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Carbon Quantum Dots Based Materials for Drug Delivery 285
Tabl e 2 (continued)
CQDs based drug delivery system Materials of drug carrier system and its
Polypyrrole/mesoporous SiO2/
CQDs (PPy/mSiO
CQDs-concanavalinA @Fe3O
/CQDs)
2
4
drug release properties
This study investigated a photo-sensitive
nanocarrier of PPy/mSiO
the delivery of MTX as an active agent.
Their BET analysis demonstrated a
scale of 400 nm with a mean pore
diameter of 3 nm and a specific surface
area of 375.27 m
they employed NIR irradiation as the
external stimulus, PPy turned the light
to thermal energy, making H-bonds
broken among CQDs and mSiO
confirming the photo-sensitive drug
delivery application
This work suggests a pH-sensitive drug
delivery system of
CQDs-ConA@Fe
delivery system to carry DOX for
treating cervical cancer. In this regard,
the HeLa cell lines have been
employed. Moreover, in vitro cell
imaging has been implemented in a
magnetic field to confirm the DOX’s
existence in the Fe
Besides, their results revealed a specific
cancer cell as the main concanavalin A
target, bringing fewer side effects and
more therapy efficacy
2·g−1
/CQDs for
2
. Moreover, when
as a targeted
3O4
structure.
3O4
2
References
[]
,
[100]
cell types or tissues, increasing the accuracy and effectiveness of drug delivery.
Moreover, diverse fabrication techniques have been employed to engineer CQDs
with tailored properties, making them versatile nanocarriers with multifunctional
capabilities [106].
This opens up exciting avenues for theragnostic applications, where CQDs can
be used not only as carriers for drug delivery but also as imaging agents to monitor
treatment progress and response. The ability to integrate both therapeutic and diagnostic functions within a single system can revolutionize personalized medicine and
improve patient outcomes [107]. In summary, CQDs represent a promising class of
nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their ultrafine size, photoluminescent properties, and versatile surface functionalization options. While challenges in achieving
uniform size distribution and addressing cytotoxicity,ongoing research and optimization efforts are likely to propel CQDs into the forefront of theragnostic applications,
paving the way for highly efficient and targeted drug delivery systems in the field of
medicine.
286 M. Pourmadadi et al.
5 Concluding Remarks
In the current landscape of medical research, the development of smart and targeted
drug delivery applications has become increasingly important for the efficient treatment of various diseases. These applications involve the use of stimuli-sensitive
delivery platforms, which respond to specific triggers such as changes in pH, temperature, or exposure to light. By utilizing these platforms, scientists have been able to
minimize the occurrence of undesirable side effects while maximizing the therapeutic
efficacy of drugs. Despite the significant advancements in drug delivery sciences,
there still remain challenges in delivering drugs to specific areas of the body, particularly for the treatment of neurological diseases and cancers that are protected by
barriers such as the BBB and blood-tumor barrier BTB. These barriers pose significant challenges as they restrict the entry of drugs into the targeted regions, thereby
reducing the effectiveness of treatment.
Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges through the use of innovative
strategies. For instance, researchers are exploring the use of nanotechnology-based
drug delivery systems that can bypass these barriers and deliver of drugs directly to
the desired locations. Additionally,the developmentof targeted drug delivery systems
that can selectively bind to receptors expressed on the surface of diseased cells is
being investigated. Such systems would allow for enhanced drug accumulation at
the targeted sites, thereby improving treatment outcomes.
Although significant progress has been made in the field of drug delivery sciences,
the delivery of drugs to specific regions of the body, particularly to treat diseases
protected by barriers, remains a major challenge. Also, ongoing research and the
exploration of innovative strategies hold promise for the development of effective drug delivery systems that can overcome these barriers and improve treatment
outcomes for various diseases. To address this challenge, researchers have turned to
CQDs as a promising solution. CQDs possess an ultrafine size range of below 10 nm
and offer great functionalization capabilities through diverse synthesis processes.
This unique combination of properties allows them to serve as highly efficient drug
carriers with the potential for targeted delivery. By developing various CQD-based
materials, scientists have harnessed the active surface area of CQDs to protect drugs
and deliver them in a stimuli-sensitive manner to desired locations.
In the context of drug release, the chapter delved into the investigation of diverse
CQD-based delivery systems and their capabilities in theragnostic applications.
These delivery systems hold the promise of precisely releasing drugs at specific
locations within the body, leading to improved treatment outcomes and reduced side
effects. The concept of theragnostic applications refers to the integration of therapeutic and diagnostic functions within a single system. CQDs, with their inherent
fluorescence and imaging capabilities, can not only deliver drugs but also enable
real-time monitoring of drug distribution and treatment response. This level of precision and adaptability has the potential to revolutionize medical treatments, especially in personalized medicine. In conclusion, the represented chapter focuses on
exploring the drug release capabilities of various CQD-based delivery systems and
Carbon Quantum Dots Based Materials for Drug Delivery 287
highlights their promising potential in theragnostic applications. By harnessing the
unique properties of CQDs, scientists aim to overcome the challenges of delivering
drugs to specific locations within the body, offering new avenues for more effective and targeted treatments for neurological diseases, cancers, and other medical
conditions.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in publishing this
article.
