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1276
Medical Laboratory Technology: Volume 3
Percent transmiance: The percentage of light that’passes through a solution.
Percardial uid: Fluid within the pericardial cavity.
Peritoneum: The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and the organs contained within it.
Peroxidase: The enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Petechiae: Small, purplish haemorrhagic spots on the skin.
Petri dish: A shallow covered dish made of plastic or glass; used in microbial culture.
pH: A measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration expressing the degree of acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
Phagocyte: A cell capable of ingesting microorganisms and other substances. The process is
called phagocytosis.
Phenotype: The character that is exhibited or shown as against the real genetic set up; in
blood banking, the blood type determined by blood typing tests; for example, red cells of
blood groups AA and AO (genotypes) will agglutinate with anti-A (phenotype).
Phlebotomy: Venepuncture; entry of a vein with a needle; the venepuncturist is called
phlebotomist.
Photometry: Measurement of the intensity of light; as seen in colorimetry.
Physiological saline: 0.85% sodium chloride solution (0.15 M).
Pico: Prex used to indicate 10
Picogram (pg): Micromicrogram; 1 × 10
–12
.
–12
g.
Pinworm: Enterobius vermicularis, a small parasitic nematode; also called seatworm.
Pipee, pipet: A glass tube for holding or measuring volumes of liquid.
Plasma: The uid portion of whole or anticoagulated blood.
Plasma cell: A dierentiated B lymphocyte that produces antibodies.
Plasmin: An enzyme that binds to brin and initiates breakdown of the brin clot (brinolysis).
Platelets: Small non-nucleated cells found in the blood; also called thrombocytes that function
in blood coagulation.
Platyhelminth: Worms of the phylum Platyhelminthes; also called ‘atworm’.
Pleocytosis: An abnormal increase in the number of cells in cerebrospinal uid.
Pleomorphic: Having varied shapes.
Pleural uid: The uid in the space between the pleural membrane of the lung and the inner
chest wall.
Pneumonia: Inammation of lungs with exudation and consolidation.
Poikilocytosis: Abnormally shaped red cells.
Point-of-care testing (POCT): Testing outside the traditional laboratory seing; bedside
testing.
Poly-: Prex denoting many.
Polychromasia: Multicoloured red cells.
Polymorph: A polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Polyclonal antibodies: Antibodies derived from more than one cell line.
Polycythemia: An excess of red blood cells in the peripheral blood.
Polysaccharide: A carbohydrate, made up of monosaccharide units that can be decomposed
by hydrolosis.
Polyuria: Excessive secretion of urine.
Polyvidone-iodine: An antiseptic.
Porphyria: A disturbance of porphyrin metabolism characterized by increase in formation
and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors.
Porphyrin: An organic compound with iron; when the iron is aached to protein, it is called
protoporphyrin (haeme) which is a component of haemoglobin.
Positive: Present, opposite to negative.
Postprandial: Aer meal.
Precipitinogen: An antigen that stimulates the production of a specic precipitin.
Glossary of Technical Terms
Precision: Reproducibility of results; the closeness of obtained values to each other.
Prex: Modifying word or syllable(s) placed at the beginning of a word.
Primary medium: A medium that provides nutritional requirements for an organism and is
used to recover the organism from infectious material.
Progloids: Segments of the tapeworm.
Promyelocyte: A young white cell, which will mature into a polymorphonuclear cell (PMN).
Prostatic: Related to prostate, a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and urethra in the
Male; contributes to the secretion of semen.
Protein: Characteristic constituent of animal and plant tissues formed by the linkage of amino
acids.
Proteinuria: Protein present in urine.
Proteolytic: Having the power to hydrolyse protein (digestion).
Prothrombin: Coagulation factor II; precursor of thrombin.
Prothrombin time (PT): A coagulation-screening test used to monitor oral anticoagulant
therapy.
