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Chapter 12: Stress, Health, and Wellness
In this chapter, we explore the illness-wellness continuum, which
reveals the state of our health at any given moment. How we
prioritize our health is important whether or not we are sick. We
examine health behaviors across contexts—times of healthiness,
illness, living through a pandemic, and even facing the reality of
death. We take a further look at how stress affects health, and how
the body naturally responds to it. Strategies for coping with stress
and the benefits of social support during stressful times are also
discussed from a cultural perspective.
Explore the health belief model to understand why so many
people disregarded public health guidelines during the
coronavirus pandemic.
Look at how the body’s natural response to stress is healthy
when stress is managed well over time.
Gain insights into what it is like to grow up transgender and
the complexities of transitioning.
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
In this chapter, we present and discuss eight major psychological
disorders. Environmental, biological, and cultural contributors to
psychological disorders are included to demonstrate their complexity.
We attempt to remove the stigma from disorders such as
depression, anxiety, and personality disorders by showing that they
are common and that people who live with them—such as Mariah
Carey, Pete Davidson, Ariana Grande, and Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison
—can thrive. For those who have misconceptions about the role of
psychological disorders in the courts, we provide a discussion of the
insanity defense.
Learn about the DSM-5 symptoms of some major
psychological disorders, and how common it is to experience
them.
Recognize the variables that contribute to the development
of a psychological disorder.
Apply what we know about psychological disorders to real
examples of people who thrived and continue to thrive.
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Chapter 14: Treatment and Interventions
In this chapter, we debunk the myth that all therapies and
therapists are the same by introducing readers to a range of
treatments and interventions. Dr. Eleanor Longden’s true story of
schizophrenia and cognitive-behavioral therapy offers a personal
perspective on the importance of how we think about our
experiences. However, we do not shy away from the controversies in
the history of psychological treatment. We plainly ask, does
psychotherapy work? If so, what are the winning ingredients? To
illuminate the roles that culture, support, medicine, and accessible
care play in mental wellness, we provide research on diverse
populations, pharmaceuticals, client-to-practitioner rapport, and
technology.
Realize the need for psychological treatment and those who
can provide it.
Differentiate between types of treatment, and compare
theoretical approaches.
Learn how to find the right therapist using empirically based
suggestions, and embrace the change that can come with
treatments and interventions.
Statistical Appendix
In this appendix, we survey the essentials of statistics, both
descriptive and inferential. We reveal how psychologists crunch the
numbers, enabling you to better evaluate the analyses behind many
sales and marketing claims. A key aim of this appendix is to
reinforce that you do not need to be a scientist to appreciate what
you learn in this book. Science is all around us—for this reason,
being a critical consumer of the information we come across each
day is useful and necessary across professions.
Learn about data and its usefulness in psychological
research.
Explore how researchers measure and summarize data to
make sense of it.
Gain insights into how researchers leverage statistics to
make decisions about their observations.
In the electronic edition of the book you have purchased,
there are several icons that reference links (videos, journal
articles) to additional content. Though the electronic edition
links are not live, all content referenced may be accessed at
https://vantage.sagepub.com . This URL is referenced at
several points throughout your electronic edition.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In a time of uncertainty, it was a tremendous gift to benefit from
the unwavering dedication of incredibly talented people. Our SAGE
team has been nothing short of brilliant, supportive, and
compassionate. From Josh Perigo to Reid Hester to Katherine
Hepburn, the journey has been filled with opportunities to take risks,
address challenges, and be better educators. In particular, we wish
to thank Lara Parra and Emma Newsom, who will forever be the
scaffolding that supports the brick and mortar of this monumental
build—the first of its kind at SAGE.
This book is an example of what it means to stand on the
shoulders of giants. None of us would be here today without the
efforts and risks of those who came before us to legitimize and
question the field of psychological science. Dr. Saul Kassin, our
leading author, is one such giant. Thank you, Saul, for trusting this
team with your creation of curated knowledge.
To our students, past and present, we would not be successful
pedagogues or authors without your bravery, inquisitiveness, and
participation. You have shared your experiences, asked for
numerous examples, posited questions we couldn’t answer, forced
us to grow, and, as a result, taught us more than you could imagine.
May you always love the lifelong process of learning as much as we
will always love the lifelong process of teaching.
From Dr. Kassin: In a 1982 issue of the American Psychologist,
Albert Bandura wrote one of my all-time favorite articles. Titled “The
Psychology of Chance Encounters and Life Paths,” his thesis
pertains to us all: No matter how hard we try to plot the future, our
life trajectories are shaped by chance encounters. The take-home
message: Be vigilant and brace for those carpe diem opportunities
that come along.
For me, three mentors provided those opportunities. At Brooklyn
College in the 1970s, I took a summer class on the history of
psychology. Afterward, Arthur S. Reber, the professor, invited me to
join his lab. Although the term cognitive psychology was brand new,
he was forging into the cognitive unconscious against a behaviorist
tide. Running subjects in his lab was electrifying; watching them
learn an artificial grammar through mere exposure to letter strings,
without awareness, stayed with me.