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Carbon-based Nanocarriers for Sustained Drug Release in Dentistry
Abhisikta Biswal
Abstract Nanotechnology and nanoscience have dominated the scientific world by
providing highly functional and efficient materials to be used in every facet of dayto-day life. Such a class of functional nanomaterials is the Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), which envelops the nano-dimensional materials comprised of carbon
atoms possessing miraculous properties. The CBNs offer higher levelperformance in
various biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound
healing, biosensing and bioimaging fields. The present chapter covers the potent
application of CBNs for controlled local release of therapeutics along with its superiority over conventional drug delivery modes used for dental diseases. Various types
of CBNs used for dental drug delivery are summarized and discussed in details to
bring forward the vast efficacy of CBNs in dentistry, which still remains a grey area
in nanoscience. The chapter includes five illustrative figures to offer better relevance
with the text, for the convenience of the readers.
Keywords Dentistry
nanomaterials
· Oral mucosa · Odontogenic infections · Carbon
·
Drug delivery
1 Introduction
Oral cavity is a composite biological environment due to its specific microbial flora
and ability to endure physical, chemical and pathological changes while maintaining
a homeostatic balance to carry out physiological functions. Oral diseases have been
generally treated by administering drugs systemically. There are a variety of routes
of drug administration i.e., oral, parenteral, submucosal, intra muscular and others.
These systemic routes of drug administration have certain drawbacks of reduced
bio-availability, drug resistance and undesirable effects on non-target tissues. Due to
these issues with traditional routes of drug delivery, the search for an effectivemethod
A. Biswal (B)
Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT
Road, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
e-mail: biswalabhisikta@gmail.com
293
294 A. Biswal
of drug delivery was promoted. With developing research localized sustained drug
delivery systems in oral cavity came into effect [1]. Local drug delivery using drug
carriers have much improved characteristics including improved pharmacokinetics
and effectiveness,better power over drug release to desired targeted site which results
in higher bioavailability [1–3]. In sustained drug delivery system introduction of use
of drug carriers has improved the drug interaction with body tissue and reduces cross
reaction with other drug molecules rendering higher safety levels [1]. Drug carriers
have a wide range of use in dental practice such as: liquid dosage forms (solutions,
suspensions), semi-solid dosage forms (gels, creams, pastes), medicated chewing
gums, patches, films, strips. These are some of the conventional forms, to name a
few. The most common amongst these conventional forms of local drug delivery
system in a tissue are the semi solid and liquid forms. But their therapeutic effect
is lowered due to poor retention in oral cavity even though these traditional systems
have better patient acceptability and ease of administration [4–9]. To bridge over the
disadvantages of lower therapeutic effect, some improvements in terms of matrix
which are polymer based have been made for previously used forms of local drug
delivery system like PerioChip® (chlorhexidine in a matrix of hydrolysed gelatine) Actisite® (tetracycline in a polymer-based fibre), Atridox® (doxycycline in
an injectable form), Arestin® (minocycline microspheres made with poly lactic-coglycolic acid) [5, 10]. These developments have covered some of the disadvantages
of traditional drug delivery systems but the search for a newer developed version
of drug delivery is still continuing. Presently in the scenario of research there is an
increasing utilisation of nanomaterials in dentistry in the field of drug delivery [11,
12]. A wide variety of nanoparticles are being used in dentistry to incorporate the
benefits of nanotechnology in drug delivery so that it has efficient clinical use. As an
emerging inorganic nanomaterial under research, Carbon-based nanomaterials have
been categorised as superior when compared to others because it is structurally mesoporous and higher surface area, for which they are excellent drug deliveryagents [13]
(Fig. 10.1).
Nanoscale materials are available in a wide variety of forms like nanoparticles,
nano capsules, nanotubes, nanogels and dendrimers which are utilised for drug
delivery [14]. These drug delivery systems are accompanied by primary issues
of low efficacy and therapeutic profile [15]. Other problems encountered are sub
optimal bioavailability, ineffective targeting and potential cytotoxicity [14]. Hence
for biomedical utilisation, synthesis should be carefully conducted under specific
physical and chemical properties so as to have the desired solubility, immunocompatibility and cellular uptake. Nanotechnology has improved the characteristics of nanobiomedicine and treatment of the disease [16]. Drug delivery agents with enhanced
nanomaterials and better properties have improved uptake of drugs with poor solubility by the cells [17, 18] and bioavailability is increased significantly when lowered
doses of drug are administered. This has majorly been achieved due to physical characteristics of nano particles namely size and geometry, thus playing an important role
in biomedical drug delivery systems [19, 20]. Studies have shown that on changing
the geometry of nanoparticles there is a remarkable alteration in its transport to
the cellular target as well as in the rate at which drug is loaded on to the delivery