Protoporphyrin: Porphyrin aached to protein; when combined with iron, it forms haeme, a
component of haemoglobin.
Protozoa: A single-celled microorganism with a nucleus like Trichomonas vaginalis.
Prozone eect: This is seen due to excess of antibody where a positive reaction with antigen
occurs at higher dilutions.
Pseudohyphae: Chains of elongated yeast cells that resemble hyphae, but have constrictions
at the septa.
Purine: C5H4N4, a crystalline base that is the parent of compounds in the uric-acid group.
Purulent: Like pus.
Pus: A thick, usually yellowish liquid made of millions of dying polymorphs (neutrophils).
A pus cell is a polymorphonuclear cell.
PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol): A preservative used for faecal specimens.
Pyogenic: Pus producing.
Pyruvic acid: A 3-carbon acid.
Pyuria: Pus in urine; the urine is turbid, foul smelling and loaded with white blood cells and
bacteria.
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Q
Quadrant: One-fourth of a circle; one-fourth of an agar plate (in Petri dish).
Qualitative analysis: General screening and not quantitative.
Quality control: A system that veries the reliability of analytical test results through the use
of standards, controls and statistical analysis.
Quantitative analysis: The determination of the amount of substances present in measurable
terms.
Quantitative transfer: Transfer of a pre-weighed substance without any loss; a term commonly
used in preparing solutions.
Quellung reaction: An immunologic reaction with an apparent swelling of the capsule;
for example swelling of Pneumococcus with the addition of antisera as seen under the
microscope.
R
Radioactive: Capable of emiing radiant energy.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA): An immunological assay that uses radioisotopes.
Radioisotope: Radioactive form of an element.
Random urine specimen: A urine specimen collected at any time, without regard to diet or
time of day.
1278
Reagin: A non-specic antibody that reacts with cardiolipin; also called Wassermann
antibody; produced during syphilis infection and in other pathologic conditions.
Recipient: A patient to whom blood is given.
Reciprocal: Inverse; one of a pair of numbers (as 2/3 and 3/2) that has a product of one.
Reducing agent: A substance that loses electrons easily, hence causing other substances to be
reduced.
Reduction: A type of reaction in chemistry in which oxygen is removed, or hydrogen added
or the substance which is reduced gains electrons (positive valence decreased).
Reference laboratory: An independent regional laboratory that oers routine and specialized
testing services to hospitals and physicians.
Reectance photometer: An instrument that measures the light reected from a colored
reaction product.
Refracrometers: An instrument used for measuring the refractive index of a substance; used
in measuring the specic gravity of urine.
Renal threshold: The blood concentration above which a substance not normally excreted by
the kidneys appears in the urine.
Reservoir host: The host, other than the usual host, in which the parasite lives and is infectious.
Reticulocyte: An immature red blood cell that takes up brilliant cresyl blue or new methylene
blue stain by the supravital staining process.
Reticulocytosis: An increase above the normal number of reticulocytes in the circulating
blood.
Reticular: A network.
Reticuloendothelial system: Involves a number of organs (bone marrow, liver, spleen and
others) related to blood cell production.
RF (Rheumatoid factor): Autoantibodies that are directed against human IgG and are oen
present in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Rh blood group system: One of the systems of blood groups that is responsible for producing
the immune antibody, anti-D.
Rh (D) immune globulin (RhIG): A concentrated puried solution of human anti-D antibody
used for injection; RhoGam.
Rickesia: A microorganism transmied by lice, eas, and ticks; cannot be cultured in the
laboratory; causal agents of Rocky Mountain spoed fever and Q-fever.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid): The nucleic acid that is important in protein synthesis and that is
found in all living cells.
Rouleau(x): Red blood cells piled on top of one another like a stack of coins or dishes (plural
rouleaux).
Medical Laboratory Technology: Volume 3
S
Sahli pipee: A pipee used in measuring small quantities of specimens (20 mL) and is used
in haemoglobin determination; blood pipee.
