Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3715_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
136
https://t.me/medicina_free
124. Nagueh SF, Mikati I, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Quiñones MA, Zoghbi WA.Doppler estimation of left ventricular lling pressure in sinus tachycardia: a new application of tissue
Doppler imaging. Circulation. 1998;98(16):164–50.
125. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left
ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society
of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc
Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314.
126. Nagueh SF, Sun H, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Khoury DS. Haemodynamic determinants of the mitral annulus diastolic velocities by tissue Doppler. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2001;37(1):278–85.
127. Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Hatle LK, Tajik AJ.Relation of pulmonary vein to mitral ow
velocities by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Effect of different loading conditions. Circulation. 1990;81(5):1488–97.
128. Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Redeld MM, Ilstrup DM, Holmes DR, Tajik AJ.Noninvasive
Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular lling pressures in patients with cardiomyopathies: a simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study.
Am J Cardiol. 1996;28(5):1226–33.
129. Nishimura RA, Kazmier FJ, Smith HC, Danielson GK.Right ventricular outow obstruction
caused by constrictive pericardial disease. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(11):1447–8.
130. Nishimura RA, Miller JFA, Callahan MJ, Benassi RC, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Doppler
echocardiography: theory, instrumentation, technique, and application. Mayo Clin Proc.
1985;60(5):321–43.
131. Nishimura RA, Schwartz RS, Tajik AJ, Holmes DR Jr. Noninvasive measurement of rate of
left ventricular relaxation by Doppler echocardiography. Validation with simultaneous cardiac catheterization. Circulation. 1993;88(1):146–55.
132. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. Distinctive two-dimensional echocardiographic
appearance of septal infarct secondary to isolated occlusion of rst septal perforator artery.
Echocardiography. 1984;1(1):978.
133. Nishimura RA. Constrictive pericarditis in the modern era: a diagnostic dilemma. Heart.
2001;86(6):619–23.
134. Notomi Y, Setser RM, Shiota T, Martin-Miklovic MG, Weaver JA, Popovic ZB, Yamada H,
Greenberg NL, White RD, Thomas JD.Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging: validation study with tagged magnetic resonance imaging.
Circulation. 2005;111(9):1141–7.
135. Notomi Y, Shiota T, Popović ZB, Weaver JA, Oryszak SJ, Greenberg NL, White RD, Thomas
JD, Setser RM, Lysyansky P, Martin-Miklovic MG.Measurement of ventricular torsion by
two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2005;45(12):2034–41.
136. Negishi K, Popovic ZB, Negishi T, etal. Pericardiectomy is associated with improvement
in longitudinal displacement of left ventricular free wall due to increased counterclock wise
septalto-lateral rotational displacement. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1204):e2.
137. Ortbals DW, Avioli LV.Tuberculous pericarditis. Arch Int Med. 1979;139(2):231–4.
138. Oh JK, Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Nishimura RA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ.The noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function with twodimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1997;10(3):246–70.
139. Oh JK, Hatle LK, Mulvagh SL, Tajik AJ.Transient constrictive pericarditis: diagnosis by
two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68(12):1158–64.
140. Oh JK, Hatle LK, Seward JB, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Reeder GS, Tajik AJ.Diagnostic
role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol.
1994;23(1):154–5.
141. Oh JK, Seward JB, Tajik AJ, editors. The echo manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
142. Oh JK, Tajik AJ, Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Nishimura RA, Seward JB.Preload reduction to
unmask the characteristic Doppler features of constrictive pericarditis: a new observation.
Circulation. 1997;95(4):796–9.
8 Imaging Studies andHaemodynamics inChronic Constrictive Pericarditis
References
https://t.me/medicina_free
143. Oh KY, Shimizu M, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Danielson GK.Surgical pathology of the parietal pericardium: a study of 344 cases (1993–1999). Cardiovasc Pathol. 2001;10(4):157–68.
144. Osterberg L, Vagelos R, Atwood JE.Case presentation and review: constrictive pericarditis.
Western J Med. 1998;169(4):232.
145. Peebles CR, Shambrook JS, Harden SP. Pericaridal disease-anatomy and function. Br J
Radiol. 2011;84:S324–37.
146. Pandian NG, Skorton DJ, Kieso RA, Kerber RE.Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis by
two-dimensional echocardiography: studies in a new experimental model and in patients. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(6):1164–73.
