Recent ndings have shown that the main cognitive domains aected in people with TBM who do not have human immunodeciency virus (HIV) are attention, working memory, executive function, and learning memory (Chen et al., 2015; Ganaraja et al., 2021; Quinn et al., 2021). Aer exclusion of patients with grade II and III TBM and those with imaging features of hydrocephalus, arteritis, and tuberculoma, a study in India found that learning memory and attention were the most impaired cognitive functions in TBM (Chen et al., 2015). In addition, Chen et al. also reported impairment in verbal comprehension, including general verbal skills, verbal reasoning, the ability to understand and use verbal reasoning, verbal knowledge, perceptual organization, and working memory (Chen et al., 2015). In contrast, however, Davis et al. did not nd attention and working memory decits in HIV- infected TBM (Davis et al., 2023). Although attention and working memory decits are early indicators of subcortical impairment, Davis et al. (2023) found primarily motor decits, suggesting subcortical abnormalities, so it is pos­sible that insensitive neuropsychological testing resulted in the ndings of normal attention and working memory. Further, only one tool was used in this study to assess four cognitive domains. In contrast to earlier ndings, HIV- infected TBM patients in Uganda predominantly showed decits in motor domains, processing speed, verbal learning, and executive function (Quinn et al., 2021). In compar­ison, cognitive decits in other infectious diseases, such as from Covid- 19, pri­marily aect executive function, episodic and working memory, and attention. Psychiatric impairment, including anxiety and depression, also can be present (Serrano- Castro et al., 2022). is pattern of cognitive decits may be dierent from the pattern of cognitive decits typically found in Alzheimer’s disease, that is, memory (Jalbert et al., 2008), as attributed to the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, parietal lobe, isthmus of the cingulate gyrus, the temporal lobe, amygdala, tem­poral pole, corpus callosum, nucleus accumbens, and parahippocampal atrophy (Pölsterl et al., 2023).