Saline: A solution of salt in water (0.85% sodium chloride).
Sample: In statistics, a subgroup of a population.
Saprophytes: Organisms like moulds and fungi, which live on dead maer.
Satellitism: The phenomenon in which certain bacterial species, like, Haemophilus inuenzae
grow more vigorously in the immediate vicinity of the colonies of other unrelated species
(Staphylococcus aureus).
Saturated solution: A solution containing as much of the solute as can be dissolved.
Schistocytes: Fragments of erythrocytes.
Schistosomiasis: Infection with schistosoma worms.
Scolex: The aachment organ of a tapeworm; the head.
Glossary of Technical Terms
1279
Scurvy: A disease due to deciency of vitamin C, marked by anaemia, spongy gums and
haemorrhage, caused by a vascular defect.
Sedimentation: The process of solid particles seling to the boom of a liquid.
Segmented neutrophils: Mature neutrophils with nuclei divided in several segments
(normally 3 to 5); polymorphonuclear cells (PMN); oen abbreviated as seg.
Selective medium: A bacteriological medium that allows growth of some organisms while
inhibiting the growth of others.
Semen or seminal uid: Fluid discharged at ejaculation in the male, consisting of secretion
of glands (prostrate) associated with the urogenital tract and containing spermatozoa.
Sensitize: To render more reactive.
Sepsis: Poisoning that is caused by the products of activity pathogenic microorganisms.
Septate hyphae: Hyphae separated into individual cells by cross walls.
Septation: Division into sections by a septum.
Septicaemia: Morbid condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic bacteria and their
associated toxins in the blood.
Sequestrene: An anticoagulant chemically known as ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA),
commonly used in haematological studies.
Serodiagnosis: Diagnosis by the use of serum.
Serology: The study of antigens and antibodies in serum using immunological methods;
laboratory testing based on the immunological properties of serum.
Serum: The liquid obtained from blood that has been allowed to clot.
Sickle cell anaemia: Inherited blood disorder in which the red cells can deform to sickle
shape (drepanocyte) due to the presence of the abnormal haemoglobin (HbS).
Sideroblast: Immature nucleated red blood cell with iron granules, recognized by Prussian-
blue staining. Siderocytes are mature red blood cells without nucleus. The iron granules
(ferritin) are due to their lack of utilization in the formation of haemoglobin. Their
presence in bone marrow (sideroblasts) and in circulation (siderocytes) is considered as
abnormal.
Slant culture: Bacterial culture in a test tube where the medium is solidied in a slant. This
provides more surface, like TSI.
Sleeping sickness: An acute infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma infection (trypa-
nosomiasis); prevalent in Africa.
Slide method: Applied in blood grouping when the testing is done on a microscope slide.
Smear: A specimen spread thinly on a slide.
Smudge cells: White blood cells, which are smudged in appearance on the smear; also
called basket cells. Increased number of smudge cells may indicate chronic lymphocytic
leukaemia.
Solid chemistry: An analytical method in which the sample is added to a strip or slide
containing, in dried form, all the reagents for the procedure.
Solubility: The extent to which a solute will dissolve in a solvent; the substance in solution
is called the solute and the liquid in which the solute is dissolved is called the solvent.
Solute: The substance dissolved in a given solution.
Sodium polyanethol sulphonate: An anticoagulant added to blood specimen. Abbreviated
as SPS; trade name is Liquoid.
Specic gravity: The ratio of the mass of a given substance to the mass of an equal volume of
water; a measurement of density.
Specimen: In the clinical laboratory it refers to something (e.g., urine) taken out of a person
as a sample to examine.
Spectrophotometer: A photometer for measuring the relative intensities of light in the
dierent parts of a spectrum.
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Medical Laboratory Technology: Volume 3
Spectrum: Collection of sequentially arranged bands of dierent wavelengths of light; the
visible spectrum ranges between 400–700 nm (violet to red).
