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Cognitive Therapies
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Schizophrenia and Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy
Humanistic Therapies
Person-Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Group-Therapy Approaches
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
The Bottom Line: Does Psychotherapy Work?
Are Some Therapies Better Than Others?
What Are the Active Ingredients?
A Supportive Relationship
A Ray of Hope
An Opportunity to Open Up
What’s Your Prediction?
What’s the Future of Psychotherapy?
Eclectic Approach
Empirical Support
Treatment and Technology
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressants
Mood Stabilizers
Antipsychotic Drugs
Perspectives on Drug Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychosurgery
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Treatment and
Interventions
Appendix: Statistics in Psychology
Descriptive Statistics
What We Know About Data and Why It Is Important
Continuous and Discrete Data
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Scales of Measurement
Why Summarize Data?
Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs
Frequency Distribution Tables
Frequency Distribution Graphs
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Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of Variability
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Graphing Means and Correlations
Graphing Group Means
Graphing Correlations
Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of
Data
Inferential Statistics
What Are We Making Inferences About?
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Using the Criterion and Test Statistic to Make a
Decision
Illustrating NHST: The Courtroom Analogy
Types of Error and Power
Decision: Retain the Null Hypothesis
Decision: Reject the Null Hypothesis
Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
t Tests and ANOVAs
Correlation and Regression
Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
Tests for Ordinal Data
Nonparametric Alternatives to Pearson r
Tests for Nominal (Categorical) Data
Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population?
Cohen’s d
Proportion of Variance: η2, R2
Proportion of Variance: Cramer’s V
Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a
Parameter?
Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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ESSENTIAL. EXPERIENTIAL. ENGAGING.
Essentials of Psychology propels students into a clear, vibrant
understanding of psychological science through concise
explanations, real-life examples, and active practice. Introductory
psychology may be a student’s first exposure to the scientific method
—or a step toward a career in the field. This book takes an
integrative approach that meets individuals where they are and
builds from there. Inside, you’ll find:
What’s Your Prediction?—Clear accounts of classic or
recent studies in each chapter invite you to take on the role of
subject, experimenter, or observer, placing yourself into the
details of each study and predicting results.
Psychology Experiment Exercise videos—These videos
bring to life classic studies so that you can discover, question,
and experience psychological research methods and findings
first-hand.
Concepts in Action videos—More than a break from
reading, these videos clarify and reinforce important
foundational concepts and provide opportunities for greater
critical synthesis.
Spaced, embedded study aids—Visual and contextual
learning hints empower classroom success and stronger critical
thinking.
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PREFACE TO THE STUDENT
WHAT’S YOUR PREDICTION? Can a better understanding of
psychology change your life?
Whether you’re an aspiring psychologist or pursuing a different
career, we believe the answer is yes. Technology is constantly
moving the needle for how we live, interact, and engage. Greater
access to information, virtual communication, and social media gives
each of us more opportunities to connect. Psychology helps
illuminate the forces driving our need to make those connections.
Hashtags like #MeToo, #WhyIStayed, #BlackLivesMatter, and
#GivingTuesday bring to light not only the differences between us
but also the aspects of human behavior that unite us. By immersing
yourself in the principles of psychology, you can discover not only
how these principles apply to your own life but also how they impact
the world in which we live.
With psychology entering its third century as a formal discipline,
we could easily offer you a huge text, piling new theories and
discoveries on old ones from psychology’s historical warehouse.
Instead, we’ve tried to balance efficiency with depth of coverage that
highlights the defining and distinguishing features of the field.
Think Like a Psychologist
Our primary goal with this book is to develop your ability to think
critically about the human experience—in other words, to think like a
psychologist.
If you look globally at countries, economies, and businesses, or
more personally at marriages, partners, families, individuals, and
even yourself, the world in which we live is really an interaction
among people—a shared lived experience. Understanding the
nature of this experience requires context and critical thinking. To
that end, this material provides:
Historical connections. Important moments in psychology,
like the emergence of psychoanalysis as a behavioral therapy
and the Jane Doe case study of repression that made it to the
California Supreme Court, help you see how the field has
evolved and grown.
Real people, real lives. We introduce you to everyday
people and stories in ways that help you constantly evaluate the
lived experience of being human. Examples include a heroic first
responder who was Muslim, an upper-middle-class family that
was close to homelessness, and many more. These
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introductions help you see the world from many perspectives
and think critically about your own place in it.