Riveted by the “orange attribution book” titled Attribution:
Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, I entered the social psychology
program at the University of Connecticut, where I was lucky enough
to get adopted by attribution expert, teacher extraordinaire, and
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friend, Charles “Skip” Lowe. His guidance was immeasurable.
Together, we published papers that served as a foundation for
everything I have done since.
Then I accepted a postdoctoral research fellowship at the
University of Kansas to work with Larry Wrightsman, newly funded to
study jury decision-making. With my interest in attribution, the
application to juries was a perfect fit. And Larry was the perfect
mentor—prolific, boundless in his curiosity, and focused on matters
of social justice. Together we explored the yet-to-be science of false
confessions.
Having spent 35 years at a liberal arts college, I am secretly a
teacher at heart—which is why the opportunity to bring forth this
content with Greg and Krisstal, two talented teachers and writers,
was one of those opportunities I could not pass up. I am thankful to
SAGE for bringing us all together.
From Dr. Privitera: It cannot be understated how incredibly
grateful I am to all those at SAGE who have supported and guided
my development as an author for over a dozen years. Your
contributions are immeasurable.
In no particular order, I also want to thank my family. To my wife,
Alisha, for her love and support; my mother, Donna, for her resilient
example of faith; my father, James, for his strength and positive
spirit; my twin brother, Andrew, for being there for me from the
beginning—I couldn’t imagine this life without you; my sister, Rachel,
who gracefully survived childhood with four brothers; my brother
Stephen, whose work ethic has largely inspired my own; and my
brother Joseph, who was in the gym with me every day as I prepared
for Marine Corps boot camp many years ago—he was only five!
To my sons, Aiden Andrew (18) and Luca James (1), and my
daughter, Grace Ann (14)—every moment I am with you is the
greatest moment of my life. I often teach that confidence in the
absence of humility is arrogance. It is in those moments that I share
with my children that I find my humility each day.
As a veteran, I also want to thank all those who serve and have
served—being a U.S. Marine was an experience that inevitably
shaped my character and instilled in me the belief that there is no
greater honor than to serve something greater than yourself. Semper
Fi!
From Dr. Clayton: To my friend and forever mentor, Dr. David
Trafimow, who believed in me like no other. During the past 18 years,
you have taught me several valuable lessons, including the
following: Approach teaching and science from the perspective of a
third grader. Expect the best from people until they prove otherwise.
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Science is supposed to be fun. If it stops being fun, then you should
stop engaging with science. Always look at the big picture first.
When in doubt, choose integrity, music, and food. The best measure
of an academic’s success is the happiness and success of their
students. Question everything. David, to know you is to embrace the
beauty of wonder, the realization of not knowing, and the possibility
of finding the answer all in the same breath. Here’s to our innovation
of science and teaching. May it be filled with long conversations and
laughter for many years to come.
To my mother, Ladona; my dad, Mark; my brother, Joe; and my
sweet canine companions, Phoebe and Arya. Thank you for the
lessons in unconditional love, forgiveness, choosing words wisely,
that no job is beneath me, and to keep dreaming big.
Thank you to the advisory board for Essentials of Psychology,
First edition. We learn so much from your expertise, and we value
your time and insights:
Amy Button, Alfred University
Bobby Hiep Bui, State University of New York, New Paltz
Jennifer Butler, Case Western Reserve University
Debra Hollister, Valencia Community College
Elgrie Hurd III, Brookhaven Community College
Stephanie Jimenez, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown
Rachel Laimon, Mott Community College
Christine Lofgren, University of California, Irvine
Lynda Mae, Arizona State University
Dorothy Marsil, Kennesaw State University
Gregory Repasky, Texas Christian University
Sheldon H. Rifkin, Kennesaw State University
Tambra Riggs-Gutiérrez, Longwood University
Wendy Valentine, Ellsworth Community College
Brian J. Wiley, Florida State College, Jacksonville
Chrysalis L. Wright, University of Central Florida
SAGE also wishes to thank the following reviewers for their many
contributions to the development of this book. You taught us so
much, for which we are grateful:
Pilar Galiana Abal, Ottawa University
Angela Adame-Smith, Palm Beach State College
Viara Agars, California State University San Bernardino
Janet N. Ahn, William Paterson University
Debra Ahola, Schenectady County Community College
Christopher Alas, Houston Community College
William S. Altman, SUNY Broome Community College
Benjamin Anderson, SUNY Broome Community College
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Roxanna Anderson, Palm Beach State College
Tessa Anderson, Idaho State University
Jaime M. Ascencio, Colorado State University
Elaine Augustine, Texas Christian University
Kevin S. Autry, California State Polytechnic University,
Pomona
Marina Baratian, Eastern Florida State College
David Baskind, Delta College
Shane W. Bench, Utah State University Eastern
