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Infectious Diseases in Neurocognitive and
Neuropsychiatric Medicine
Infectious Diseases
in Neurocognitive and
Neuropsychiatric Medicine
Edited by
Dawson W. Hedges
Brigham Young University
Shawn D. Gale
Brigham Young University
Lance D. Erickson
Brigham Young University
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2024940141
ISBN 978– 0– 19– 287041– 4
DOI: 10.1093/ oso/ 9780192870414.001.0001
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Preface
Multiple epidemics of infectious diseases have haunted cultures around the world.
Periodic epidemics of smallpox, plague, and other diseases have sickened and killed
millions of people. e black plague alone between 1346 and 1353 likely killed or indirectly resulted in the deaths of 50 million people in Europe out of an estimated total
population of 80 million, a number that does not include the deaths from the black
plague that occurred during the same period in Asia Minor, the Middle East, and
North Africa (Benedictow, 2004). e inuenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 killed
millions more (Barry, 2004). More recently, the world has dealt with a pandemic of
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2, Covid- 19), a viral
disease that has killed millions of people and le many survivors impaired with neuropsychiatric sequelae including problems with cognition, fatigue, and depression.
As long- term sequelae from Covid- 19 suggest, bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections do more though than result in death. It is well known and widely appreciated
that diseases such as meningitis and viral encephalitides can result in long- term neurological and cognitive impairment. Perhaps less well appreciated is that numerous
other infectious diseases, which oen present acutely with minimal signs and symptoms, can result in long- term cognitive and neuropsychiatric decits in survivors.
Coming at the end of the inuenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919, a new pandemic
known as encephalitis lethargica hit much of the world. While encephalitis lethargica could be lethal, it also became apparent that many of the survivors emerged
with a variety of oen startling neuropsychiatric and cognitive sequelae, including
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, which could persist indenitely (Foley, 2018).
Despite widespread use of vaccines for many infectious diseases, particularly in
high- income nations, there are many infectious diseases for which there are no vaccines, and even when vaccines are available, multiple factors prevent widespread
public uptake in many world regions. In addition, an accumulating body of research
now indicates that some of these infections can aect brain function even in otherwise healthy people, suggesting that exposure to bacteria, viruses, and parasites can
be important etiologic factors in the genesis of neuropsychiatric and cognitive diseases, such as schizophrenia, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.
is volume is the rst to summarize the increasing number of research ndings
linking infectious diseases with neuropsychiatric and cognitive dysfunction. Despite
increased research awareness into the sometimes- profound eects that infectious
diseases can have on cognitive and neuropsychiatric function, many questions remain, opening up new avenues of basic and clinical research inquiry. Much work is
needed to better understand how infectious diseases t into the overall causal nexus
of neuropsychiatric and cognitive disease.
vi Preface
In this book, the contributing authors consider many of the infectious diseases
that have been associated with cognitive and neuropsychiatric function. In addition
to including molecular and clinical descriptions of the infectious diseases themselves, many chapters also cover basic epidemiological features of the diseases, providing the reader with information about where these diseases may be exerting their
greatest eects on cognitive and neuropsychiatric function. e core of these chapters consists of reviews of associations between the bacterium, virus, or parasite and
cognitive and neuropsychiatric function. When feasible, the contributing authors
then explore possible mitigating factors and treatments when they exist for the neuropsychiatric and cognitive dysfunction that can be associated with these infectious
diseases.
In addition to looking at ndings associating infectious diseases with
neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes, this book contains information
about how climate change may alter exposure to infectious disease possibly associated with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disease and how poverty and infectious diseases interact to aect childhood cognitive development.
We hope that this book is of interest and relevant to readers in a variety of elds,
including infectious disease medicine, public health, epidemiology, psychology,
neuropsychology, neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience, and will foster additional research into associations between infectious disease and neurocognitive and
neuropsychiatric medicine.
Dawson W. Hedges
Shawn D. Gale
Lance D. Erickson
References
BARRY, J. M. 2004. e Great Inuenza: e Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. London: Penguin.