Behind the headlines. The content is peppered with news
stories ranging from politics and law to sports and
entertainment. You’ll see how athletes like Serena Williams,
celebrities like Carrie Fisher, everyday people like Louise
Ogborn, and social media are helping to reshape society’s
perception of issues such as pregnancy, mental health,
coercion, and the field itself.
First-hand predictions. Have you ever heard about a story
and wondered if there was more to it? Or predicated an
outcome and then checked it against what actually happened?
This material presents you with frequent opportunities to make
your own predictions, just as a psychologist would, about cases,
examples, and ground-breaking scientific studies. The more you
practice, the sharper your critical skills will become.
Embrace Experimentation
We hope you will embrace trial and error as part of your
psychology journey. Research methods are central to psychology’s
identity as a science. The “data” or information we have—regarding
psychological disorders, the impact of chemistry on behavior, how
and why we feel, what stress does to the body, methods of
persuasion, and other phenomena—is thanks to the deliberate task
of testing predictions and building theories using the scientific
method.
As those test results are revealed, they build on one another to
present a more thorough understanding of psychology and human
behavior. However, those cumulative effects are never static. Some
ideas prove to be outdated or incorrect—like the perpetuated myth of
gender-based cognitive performance. When an accumulation of
science says otherwise, we must move forward and adapt better
theories. This quest for better theories is why psychology is dynamic.
This research process is introduced and fully presented in the first
chapter.
See Yourself in the Field
Another goal is to connect with you as fellow members of a
diverse and inclusive society. We believe that race, gender, sexual
orientation, and socioeconomic status are crucial factors in how the
field of psychology has evolved and where it needs to go. Therefore,
we seek to address our own implicit biases and illustrate relevant
events and developments, such as diversity and inclusion efforts in
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business. We feel that all this, and so much more, is worth talking
about to support our goal of diversity and inclusion in the classroom
and in the world.
Furthermore, we understand you want meaningful employment.
The good news is, psychology has a lot to offer your career.
Psychology majors thrive in many different settings, including human
resources, teaching, research, sales, sports, marketing, social
media, the arts, and law enforcement. In fact, can you name more
than a few jobs where an understanding of human behavior won’t
serve you? To better prepare you for your job hunt, coverage in this
material aims to demonstrate how useful psychology is in the
workforce. For example, psychology plays an integral role in helping
employees find their work-life balance, assisting employers with
conducting interviews that can reveal promising applicants, and
developing skills that translate into effective leadership, teamwork,
and motivation.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
As educators, authors, and people, we strive to celebrate
diversity and practice inclusivity. Therefore, reflecting current
research, we share a range of experiences, and use considerate
language, including careful consideration for how we discuss sex,
gender, ability, race, ethnicity, and other valued factors. Psychology
is the study of human behavior—a topic we should all feel connected
to. In this light, we are dedicated to presenting psychological science
in a manner that allows all students to be represented and
respected. As inclusive language and vocabulary evolve with our
understanding of psychology, so also will our materials in
subsequent editions.
You are the reason authors like us do what we do. Thank you for
this incredible opportunity to connect with you and introduce you to
psychology.
In the electronic edition of the book you have purchased,
there are several icons that reference links (videos, journal
articles) to additional content. Though the electronic edition
links are not live, all content referenced may be accessed at
https://vantage.sagepub.com . This URL is referenced at
several points throughout your electronic edition.
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PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR
WHAT’S YOUR PREDICTION? Can the right course material
transform your classroom and improve learning outcomes?
We believe so. That’s why we’ve built a product that solves
common teaching challenges and sets students up for success. We
packed it with examples students can sink their teeth into, activities
to get them thinking like psychologists, and lessons learned—not just
by us, but from some of the biggest names in the field. Then we
refined each element, incorporating feedback from instructors,
students, and specialists who are as passionate about psychology
as we are. In addition to being mindful of our own implicit biases
throughout the writing process, we engaged a diversity and inclusion
specialist to read, validate, and strengthen each chapter.
The result: an objective, classic, and mainstream look at
psychology today.
Remarkably Current
Included are discussions of the most recent work on the effects of
racism, the value of diversity, awareness of implicit bias, challenges
with fertility, the opioid crisis, domestic and international terrorism,
public health crises such as global obesity and the coronavirus,
equity and equality, wellness, the role of technology in our everyday
lives, and even the relevance of psychology in politics.