Deshanda Blair, Collin College
Debi Brannan, Western Oregon University
Alicia Briganti, Dalton State College
Salena Brody, University of Texas, Dallas
Allison Buskirk-Cohen, Delaware Valley University
Marguerite Capone, The University of Rhode Island
Jessica Carnevale, Purchase College, SUNY
Ellen Carpenter, Virginia Commonwealth University
Ken Carr, Northcentral University
Abigail J. Caselli, Syracuse University
Doreen Collins-McHugh, Seminole State College
W. Matthew Collins, Nova Southeastern University
Alita Cousins, Eastern Connecticut State University
Carmen M. Culotta, Wright State University
Nidal Daou, McNeese State University
Chris De La Ronde, Austin Community College
David Devonis, Graceland University
Theresa DiDonato, Loyola University Maryland
Stephanie B. Ding, Del Mar College
Camille Drake-Brassfield, Florida SouthWestern State
College
Kerry Evans, Onondaga Community College
Rebecca Ewing, Western New Mexico University
Sue Fenstermacher, University of Vermont
Lisa Fozio-Thielk, Waubonsee Community College
Nathalie Franco, Broward College
Perry N. Fuchs, University of Texas at Arlington
Courtney L. Gosnell, Pace University
Carmela V. Gottesman, University of South Carolina, Salk-
ehatchie
Christine L. Grela, McHenry County College
Mary T. Guerrant, State University of New York, Cobleskill
Tiffany Hardy, Florida State University
Haley N. Harris, University of Texas at Arlington
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Michael Himle, University of Utah
Mark Holden, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Robert S. Hoople, Bethune-Cookman University
Lourdes Humble, Broward College
Todd Allen Joseph, Hillsborough Community College
Kevin Keating, Broward College
Tabitha Kirkland, University of Washington
Andrew Knapp, Finger Lakes Community College
Samantha Kohn, Orange County Community College
Lauren Kois, University of Alabama
Dana Kuehn, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Shannon M. A. Kundey, Hood College
Don C. Larson, Utah State University
Juliana Leding, University of North Florida
Marvin W. Lee, Tennessee State University
Kristin Leimgruber, Franklin & Marshall College
Alison Levitch, County College of Morris
Mary M. Lewis, Columbus State Community College
Regina Luce-Hughes, Collin College
Karenna Malavanti, Baylor University
Nicole Martin, Kennesaw State University
Steven McCloud, Borough of Manhattan Community College
Tracy Meyer, Collin College
Kendra Miller, Anoka-Ramsey Community College
Greg Mullin, Bunker Hill Community College
Angela L. Nadeau, University of South Carolina, Columbia
Angela M. Neal, University of South Carolina, Lancaster
Vias Chris Nicolaides, George Mason University
LeighAnn Ostrowsky-Leonard, Valencia College
Cari J. Paterno, William Rainey Harper College
Michaela Porubanova, Farmingdale State College
Carolynn Pravatta, Collin College
Cynthia Prehar, Framingham State
Ellen Ratajack, Colorado State University
Clayton T. Ryan, Bunker Hill Community College
Genevieve Ryan, Bay Path University
Beverly Salzman, University of New Haven
Teresa Segelken, Coastal Carolina Community College
Dylan Selterman, University of Maryland
Melonie W. Sexton, Valencia College
Richard Shadick, Pace University
Shubam Sharma, University of Florida
Michelle Slattery, North Central State College
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Kimberly Nelms Smarr, Houston Baptist University
Stephanie Smith, LaGrange College
Jennifer Spychalski, College of Charleston
Gillian S. Starkey, Goucher College
Melissa Streeter, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Bradley Thurmond, Ivy Tech Community College
Angela Vergara, Valencia College
Kristie Veri, William Paterson University
Jovana Vukovic, Broward College
Naomi Wagner, San Jose State University
Christopher Walker, Santa Fe College
Christopher Warren, Utah State University
Manda Williamson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Theresa Wise, SUNY Empire State College
John Woodman, Nashville State Community College
Chit Yuen Yi, Florida International University
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Saul Kassin
is a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at John Jay College
of Criminal Justice and Massachusetts Professor Emeritus at
Williams College. Born and raised in New York City, he graduated
from Brooklyn College in 1974. After receiving his PhD in personality
and social psychology from the University of Connecticut in 1978, he
spent time at the University of Kansas, Purdue University, the
Federal Judicial Center, and Stanford University. He is an author or
editor of several books—including Social Psychology,
Developmental Social Psychology, The American Jury on Trial, and
The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure.
Interested in the psychological causes and consequences of
wrongful convictions, Dr. Kassin pioneered the scientific study of
false confessions. His work is cited all over the world—including by
the U.S. Supreme Court. He has received several awards—including
the APA Award for Distinguished Contribution to Research on Public
Policy (2017) and the APS James McKeen Cattell Lifetime
Achievement Award for Applied Research (2021). He has consulted
on many high-profile cases, served as an analyst on all major news
networks, and appeared in several podcasts and documentaries—
including Ken Burns’s film The Central Park Five (2012). Away from
work, Dr. Kassin has an insatiable appetite for family, music, travel,
and ethnic food.
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