Sperm: Short for spermatozoon (plural: spermatozoa) mature male germ cell present in
semen which impregnates the ovum (female germ cell) in sexual reproduction.
Spherocytes: A small, globular, completely haemoglobinized red blood cell without a paler
region in the centre.
Spirochaetes: Motile, helical, or spiral bacterial of the family Spirochaeta.
Sporangiophore: A stalk or similar structure bearing sporangia.
Sporangiospore: An asexual spore developed in a sporangium.
Sporangium: A structure (alga or fungus) where spores are produced.
Sporotrichosis: A subacute and chronic subcutaneous lymphatic mycosis characterized by
abscesses and granulomatous nodules.
Sporozoa: Any spore-forming protozoan of the phylum (or class) Sporozoa. Several species
of which, as Plasmodia, cause malaria.
Sputum: Maer ejected from the trachea, bronchi and lungs through the mouth.
Stab culture: A technique of bacterial culture in which organisms are introduced into a solid
agar medium with a wire or needle; also refers to band neutrophils.
Standard: A chemical solution of a known concentration that can be used as reference or
calibration substance.
Standard deviation: A term used in statistics and quality control; a commonly used measure
of dispersion or variability in a distribution; a measure of the spread of a population of
values around the mean.
Starch: Carbohydrate stored by certain plants. It is a polysaccharide that turns the iodine
colour to blue.
Stat: Immediately; stat procedure calls for immediate aention, like handling of CSF
specimens; also known as emergency procedure.
Statim: Without delay or immediately.
Steatorrhoea: Diarrhoea with much undigested fat in the stool.
Stem cell: An undierentiated cell.
Sterile: Free from living organisms.
Sterilization: Complete elimination of all living microorganisms from an article or area.
Steroid and sterol: A group of organic compounds with special chemical structure. It includes
many hormones and also cholesterol.
Stippling: A spoed condition of red blood cells, known as basophilic stippling; seen under
certain pathological condition like lead poisoning.
Streaking: Making lines or stripes; in bacteriology streaking it done on the primary plate for
isolation of organisms.
Streptolysin: Any of the hemolysins produced by streptococci.
Sub-: A prex denoting beneath or under.
Sucrose: A disaccharide; cane sugar.
Sux: Modifying word or syllable(s) placed at the end of a word.
Supernatant: The liquid above a solid deposit aer centrifugation.
Supravital staining: A dye that stains living cells or tissues.
Suspension: Solid particles hanging in a liquid.
Swab: Apiece of coon wool or gauze rolled on the tip of a plastic or wooden stick; used to
apply antiseptic on the skin or for collection of specimens (throat swab, stool swab).
Symbiosis: An association between two dierent organisms, which is of mutual benet.
Symptom: Any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient’s condition.
Synovial uid: Viscous uid secreted by membranes lining the joints.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): An autoimmune disease; a connective tissue disorder.
Glossary of Technical Terms
1281
T
Target cell: Abnormal red blood cell with a darker region in the middle.
TC: Marking on pipees indicating “To contain”; these pipees are washed out; Sahli pipee
is a TC pipee.
TD: A marking on pipees indicating “To deliver”; all volumetric pipees are TD pipees; it
is not necessary to wash them out.
Thalassaemia: A hereditary haemolytic anaemia marked by poor synthesis of normal
haemoglobin (HbA) while foetal haemoglobin (HbF) continues to form in the body.
Therapeutic agent: Substance administered in the treatment of a disease.
Thermolabile: Easily altered or decomposed by heat (thermo-). Example: Factor VIII
(cryoprecipltate).
Thermostable: Not easily aected by heat.
Thoma pipee: A pipee meant for dilution and not for dispensing specic volume.
Thrombasthenia: An inherited abnormality of the blood platelets characterized especially by
defective clot retraction and oen by prolonged bleeding time.
Thrombin: A protein formed from prothrombin by the action of thromboplastin and other
factors in the presence of calcium ions; factor II.