147. Palka P, Lange A, Donnelly JE, Nihoyannopoulos P.Differentiation between restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis by early diastolic Doppler myocardial velocity gradient at the posterior wall. Circulation. 2000;102(6):655–62.
148. Palka P, Lange A, Fleming AD, Donnelly JE, Dutka DP, Starkey IR, Shaw TR, Sutherland
GR, Fox KA.Differences in myocardial velocity gradient measured throughout the cardiac
cycle in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, athletes and patients with left ventricular
hypertrophy due to hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(3):760–8.
149. Palka P, Lange A, Fleming AD, Fenn LN, Bouki KP, Shaw TR, Fox KA, McDicken WN,
Sutherland GR.Age-related transmural peak mean velocities and peak velocity gradients by
Doppler myocardial imaging in normal subjects. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(6):940–50.
150. Palka P, Lange A, Wright RA, Starkey IR, Fleming AD, Bouki KP, Sutherland GR, Shaw TR,
Fox KA.Myocardial velocity gradient measured throughout the cardiac cycle in dilated cardiomyopathy hearts– a potential new parameter of systolic and diastolic myocardial function
by Doppler myocardial imaging. Eur J Ultrasound. 1997;5(3):141–54.
151. Pellerin D, Berdeaux A, Cohen L, Giudicelli JF, Witchitz S, Veyrat C.Comparison of 2 myocardial velocity gradient assessment methods during dobutamine infusion with Doppler myocardial imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12(1):22–31.
152. Popovic ZB, Grimm RA, Ahmad A, etal. Longitudinal rotation: an unrecognised motion pattern in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008;94:e11.
153. Pellerin D, Cohen L, Larrazet F, Pajany F, Witchitz S, Veyrat C.Preejectional left ventricular
wall motion in normal subjects using Doppler tissue imaging and correlation with ejection
fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(5):601–7.
154. Phillips A, Shaper AG, Whincup PH.Association between serum albumin and mortality from
cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Lancet. 1989;2:1434–6.
155. Pettigrew RI, Oshinski JN, Chatzimavroudis G, Dixon WT.MRI techniques for cardiovascular imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging Off J Int Soc Magn Reson Med. 1999;10(5):590–601.
156. Pettigrew RI. Dynamic cardiac MR imaging. Techniques and applications. Radiol Clin N
Am. 1989;27(6):1183–203.
157. Plessier A, Sibert A, Consigny Y, etal. Aiming at minimal invasiveness as a therapeutic strategy for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology. 2006;44(5):1308–16.
158. Plessier A, Valla DC.Budd-Chiari syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28(3):259–69.
159. Rooney JJ, Crocco JA, Lyons HA.Tuberculous pericarditis. Ann Intern Med. 1970;72:73–81.
160. Reuss CS, Wilansky SM, Lester SJ, Lusk JL, Grill DE, Oh JK, etal. Using mitral ‘annulus
reversus’ to diagnose constrictive pericarditis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:372–5.
161. Rajagopalan N, Garcia MJ, Rodriguez L, Murray RD, Apperson-Hansen C, Stugaard M,
Thomas JD, Klein AL.Comparison of new Doppler echocardiographic methods to differentiate constrictive pericardial heart disease and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol.
2001;87:86–94.
162. Roberts WI, Spray TL.Pericardial heart disease: a study of its causes, consequences and morphologic features. In: Spodick DH, editor. Cardiovascular clinics, vol. 7 (3). Philadelphia:
F.A.Davis; 1976. p.11–68.
163. Rienmüller R, Doppman JL, Lissner J, Kemkes BM, Strauer BE. Constrictive pericardial disease: prognostic signicance of a nonvisualized left ventricular wall. Radiology.
1985;156:753–5.
137
138
https://t.me/medicina_free
164. Rienmuller R, Groll R, Lipton MJ.CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. Radiol Clin
N Am. 2004;42:587–601.
165. Rienmuller R, Gurgan M, Erdmann E, Kemkes BM, Kreutzer E, Weinhold C.CT and MR
evaluation of pericardial constriction: a new diagnostic and therapeutic concept. J Thorac
Imaging. 1993;8:108–21.
166. Roberts JT, Beck CS.The effect of chronic cardiac compression on the size of the heart
muscle bers. Am Heart J. 1941;22:314–20.
