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Carbon-based Nanocarriers for Sustained Drug Release in Dentistry 315
ways of limiting drug requirement for a desired effect. CBNs have various subcategories, which act as opportunistic carrier in biomedical applications of delivery of
drug. They are a novelty in targeted localised delivery of drug in the oral cavity due
to its superior properties of higher capacity of drug loading, better release kinetics,
enhanced solubility and higher biocompatibility with lowered cytotoxicity.Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease and various
life-threatening diseases like carcinomas are the newer fields of application of CBNs
as biomedical drug carriers of future.
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445
Fullerene Based Materials for Drug Delivery
Mitali Sarkar and Dhiman Santra
Abstract Selective drug delivery at the potential target with mapping for health
therapy of every individual is becoming biggest challenges over traditional drug
delivery. With the advent of nanotechnology fabrication of nanomaterials of suitable shape and size, solubility, material compositions and surface chemistry offer
increased effectiveness in target specific drug supply while decreasing nonspecific
side effects. Fullerenes (parent and derivatives of C
, etc.,) have been investigated in biomedical fields. In delivery of drug fullerenes
C
84
show huge potential as nano-vehicles due to diverse exterior chemical characteristics
(covalent and non-covalent), endohedral atoms/ions encapsulation within the closed
carbon cages and lower nanoscale dimensions, along with the reproducible chemistry
of molecules. In the present chapter the possibilities, challenges and limitations of
fullerene derived materials for delivery of nucleic acid and peptide delivery, as well
as topical drug, infectious diseases drug, anticancer drug, lung-specific drug, brain
drug and ocular drug are discussed.
, higher C70,C74,C76,C78,
60
·
Keywords Fullerene
delivery
Surface functionalization·Nucleic acid·Peptide·Drug
1 Introduction
Fullerene, originally discovered in laser desorption of graphite in gas phase, was
created for the first time by resistive heating of graphite on a preparative scale in
1990 [1, 2]. Molecule composed entirely of carbon atoms in different forms, such
as a hollow sphere, tube, or ellipsoid, is called a fullerene and has interconnected
carbon atoms in pentagonal and hexagonal rings. In 1985 the British scientist Harry
Kroto discovered carbon allotropes of nanodimension, the spherical fullerenes [3],
the buckyballs or Buckminster fullerenes, Richard Buckminster Fuller, an American
architect, coined the named from the atoms arrangement in buckyballs, shaped like
M. Sarkar (B) · D. Santra
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal 7410235, India
e-mail: msarkar@klyuniv.ac.in
323
324 M. Sarkar and D. Santra
a geodesic dome. In 1996, Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley and Robert F. Carl,
awarded the Chemistry Nobel Prize [ 4] for the laboratory synthesis of buckyballs.
There are five types of fullerenes such as buckyball clusters, nanotubes,
megatubes, polymers, and nano-onions (Fig. 11.1). Buckyball clusters are very
common C
member with hollow structure and other atoms can easily be trapped
60
inside it. Mega tubes, in contrast to nanotubes, have larger diameter. Polymers
have different structures like 1-dimensional chain, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional
shapes. Nano-onions, which are spherical in shape, consist of multiple carbon layered
structure with a buckyballcore between the layers. Fullerenes (C
2
different sized symmetrical cage and sp
carbons show unique properties, (physical
60,C76
, etc.), having
and chemical) [5, 6]. The most abundant synthesized composition of 60 carbon
atoms fullerene C
[7] is comprised of 12 pentagons, 60 single bonds (C5–C5) and
60
20 hexagons, 0 double bonds (C5 = C6). Fullerene contains ‘n’ hexagons and have
2n + 20 carbon atoms. However, fullerene molecules of different sizes are evolved
from different number of hexagons. All the double bonds are conjugated in the
fused rings. The most symmetric C
molecule possesses 120 symmetry operations
60
(rotations around an axis and reflections in a plane) [8, 9].
Fullerenes have several characteristic properties as described below:
Fig. 11.1 Types of fullerenes