Thrombocyte: Another name for platelet.
Thrombocytopaenia: Denotes too few platelets in the blood circulation.
Thrombocytosis: Abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the blood.
Thrombopoiesis: The process of clots forming in blood; also used with reference to the
formation of blood platelets (thrombocytes).
Thrombosis: The formation, development or existence of a blood clot or thrombus within the
vascular system.
Thrombus (pi. thrombi): A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel.
Tinea: Any of several fungal diseases of the skin.
Titre: In serology, the reciprocal of the highest dilution that gives the desired reaction; the
concentration of a substance determined by titration.
T lymphocytes: The type of lymphocyte responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.
Todd unit: Expresses the titre of antistreptolysin-O (ASO), produced by a patient infected
with Streptococcus pyogenes.
Tourniquet: A band used to constrict blood ow.
Transferrin: A serum globulin that binds and transports iron.
Transfusion: Taking blood from one person (donor) and giving it to another person (recipient).
Transplacental: Involving or relating to passage between a mother and foetus through the
placenta.
Transport medium: A medium that provides the proper environment for organisms during
transport.
Transudate: A transuded substance.
Transuded: Having passed through permeable substance or membrane.
Trematode: A class of atworms commonly called ukes belonging to the phylum
Platyhelminthes.
Trend: An indication of error in the analysis, detected by increasing or decreasing values in
the control sample.
Treponema: A genus of spirochaetes, Treponema pallidum is the causal agent of syphilis.
Trichomoniasis: A sexually transmied genitourinary infection caused by the parasitic
protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis.
Trichrome stain: A stain commonly used to identify parasites in faecal smears.
Trophozoites: The motile, active and reproductive phase of protozoa.
Trunnions: A component of centrifuge head.
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Medical Laboratory Technology: Volume 3
Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Turbidimetry: The measurement of the concentration of suspended maer in a liquid by
using a turbidimeter.
Typhoid fever: An acute infectious disease accompanied by fever, headache and abdominal
pain. The causal agent is Salmonella Typhi.
Typhus: An infectious disease caused by rickesial organisms, transmied through ticks.
U
Ulcer: A wound.
Universal donor: A person of blood group O whose blood can be given to anyone.
Universal recipient: A person of blood group AB who can be the recipient for any of the other
blood groups as donor blood A, B, or O.
Uraemia: A pathologic condition due to the accumulation of urea in blood.
Urate: A salt from uric acid.
Urea: The nitrogenous constituent of urine; nal product of protein metabolism; synthesized
in the liver; formed by combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide, CO(NH2)
Urease: An enzyme, which breaks down urea.
Urethra: The canal through which urine is discharged from the urinary bladder.
Uric acid: Breakdown product of nucleic acids.
Urine: The uid excreted by the kidney stored in the bladder and discharged through the
urethra.
Urinary tract: The parts of the body through which the urine ows—the kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra.
Urinometer: A device to determine the specic gravity of urine.
Urinalysis or urine analysis: Analysis of urine through physical examination, microscopic
examination of sediment and chemical screening.
Urobilinogen: A breakdown product of bilirubin formed by the action of intestinal bacteria.
Urochrome: The yellow pigment that gives urine its colour.
2.
V
Vacuole: A membrane-bound compartment in cell cytoplasm.
Vasoconstriction: A narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel.
VDRL: Short form of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, which is a screening
serodiagnostic test for syphilis.
Vector: An agent that transports a pathogen from an infected host to a non-infected host.
Vein: A blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart.
Venereal: Disease spread through sexual contact; like syphilis.
Venepuncture: Introduction of a needle into a vein for the withdrawal of blood or injection
of a uid; phlebotomy.
Venule: A small vein, especially minute veins connecting capillaries with larger systematic
veins.
Virology: The study of viruses.
Virulent: Highly infectious.