167. Rodriguez E, Soler R, Juffe A, Salgado L.CT and MR ndings in a calcied myocardial
tuberculoma of the left ventricle. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25:577–9.
168. Schwartz ML, Colan SD. Familial restrictive cardiomyopathy with skeletal abnormalities.
Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(5):636–9.
169. Shaper AG. Cardiovascular disease in the tropics. II Endomyocardial brosis. Br Med
J. 1972;3:743–6.
170. Strang JI, Kakaza HH, Gibson DG, Girling DJ, Nunn AJ, Fox W.Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in Transkei. Lancet.
1987;2:1418–22.
171. Shaper AG.The aaetiology of endomyocardial brosis. In: Valiathan MS, Somers K, Kartha
CC, editors. Endomyocardial brosis. New Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1993. p.111–20.
172. Strang JI, Nunn AJ, Johnson DA, Casbard A, Gibson DG, Girling DJ.Management of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis and tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei: results at 10
years follow-up. QJM. 2004;97:525–35.
173. Shivakumar K, Appukuttan PS, Kartha CC.Interactions of thorium and cerium with adenine
nucleotides. Biochem Int. 1989;19:845–53.
174. Strang JI.Rapid resolution of tuberculous pericardial effusions with high dose prednisone
and antituberculous drugs. J Infect. 1994;28:251–4.
175. Shivakumar K, Nair RR, Valiathan MS.Paradoxical effect of cerium on collagen synthesis in
cardiac broblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1992;24:775–80.
176. Strang JI.Tuberculous pericarditis in Transkei. Clin Cardiol. 1984;7:667–70.
177. Shrestha SM, Okuda K, Uchida T, etal. Endemicity and clinical picture of liver disease due to
obstruction of the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava in Nepal. J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
1996;11:170–9.
178. Strang JIG. Tuberculous pericarditis. In: Campbell GD, Seedat YK, Daynes G, editors.
Clinical medicine and health in developing Africa. Cape Town: David Philip; 1982. p.145–9.
179. Sagrista-Sauleda J, Almenar Bonet L, Angel Ferrer J, Bardají Ruiz A, Bosch Genover X,
Guindo Soldevila J, et al. The clinical practice guidelines of the Sociedad Espanola de
Cardiologia on pericardial pathology. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2000;53:394–412.
180. Sun JP, Abdalla IA, Yang XS, Rajagopalan N, Stewart WJ, Garcia MJ, et al. Respiratory
variation of mitral and pulmonary venous Doppler ow velocities in constrictive pericarditis
before and after pericardiectomy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14:1119–26.
181. Sagrista-Sauleda J, Angel J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J. Long-term follow-up of
idiopathic chronic pericardial effusion. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:2054–9.
182. Sagrista-Sauleda J, Angel J, Sánchez A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J. Effusiveconstrictive pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:469–75.
183. Strang JIG, Kakaza HHS, Gibson DG, Allen BW, Mitchison DA, Evans DJ, etal. Controlled
clinical trial of complete open surgical drainage and of prednisolone in treatment of tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei. Lancet. 1988;2:759–64.
184. Sagrista-Sauleda J, Merce J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J.Clinical clues to the causes
of large pericardial effusions. Am J Med. 2000;109:95101.
185. Schoenfeld MH.The differentiation of restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis. Cardiol Clin. 1990;8:663–71.
186. Senapati A, Isma’eel HA, Kumar A, Ayache A, Ala CK, Phelan D, et al. Disparity in spatial distribution of pericardial calcications in constrictive pericarditis. Open. Heart.
2018;5:e000835.
8 Imaging Studies andHaemodynamics inChronic Constrictive Pericarditis
References
https://t.me/medicina_free
187. Schiavone WA, Calaore PA, Salcedo EE.Transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic demonstration of pulmonary venous ow velocity in restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive
pericarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:1286–318.
188. Schiavone WA.The changing aetiology of constrictive pericarditis in a large referral center.
Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:373–5.
189. Sagrista-Sauleda J.Pericardial constriction: uncommon patterns. Heart. 2004;90:257–8.
190. Schnittger I, Bowden RE, Abrams J, Popp RL.Echocardiography: pericardial thickening and
constrictive pericarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42:388–95.
191. Sengupta P, Eleid MF, Sundt TM.Regional variability of pericardial thickness inuences left
ventricular diastolic recoil mechanics in constrictive pericarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.
