Nanodiamond (ND) is a crystalline structure composed of carbon atoms. ND is biocompatible with living organisms and does not cause significant toxicity reac­tions, has a high specific surface area, providing more surface active sites and the possibility of functionalization modification, excellent hardness and strength charac­teristics, can withstand extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure and friction, excellent optical properties, including a wide range of absorption and emission spectra and high fluorescence brightness, high chemical stability, good tolerance to environmental conditions such as acids and bases, oxidants and high temperatures, and ease of functionalization modification, which allows the i ntroduc­tion of different functional groups by chemical methods to increase their ability to interact with biomolecules. So ND plays a more important role in biomedicine and biotechnology.

barrier into the cell and illuminate mouse melanoma B16F10 cells under excitation light. Therefore, the gel can be used as a drug carrier [37]. Xu et al. prepared a simple bio-inspired strategy for the surface PEGylation of CNTs via mussel-inspired and Michael addition reactions, where the anticancer drug adriamycin hydrochloride was used. The experimental results showed that the polyethylene glycolated CNTs were well dispersed in liquid solution and exhibited improved biocompatibility towards cancer cells. Since DOX can be efficiently loaded onto these polyethylene glycolated CNTs, they can be delivered to cells for cancer therapy. This approach is important for the preparation of nanocomposites for multifunctional biomedical applications [38]. Cancer is a major health danger and the fight against cancer has been a major research topic worldwide. Most of the anti-cancer drugs have a large number of deficiencies, so the surface modification of drug carriers to make anti-cancer drugs more effective can solve the shortcomings of anti-cancer drugs for tumor treatment. The development of new anti-cancer drug carriers and new drug delivery systems will certainly contribute to the further development of cancer therapy.

Singh et al. formulated chitosan-folate coupled MWCNTs for targeted delivery of lung cancer DOX. The authors show that this targeted drug can be easily internalized into lung cancer cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway (Fig. 5)[39].

dispersed in aqueous solutions. The results showed that the size distribution of the materials was almost uniform and that the materials have high potential as effec­tive and long-term sterilization solutions for the elimination of infectious bacterial pathogens as they exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (Fig. 6)[43]. Banerjee et al. used a modified CNT, porphyrin-coupled multi- walled carbon nanotube (NT-P) to prepare an effective antiviral drug, and NT-P is very effective in dealing with influenza viruses [44].

Local administration of chemotherapeutic agents using planted delivery systems is a perspective strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant brain tumors. Regional administration provides high concentrations of local anti­tumor agents, thereby increasing antitumor capacity and reducing the number if system treatments. Shamsipour et al. prepared core–shell-poly (ethylene oxide)­CQDs /carboxymethylcellulose-poly (vinyl alcohol) (CS-PEO-CQDs/CMC-PVA) nanofibers by coaxial electrostatic spinning as temozolomide (TMZ) locally delivered biodegradable polymer implants. The release of TMZ from core–shell nanofibers in vitro showed a biphasic pattern. After the initial burst, continuous release of the drug was observed for nearly 30 days. The antitumor activity of CQDs­TMZ in vitro was higher than that of free drugs. Therefore, this material can be used as a traceable drug delivery agent for local cancer treatments [45, 46]. Qi et al. used MWCNTs to encapsulate the model anti-cancer drug DOX. These were then mixed with a polypropylene-co-ethylene-glycolide (PLGA) polymer solution and electro­statically spun to form drug-carrying composite nanofiber mats. As both the PLGA polymer and MWCNTs are drug carriers, this dual container drug delivery system (PL) facilitates the avoidance of burst releases and enables the sustained release of the anti-tumor drug DOX for 42 days. Therefore, it can be utilized as a therapeutic scaffold material for postoperative local chemotherapy [47].

chemotherapy, especially to children whose bodies are not yet fully developed. These side effects are thought to be a lack of efficiency and targeting selectivity of the delivery system, resulting in severe damage to normal cells. Delivery systems with high efficiency and target selectivity lead to severe damage to normal cells. To improve efficacy and selectivity, transferrin (trans) receptor-mediated endocytosis could be used in drug delivery system design, due to the facts that transferrin is usually highly expressed in brain tumor cells.

SS protected by pH-sensitive biopolymer carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel beads (CS-GQD/SS). The authors performed in vitro drug delivery assays under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and showed that the biocomposite nanocom­posite beads showed low toxicity to human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells. Thus, the prepared hydrogel beads can be used as a safe carrier for oral drug delivery [55].

Carbon nanopolymeric materials are novel nanomaterials with good biocompati­bility, biodegradability, and drug loading ability. Therefore, it has a wide range of application prospects in drug delivery. Firstly, carbon nanopolymeric materials can be used as drug carriers to encapsulate drugs on their surfaces or inside, and by regulating their size, shape and surface properties, they can improve the stability and solubility of drugs, prolong the time of blood circulation of drugs, and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs. Secondly, carbon nanopolymeric materials have a large specific surface area and rich surface functional groups, which can realize efficient loading and controlled release of drugs, enhance the targeting and bioavail­ability of drugs, and reduce the number of frequent drug administration. In addition, carbon nanopolymeric materials can also achieve targeted release and tissue-specific delivery of drugs by changing their surface properties and functionalized modifi­cations, improve the absorption and transport efficiency of drugs in target cells or tissues, and enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs.

Carbon nanopolymeric materials have great potential in drug delivery and can bring new breakthroughs and innovations in drug research and clinical treatment.