BENEDICTOW, O. J. 2004. e Black Death 1346– 1353: e Complete History. Rochester,
NY: Boydell Press.
FOLEY, P. 2018. Encephalitis Lethargica: e Mind and Brain Virus. New York: Springer.
Contents
List of Contributors xi
Introduction to Infectious Diseases in Neurocognitive and
Neuropsychiatric Medicine 1
Shawn D. Gale, Dawson W. Hedges, and Lance D. Erickson
PART I. VIRAL DISEASES IN NEUROCOGNITIVE AND
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MEDICINE
1. The Psychiatric Phenomena of Encephalitis Lethargica 9
Paul Bernard Foley
2. The Associations Between Herpes Simplex Virus and Neurocognitive
and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 24
Guy D. Eslick
3. NeuroEbola 41
Desire D. Tshala- Katumbay, Mbusa J. Kombi, and Michael J. Boivin
4. Neurocognitive, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurological Aspects of Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2, Covid- 19) 50
Stuti Chakraborty
5. The Association Between Human Cytomegalovirus and
Neurocognitive Disorders and Dementia 63
Guy D. Eslick
6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 76
Martins Nweke, Dawson W. Hedges, and Shawn D. Gale
7. Neurocognitive, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurological Aspects of
Human T- Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 86
Lance D. Erickson and Dawson W. Hedges
PART II. BACTERIAL DISEASES IN NEUROCOGNITIVE
AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MEDICINE
8. Syphilis 99
Arielle P. Davis
9. Neuropsychological and Neuropsychiatric Functioning in
Post-Treatment Lyme Disease 118
Pegah Touradji
viii Contents
10. Whipple’s Disease: Neurology and Neuropsychiatry 133
Peter K. Panegyres
11. Helicobacter pylori and Cognitive Dysfunction 142
May A. Beydoun and Ziad W. El- Hajj
12. Neurocognitive Dysfunction Associated with Tuberculous Meningitis 163
Sofiati Dian and Paulus Anam Ong
PART III. PARASITIC DISEASES IN NEUROCOGNITIVE
AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MEDICINE
13. Cerebral Malaria and Its Neuroinflammatory, Cognitive, and
Neuropsychiatric Associations 185
Michael J. Boivin and Jonathan K. Stiles
14. Toxoplasmosis, Behavior, and Cognition 208
Jaroslav Flegr
15. Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of
Human African Trypanosomiasis 229
Leonard Ngarka and Alfred K. Njamnshi
16. Associations Between Toxocara and Neurocognitive Function 244
Celia V. Holland
17. Eects of Neurocysticercosis on Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric
Function 263
Shawn D. Gale and Dawson W. Hedges
PART IV. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CLINICAL
CONDITIONS AND SYNDROMES
18. Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of Childhood 279
Rabporn Suntornlohanakul and E. Ann Yeh
19. Dementia Risk Associated with Infectious Disease 300
Thomas J. Farrer
20. Multiple Sclerosis 316
Nicky Dunn and Anna Fogdell- Hahn
21. Infectious Diseases in Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder,
and Obsessive– Compulsive Disorder 331
Chris H. Miller, Liz Pritchard, Marisol Duran, Martin Shapiro,
Matthew D. Sacchet, and Ellen Woo
22. The Possible Infectious Origins of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia and Other Infectious Diseases
Causing Cognitive Consequences 348
Kenneth J. Friedman, Ilene S. Ruhoy, Patricia A. Fennell,
and Shane George
Contents ix
PART V. THE MICROBIOME AND NEUROCOGNITIVE
AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FUNCTION
23. Associations Between the Microbiome and Neurocognitive
and Neuropsychiatric Function 419
Rebecca A. Lundwall
PART VI. GLOBAL ISSUES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FUNCTION
24. Eects of Infectious Diseases on Child and Brain Development
and Their Association with Poverty 443
Shawn D. Gale and Dawson W. Hedges
Conclusion 461
Dawson W. Hedges and Shawn D. Gale
Index 467