As academics, we also strive to meaningfully integrate research
and practice. Our choices are inspired and steered by the
scholarship of teaching and learning research that empirically
demonstrates the need for change in what is presented to students.
For example, Ferguson, Brown, and Torres (2016) expressed
concern with the myths and false stories published in texts such as
the story that no one tried to help Kitty Genovese. Rodkey’s (2015)
historical work revealed that the visual cliff experiment as written in
so many texts eliminated important pieces. We take a critical and
deep dive into the psychological literature and further recognize and
discuss findings, once accepted, that have since been debunked.
Refreshingly Practical
Psychology has a far-reaching impact across several careers,
which is one reason an introductory psychology course is available
to, and often required by, all majors at the college level. Therefore, in
this content we aim to demonstrate the value of psychology, not only
for its application in your students’ lives but also in their careers.
Psychology majors will find references to organizational
psychology, forensic psychology, educational and school psychology,
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clinical psychology, sports psychology, health psychology, and other
exciting fields within the discipline.
Nonmajors will discover how psychology can have an impact on
almost any career they might pursue. Search the latest job postings
and you’ll find calls for critical thinking, effective communication,
strategic decision-making, and the ability to collaborate and work in
diverse groups and settings. This content emphasizes the cultivation
of these skills, benefiting students of all interests and experience
levels.
Packed With Special Features
It is our goal to help you cultivate critical thinking, empowering
each student to learn to think like a psychologist. To achieve this, we
put much thought into features, organization, and readability. We
added pedagogical elements designed to get readers questioning,
reflecting, and discussing. Here are a few features we’re most
excited about:
What’s Your Prediction? Chapter openers describe a
classic or contemporary psychological study and ask the student
to predict the results. The results are then revealed, followed by
a brief discussion. This activity, more than any other we have
tried in the classroom, gets students to think critically about
research methods and their own assumptions about human
behavior.
Psychology Applied. These spotlight some of the most
exciting work being done in areas of health, education, law,
sports, and current events, enabling students to see the
relevance of psychology as an active participant.
Video Enrichment. Bite-sized videos support understanding
and the applications of foundational studies and concepts.
Psychology Experiment Exercises allows students to
learn about experiments such as Gibson’s Visual Cliff and
Bandura’s social learning theory, helping them understand
the real-world significance and application of these wellknown experiments.
Concept in Action dig deeper into tough concepts,
such as differentiating between classical and operant
conditioning, difficult biological functions, and types of
stress.
Try This! activities guide students through mini-experiments
so that they can test intriguing psychological phenomena for
themselves. For instance, the “Primacy Effect” activity provides
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materials to test how something as simple as the order of words
can impact our attitudes toward a stranger.
Periodic Learning Checksin each chapter enable students
to review their knowledge by quizzing themselves on the
material in a variety of formats, such as matching, sorting, recall,
ordering, multiple-choice, and true-or-false.
Thinking Like a Psychologist sections at the end of each
chapter prompt students to assume the role of psychologist,
considering scientific questions, a summary of related findings,
challenging readers to critically consider key theories, studies,
and pertinent contextual factors.
Organization
We believe the relationship between psychology and everyday
life should be a part of every chapter’s conversation. Therefore, we
highlight mainstream and classical psychological topics in each
chapter. You will notice these highlights throughout the content and
in our “Psychology Applied” features, where real-world topics and
issues in psychology are connected to content. As a team of authors
committed to culture and diversity, we weave cross-cultural and
diversity issues into the narrative. Some of the discussions we hope
these highlights will spark include mental health in American Indians,
wellness disparities in Black Americans versus White Americans, the
need for wellness initiatives to support employees’ work-life balance,
and intimate partner violence toward men.
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Chapter 1: Psychology and its Methods
In this chapter, we take a journey through the rich, albeit brief,
history of psychology and how the field has evolved, particularly over
the past few decades. Students are exposed to a range of
perspectives and see how psychology has matured as a discipline.
Also covered is the scaffolding that supports knowledge creation in
psychology: science. Many introductory textbooks separate the
introduction of psychology from its methods of inquiry, often
presented in a parenthetical second chapter. We take a more
integrated approach that presents psychology’s research methods
as part and parcel of its history, development, and current identity as
a science.
Explore how psychology can be applied across disciplines
and professions.
Take a deep dive into the science behind peaceful protests
and why they turn violent.
Gain a broad perspective of the science of psychology, to
increase research methods fluency.
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