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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_27_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
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Chapter 2: Behavioral Neuroscience
In this chapter, we look inside the person to explore the biology
and neuroscience that underlies behavior. Incredibly to some,
behavior is possible due to the unique structure and function of our
nervous system. Electrical potentials releasing chemicals from one
cell to another at incredible speeds allow us to move, think, talk, and
feel emotions. We take a first-person approach in this chapter to
show not only what the nervous system is but also how it works, and
why this is important to understanding the psychology of human
behavior.
Explore the structure of a neuron and how it allows us to
think, act, learn, and behave.
Learn the implications for a remarkable feature of the human
brain: Each hemisphere of the brain is an exact copy of itself.
Take a deeper look at the science of concussions and how
psychology contributes to establishing safety protocols for
professional athletes.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
In this chapter, we delve into the parts of human biology that
allow us to sense the world around us, and the experiences we need
to process and understand those senses. Like many psychological
phenomena, it is a combination of nature and nurture that empowers
a person to recognize depth, locate an object solely based on sound,
or connect a favorite food with its aroma. We also proceed with care
to expose you to important reasons not to take the senses for
granted.
Investigate the intricacies of the eye, ear, nose, and tongue
to learn how each unique type of cell collaborates to produce a
neural signal.
Recognize the importance of taking better care of the
delicate hair cells of the inner ear; once we lose them, they
never return.
Experience the tricks our brains can play on us by trying out
optical illusions, and then learn why they work.
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
In this chapter, we explore the nature of our awareness of
ourselves: consciousness. We begin with a look at attention and just
how much processing goes on in the brain each moment, beyond
our awareness. We then turn to ways that we alter our
consciousness, from sleep and dreaming to hypnosis to drug use.
We explore not only the importance of sleep but also how sleep
relates to changes in our levels of consciousness. We take a critical
look at the controversy surrounding the responsiveness we have
during hypnosis and how drugs (legal and illegal) can alter our
consciousness and our behavior.
Explore how and why we dream, and whether dreams have
meaning.
Investigate the controversy of hypnosis and whether it can
enhance eyewitness testimony.
Learn about the effects of consciousness-altering drugs and
their effects on our thoughts and behaviors.
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Chapter 5: Learning
In this chapter, we discover one of the most remarkable aspects
of human behavior: our ability to learn and adapt to a changing
world. We explore many of the foundational theories in learning,
which include those introduced by three of the most famous
psychologists of the 20th century: Ivan Pavlov (and his dogs), B. F.
Skinner (and his cages), and Albert Bandura (and his dolls). We look
at the process of learning, how it affects behavior, and the ways in
which learning applies to all aspects of our lives—especially in a
world so closely connected through social media and the Internet.
Explore how the immune system can be trained to be more
responsive.
Take a deep dive into the effectiveness (or lack thereof?) of
punishment.
See what a classic study of children abusing a doll taught
researchers about how we learn from observation.
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Chapter 6: Memory
In this chapter, we tackle something both frustrating and
rewarding: memory. Our discussion covers foundations of current
knowledge about memory, what we know about memory failures,
and lessons learned from a world-famous patient by the name of
Henry Molaison. From pills to mnemonics to simply paying attention,
we consider the valid and invalid methods for memory improvement.
Memory is a huge part of who we are, and we rely on it greatly. But
relying on it can sometimes lead to consequences like the
incarceration of Ronald Cotton, an innocent man. The problem is
that we usually don’t know when our memories are faulty; this
chapter explains why.
Learn about the importance of connecting our current
memories with new memories we are trying to make.
Understand different types of memory loss and how we can
create false memories without even knowing it.
Connect certain parts of the brain with memory storage and
retrieval.
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Chapter 7: Thought, Language, and
Intelligence
In this chapter, we bring together biology, environment, culture,
and racial bias to present a unified understanding of the ways we
think, how we speak, and our intelligence. We cover stages of
development and how humans harness language to express
themselves. Culture greatly influences the language we fluently
speak, which in turn can impact our scores on an IQ test. Thus, we
examine how psychologists are working to remove cultural bias from
intelligence tests, better understand languages of different cultures,
and tap into the decision-making process.
Put problem-solving skills to the test with mind-bender
exercises.
Recognize the history of intelligence testing and how tests of
the past are different from those of today.
Understand the pieces of language that allow us to
communicate complex thoughts.
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Chapter 8: Personality
In this chapter, we focus on the many unique traits that make us
who we are. From extraverted to introverted, we introduce the
personality tests that are scientifically valid, and some that—perhaps
surprisingly—aren’t. The journey begins with Freud, where we learn
about his theories of why we act the way we do. To appreciate how
his theories still influence us today, we look at examples such as the
case of Nicole Kluemper’s repressed memories. This chapter also
dissects other famous theories of personality, to provide a better
understanding of the need for diverse perspectives about the field.
Connect Freud’s theory of personality with current events.
Recognize a scientifically supported personality test.
Learn about the benefits of personality tests and social
network sites in the hiring process.
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Chapter 9: Life Span Development and its
Contexts
In this chapter, we follow development from the miracle of birth to
the psychological effects of aging and death. We begin with the
growth of a fetus and explore complications that can arise with
fertility (that is, the ability to reproduce). We take a deep look at early
milestones, from the sensory abilities of a newborn to the language
development of a child. In addition, we consider development from
multiple viewpoints, including biological, cognitive, and social
perspectives. We follow human development through death to see
not only how we cope with aging but also how we thrive as we age.
Explore how a fetus is capable of learning, even before birth.
Take an honest look at fertility and the complications women
experience.
Learn not only how we cope with aging but also how we can
thrive during this stage of life.
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Chapter 10: Social and Cultural Influences
In this chapter, we tackle some of the most difficult questions
about human nature—one of which is, if humans are so similar, why
do we see each other as so different? We present an array of
scientific explanations to address racism, aggression, beauty
standards, belongingness, and diversity. To provide important
lessons learned from social psychology, we discuss classic studies,
like Milgram’s obedience experiment, and current ones, such as
Bushman’s investigation of TV violence and its connection with
aggression. Furthermore, this chapter applies the principles of
persuasion to social media advertising to demonstrate how the
everyday person can be misled.
Recognize the power of groups on thoughts and behavior.
Connect social psychology’s theories to current issues such
as racism, medical care, and altruism.
Understand why we stereotype and why we make false
assumptions about others, and how to correct these behaviors.
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
In this chapter, we ask questions about why we do what we do
and how we feel. Why do we eat foods that are not healthy for us?
How can we gain control of our emotions? What strategies can we
use? We use many foundational theories to introduce concepts
related to hunger and fullness, feelings of belongingness and
esteem, and expressing and thinking about our emotions. An
appreciation of how culture and society influence us, and how we
express emotion, helps us develop a more nuanced worldview.
Explore the widely applied hierarchy of needs model
developed by Abraham Maslow.
Apply strategies we can use to find an elusive work-life
balance.
Follow the science on how we can realize our pursuit of
happiness.
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