from
combustible materials. All the protective clothes must be put on and
earthing should be ensured.
Fire fighting appliances.
All portable extinguishers and semi portable must be in good
working order and properly placed inside the machinery space.
Fixed fire fighting installation should be tested once a week.
The contents inside the unit must be weighed or checked periodically.
50
Emergency fire pump should be kept in good working order and
tested weekly.
Fire detection and alarm systems must to be tested weekly.
All fire hydrants and their connections should be kept in very good
order.
Fire men outfits should also be kept in good order and handy at
all time.
International shore connection should be placed at proper location.
Fire drills should be carried out at least once a month.
Ex. 11. Say in English.
1. предотвращение пожара
2. жизненно важный
3. надлежащая подготовка
4. маслянистая ветошь
5. вблизи источника тепла
6. котлы, нагреватели и выхлопные системы
7. утечка масла
8. клапан
9. соединение трубопроводов
10. льяла
11. надлежащее освещение
12. открытый осветительный прибор
13. хорошо проветриваемое помещение
14. мастерская
15. горючее вещество
16. обеспечить заземление
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