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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_27_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
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Night Work, Sleeping, and Health
The Stages of Sleep
Presleep
Stages 1 to 4
REM Sleep
What’s Your Prediction?
Why Do We Sleep?
Dreams
The Nature of Dreams
What Do People Dream About?
Freud’s Interpretation
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Comparing Perspectives
Sleep Disturbances
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Parasomnias
Hypnosis
The Seeds of Controversy
The Hypnotic Induction
Hypnotic Responsiveness
The Myths and Realities
Coercion
Pain Relief
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Memory Enhancement
Psychology Applied: Does Hypnosis Enhance
Eyewitness Testimony?
Is Hypnosis an “Altered” State?
Special-Process Theories
Social-Cognitive Theories
Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Sedatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Opiates
Consciousness and Control
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Consciousness
Chapter 5 Learning
Nonassociative Learning
Fixed Action Patterns
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov’s Discovery
Basic Principles
Acquisition
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Pavlov’s Legacy
Theoretical Advances
Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Fears
Social Attitudes and Behavior
Psychology Applied: Can the Immune System Be
Classically Conditioned?
Operant Conditioning
What’s Your Prediction?
The Law of Effect
The Principles of Reinforcement
Reinforcers and Punishers
Shaping and Extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
Punishment
Stimulus Control
Self-Control
Practical Applications of Operant Conditioning
Developments in Operant Conditioning
Biological Constraints
Cognitive Perspectives
Observational Learning
Studies of Modeling
The Process of Modeling
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Learning
Chapter 6 Memory
An Information-Processing Model
The Sensory Register
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory
Capacity
Duration
Functions of Short-Term Memory
Working Memory
The Serial-Position Effect
Long-Term Memory
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Encoding
Storage
Formats of Long-Term Memory
Contents of Long-Term Memory
Neural Bases of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Forgetting
The Forgetting Curve
What’s Your Prediction?
Why Do People Forget?
Reconstruction
The Misinformation Effect
The Creation of Illusory Memories
Autobiographical Memory
What Events Do People Remember?
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Memory
Chapter 7 Thought, Language, and Intelligence
Concepts
Solving Problems
Representing the Problem
Mental Images
Mental Models
Generating Solutions
Trial and Error
Algorithms and Heuristics
Insight
“Blind Spots” in Problem Solving
Representation Failures
Mental Set
Functional Fixedness
The Confirmation Bias
The Representativeness Heuristic
The Availability Heuristic
Anchoring Effects
What’s Your Prediction?
Language
Characteristics of Human Language
Semanticity
Generativity
Displacement
Emergence of Language
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Developmental Sequence
Developmental Theories
The Relationship Between Thought and Language
The Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis
Culture, Language, and the Way We Think
Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
The Stanford-Binet
The Wechsler Scales
Group Aptitude Tests
Are Intelligence Tests Accurate?
Are Intelligence Tests Biased?
The Nature of Intelligence
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
General Intelligence
Gardner’s “Frames of Mind”
The Great Intelligence Debates
Nature and Nurture
The Racial Gap
Gender Differences
Education
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Teacher Expectancies
Stereotype Threat
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Thought,
Language, and Intelligence
Chapter 8 Personality
Psychoanalysis
The Birth of Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Theory of Personality
The Unconscious
The Structure of Personality
Psychosexual Development
The Dynamics of Personality
Freud’s Legacy
Neo-Freudian Theorists
Projective Personality Tests
Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis
The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach
Principles of Learning and Behavior
Social-Learning Theory
Locus of Control
Self-Efficacy
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Perspectives on Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
The Humanistic Approach
Carl Rogers
Rogers’s Theory
Self-Esteem
What’s Your Prediction?
Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s Theory
The State of Self-Actualization
Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach
The Trait Approach
The Building Blocks of Personality
Construction of Multitrait Inventories
Introversion and Extraversion
Psychology Applied: Use of Personality Tests and
Social Media Sites in Hiring
Perspectives: Do Traits Exist?
Thinking Like a Psychologist about Personality
Chapter 9 Life Span Development and Its Contexts
Genes
What Genes Are and How They Work
Genetic Building Blocks
Prenatal Development
The Growing Fetus
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
Psychology Applied: How Does Alcohol Affect
the Fetus?