Visible spectrum: Wavelengths of light that are visible to the eye in the form of colours;
ranges between 700 and 400 nm.
Vitamins: Accessory food factors necessary for a well-balanced diet (e.g. Bl2).
Vitamin B12: A vitamin essential to the proper maturation of blood cells and other cells in the
body.
Vitamin K: A vitamin essential for the production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X.
Glossary of Technical Terms
Viviparous organism: Parasites giving birth to living young which develop within the
maternal body; ova (eggs) are not seen (e.g., Trichinella).
Vulvovaginitis: Inammation of the vulva and the vagina.
1283
W
von Willebrand’s disease: A bleeding disorder known as vascular haemophilia caused by
vascular defect along with factor VIII deciency.
Wassermann antibody: An antibody that reacts with cardiolipin. It is also called regain.
Weil-Felix reaction: A serological method based on the principle of febrile agglutination and
applied in the diagnosis of rickesial diseases.
Westergren method: A technique applied in the determination of erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR).
White blood cells (WBC): Blood cells that function in immunity; leukocytes.
Widal test: A test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections using the Widal
reaction.
Widal reaction: A reaction consisting in agglutination of typhoid bacilli or other salmonellas
when mixed with serum from a patient having typhoid fever or other salmonella infection.
Wintrobe method: A technique applied in the determination of erythrocyte sedimentation
rate.
Working distance: Distance between the microscope objective and the microscope slide when
the object is in sharp focus.
World Health Organization (WHO): The United Nations Agency concerned with global
public health; active in developing countries.
Wright’s stain: A polychromic stain (produces multicolour eect on cells) with eosin and
methylene blue used for staining blood smears.
X
Xanthochromic: Having yellow colour.
XDP: Fibrin-degradation products that contain the D-dimer cross-linked region.
Y
Yeast: Plant-like microorganisms related to fungi; budding (ssion) is the characteristic
feature of its asexual reproduction.
Z
Zone of inhibition: In the antibiotic susceptibility test, the area around an antibiotic disk that
contains no bacterial growth.
Zoonotic: Infection or disease that can be transmied from vertebrate animals to humans.
Zygomycetes: A subclass of the fungi class Phycomycetes characterized by gametangia that
are morphologically alike and by sexually produced zygospores.
Zygospore: A plant spore formed by two similar sex cells.
Appendices
Maya Chattoraj and Kanai L Mukherjee
Appendix A
SourceS of informAtion And reAdingS
General
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Doucee, L. J. (1997), Mathematics for the Clinical Laboratory, W.B. Saunders
Frankel, S., et al. (1970), Gradwohl’s Clinical Laboratory Methods and Diagnosis, 7th ed., C.V. Mosby
Harr, R. R. (2006), Clinical Laboratory Science Review, 3rd ed., F.A. Davis
Henry, J. B. (2006), Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, W.B. Saunders
Hepler, O. E. (1949), Manual of Clinical Laboratory Methods, 4th ed., Charles C. Thomas
Leslie, C. M. (Ed.) (1976), Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, University of California
Johnson, C. W, et al. (2002), Essential Laboratory Mathematics: Concepts and Applications for the
Lindh, W. Q., et al. (2002), Comprehensive Medical Assisting, 2nd ed., Thomson Delmar Learning
Linne, J. J. and Ringsrud, K. M. (1999), Clinical Laboratory Sciences: The Basics and Routine
MacFate, R. P. (1972), Introduction to Clinical Laboratory, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc
Maurice, K. (1973), A Medical Laboratory for Developing Countries, The English Language Book
Mukherjee, K. L. (1979), Review of Clinical Laboratory Methods, C.V. Mosby
Mukherjee, K. L. (1979), Introductory Mathematics for the Clinical Laboratory, American Medical
th
7
ed., Oxford University Press
systems: A comparative study, Ed. C. M. Leslie., University of California Press
Vellore, India
Company
Press
Chemical and Clinical Laboratory Technician, Delmar Cengage Learning
Techniques, 4th ed., C.V. Mosby
Society and Oxford University Press
Association (American Society of Clinical Pathology)
1284
Appendices
Mukherjee, K. L., et al. (2015), Modern Medical Assisting, Jaypee Publishers, India
Oppenheim, I. A. (1981), Textbook for Laboratory Assistants, C.V. Mosby.