Fertility
The Remarkable Newborn
Observing Infants
Reflexes
Sensory Capacities
Vision and Visual Preferences
Hearing and Auditory Preferences
Sensitivity to Number
The Infant and the Growing Child
Biological Development
Physical Growth
Motor Skills
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory
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Piaget’s Legacy
Social Development
Social-Cultural Influences on Cognitive
Development
The Parent-Child Relationship
Peer Relationships
Adolescence
Puberty
Cognition and Moral Reasoning
Social and Personal Development
Parent Relationships
Peer Influences
Sexuality
Adulthood and Old Age
Physical Changes in Adulthood
The Adult Years
Old Age
Aging and Intellectual Functions
Memory and Forgetting
Alzheimer’s Disease
Social and Personal Development
What’s Your Prediction?
Ages and Stages of Adulthood
Critical Events of Adulthood
Changing Perspectives on Time
Dying and Death
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Life Span
Development
Chapter 10 Social and Cultural Influences
Social Perception
Making Attributions
Attribution Theory
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Attributions as Cultural Constructions
Forming Impressions
Cognitive-Confirmation Biases
Behavioral-Confirmation Biases
Attraction
Similarity and Liking
Physical Attractiveness
Social Influence
Social Influence as “Automatic’’
Conformity
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The Early Classics
Majority Influence
Obedience to Authority
Attitude Change
Persuasive Communications
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
What’s Your Prediction?
Psychology Applied: How Persuasion Fueled
Fyre Festival
Group Processes
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Social Relations
Aggression
Biological Roots
Aversive Stimulation
Situational Cues
Altruism
Bystander Intervention
Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Cultural Diversity: A Fact of Life
Individualism and Collectivism: A Tale of Two
Cultural Worldviews
Conceptions of the Self
Intergroup Discrimination
Stereotypes
Prejudice: The Motivational Roots
Realistic-Conflict Theory
Social-Identity Theory
Racism in America
The Problem
The Symptoms
The Intervention
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Social and
Cultural Influences
Chapter 11 Motivation and Emotion
What Motivates Us?
General Theories of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Incentive Theory
The Pyramid of Human Motivations
Basic Appetitive and Social Motives
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Hunger and Eating
The Biological Component
Psychological Influences
What’s Your Prediction?
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Belongingness Motives
The Need for Affiliation
The Need for Intimacy
Esteem Motives
The Need for Achievement
Psychology Applied: Finding Your Work-Health
Balance
The Physiological Component of Emotion
A Historical Perspective
Brain Centers of Emotion
Generalized Autonomic Arousal
Specific Patterns of Arousal
The Expressive Component of Emotion
Nonverbal Communication
Sensory Feedback
The Cognitive Component of Emotion
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Counterfactual Thinking
Is Cognition Necessary?
Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together
Types of Emotions
Are There Cultural Differences in Emotion?
Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness
The Roots of Happiness
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Motivation and
Emotion
Chapter 12 Health, Stress, and Wellness
Studying Health and Wellness
Illness-Wellness Continuum
Biopsychosocial and Biomedical Models
Health Belief Model
Illness Prevention and Health Promotion
Psychology Applied: Growing Up Transgender:
When Is It Appropriate to Transition?
Mind Over Matter: The Placebo Effect
Stress and Health
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Sources of Stress
Physiological Effects of Stress
The Stress Process
Types of Stressors
Effects of Stress
Personality Types and Stress
The Immune System
The Link Between Stress and the Immune
Response
How Stress Impacts the Immune System
Coping With Stress
Coping Strategies
Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused
Coping
Relaxation
Physical Activity
The “Self-Healing Personality”
Hardiness
Optimism and Pessimism
Social Support
The Health Benefits of Social Support
What’s Your Prediction?
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Health, Stress,
and Wellness
Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders: A General Outlook
Defining Normal and Abnormal
Models of Abnormality
Perspectives
Combining Perspectives in a “Synthetic” Model
Diagnosis: A Necessary Step
Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Theories of Depression
Biological Factors
Psychological Factors
What’s Your Prediction?
The Vicious Cycle of Depression
Suicide
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Specific Phobia
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Social Anxiety Disorder
Cultural Influences on Anxiety Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Theories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Psychological History Factors
Environment and Severity Factors
Gender and Cultural Factors
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Theories of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Theories of Bipolar and Related Disorders
Biological Factors
Cognitive Factors
Personality Disorders
The Borderline Personality
The Antisocial Personality
Psychology Applied: The Insanity Defense
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Theories of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Biological Factors
Psychological Factors
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Psychological
Disorders
Chapter 14 Treatment and Interventions
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
Orthodox Psychoanalysis
Brief Psychoanalytic Therapies
Controversies in Psychoanalysis
Psychology Applied: Putting Repressed
Memories on Trial
Behavioral Therapies
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Operant Conditioning Techniques
Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing Therapy
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