Polansky, V. D. (2002), Medical Laboratory Technology: Pearls of Wisdom, 2nd ed., Boston Medical
Publishing
Raphael, S. S. (Ed.) (1983), Lynch’s Medical Laboratory Technology, W.B. Saunders
Ravel, R. (1995), Clinical Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Application of Laboratory Data, 6th ed., C.V.
Mosby
Taub, H. (1974), Laboratory Skill for Allied Health Occupations, Rinehart Press
Turgeon, M. L., et al. (2007), Clinical Laboratory Science: The Basics and Routine Techniques,
5th ed., C.V. Mosby
Westgard, J. O. (2002), Basic QC Practices, 2nd ed., AACC Press, Washington, D.C.
Widman, F. K. (1979), Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests, F.A. Davis Co.
Wiman, K. S. and Thomas, J. C. (1977), Medical Laboratory Skills, McGraw Hill Education
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003), Manual of Basic Techniques for a Health Laboratory,
2nd ed.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2005), Laboratory Biosafety Manual
1285
Phlebotomy
Garza, D. and Becan-Mc-Bride, K. (2004), Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood Collection Essentials,
7th ed., Prentice Hall
Hoeltke, L. B. (2006), The Complete Textbook of Phlebotomy, 3rd ed., Thompson Delmar Learning
Kalanick, K. (2004), Phlebotomy Technician Specialist, Thomson Delmar Learning
McCall, R. E. and Tankersley, C. M. (2007), Phlebotomy Essentials, 4th ed., Lippinco Williams
& Wilkins
Turgeon, M. L. (1999), Clinical Haematology Theory and Procedures, 3rd ed., Lippinco Williams
& Wilkins
Haematology
Bernadee, F. R., et al. (2007), Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications, 3rd ed., W.B. Saunders
Brown, B. A. (1980), Hematology: Principles and Procedures, 3rd ed., Lea & Febiger
Carr, J.H. and Rodak, B.F. (1999), Clinical Hematology Atlas, 3rd ed., W.B. Saunders
Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. M. (1975), Practical Haematology, 5th ed., Churchill-Livingstone
Lamberg, S. L. (1978), Laboratory Manual of Hematology and Urinalysis, AVI Publishing Co.
McKenzie, S. B. (2006), Clinical Laboratory Hematology, Prentice Hall
Seiverd, C. E. (1973), Haematology for Medical Technologists, Lea & Febiger
Singh, T. (2008), Textbook of Haematology, Avichal Publishing Company, India
Coagulation
Biggs, R. (1972), Human Blood Coagulation, Haemostasia and Thrombosis, Blackwell Scientic
Publications
Bloom, A. L. and Thomas, D. P. (1981), Haemostasia and Thrombosis, Churchill-Livingstone
Thompson, A. R. and Marker, L.A. (1983), Manual of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 3rd ed.,
F.A. Davis
Blood Bank (Immunohaematology)
Blaney, K. D. and Howard, P. R. (2008), Basic and Applied Concepts of lmmunohematology, 2nd ed.,
C.V. Mosby
Bowley, C. C, et al. (1971), Blood Transfusion: A Guide to the Formation and Operation of a
Transfusion Service, World Health Organization
Bryant, N. J. (1994), An Introduction to Immunohematology, 3rd ed., W. B. Saunders
Erskine, A. G. and Socha, WW. (1978), The Principles and Practice of Blood Grouping, 2nd ed.,
C.V. Mosby
Harmening, D. M. (2005), Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices, 5th ed., F. A. Davis