2008;21:518.
192. Sengupta PP, Eleid MF, Khandheria BK.Constrictive pericarditis. Circ J. 2008;72:1555–62.
193. Sengupta PP, Huang YM, Bansal M, Ashra A, Fisher M, Shameer K, et al. Cognitive
machine-learning algorithm for cardiac imaging: a pilot study for differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e004330.
194. Sengupta PP, Khandheria BK, Korinek J, Wang J, Jahangir A, Seward JB, etal. Apex-tobase dispersion in regional timing of left ventricular shortening and lengthening. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2006;47:163–72.
195. Sengupta PP, Korinek J, Belohlavek M, Narula J, Vannan MA, Jahangir A, et al. Left
ventricular structure and function: basic science for cardiac imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2006;48:1988–2001.
196. Sengupta PP, Krishnamoorthy VK, Abhayaratna WP, etal. Disparate patterns oeft ventricular mechanics differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. JACC
Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1(1):29–38.
197. Sengupta PP, Krishnamoorthy VK, Abhayaratna WP, Korinek J, Belohlavek M, Sundt TM
3rd, etal. Comparison of usefulness of tissue Doppler imaging versus brain natriuretic peptide for differentiation of constrictive pericardial disease from restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:357.
198. Sengupta PP, Mohan JC, Mehta V, Arora R, Khandheria BK, Pandian NG.Doppler tissue
imaging improves assessment of abnormal interventricular septal and posterior wall motion
in constrictive pericarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:226–30.
199. Sengupta PP, Mohan JC, Mehta V, Arora R, Pandian NG, Khandheria BK.Accuracy and
pitfalls of early diastolic motion of the mitral annulus for diagnosing constrictive pericarditis
by tissue Doppler imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:886–90.
200. Sengupta PP, Mohan JC, Mehta V, Jain V, Arora R, Pandian NG, etal. Comparison of echocardiographic features of noncompaction of the left ventricle in adults versus idiopathic
dilated cardiomyopathy in adults. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:389–91.
201. Sengupta PP, Mohan JC, Pandian NG. Tissue Doppler echocardiography: principles and
applications. Indian Heart J. 2002;54:368–78.
202. Sengupta PP, Tajik AJ, Chandrasekaran K, Khandheria BK.Twist mechanics of the left ventricle: principles and application. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1:366–76.
203. Sohn DW, Kim YJ, Kim HS, Kim KB, Park YB, Choi YS. Unique features of early
diastolic mitral annulus velocity in constrictive pericarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.
2004;17:222–6.
204. Sankhyan LK, Yadav V, Sharma S, Choubey M, George N, Sushamagayatri B, Malik V,
Chowdhury UK.Assessment of myocardial mechanics in patients undergoing pericardiectomy for chronic constrictive pericarditis by tissue doppler imaging and 2D speckled tracking echocardiography: a prospective observational (cohort) study. J Clin Cardiol Cardiovasc
Intervent. 4(3) https://doi.org/10.31579/2641- 0419/115.
205. Santamore WP, Bartlett R, Van Buren SJ, Dowd MK, Katcher MA.Ventricular coupling in
constrictive pericarditis. Circulation. 1986;74:597–602.
206. Shabetai R.The pathophysiology of constrictive pericarditis. In: Reddy PS, Leon DF, Shavers
JA, editors. Pericardial disease. NewYork: Raven Press Books Ltd; 1982. p.272.
139
140
https://t.me/medicina_free
207. Shabetai R, Fowler NO, Fenton JC, Masangkay M. Pulsus paradoxus. J Clin Invest.
1965;44:1882–98.
208. Shabetai R, Fowler NO, Guntheroth WG.The haemodynamics of cardiac tamponade and
constrictive pericarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1970;26:480–9.
209. Shabetai R, Mangiardi L, Bhargava A, Ross J Jr, Higgins CB.The pericardium and cardiac
function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1979;22:107–34.
210. Shabetai R. Controversial issues in restrictive cardiomyopathy. Postgrad Med
J. 1992;68:S47–51.
211. Shabetai R. Left ventricular function and myocardial contractility in chronic constrictive
pericarditis. Chest. 1971;59:476–7.
212. Shabetai R. Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Cardiovasc Clin. 1988;19:123–32.
213. Tomoda H, Hoshiai M, Furuya H, etal. Evaluation of pericardial effusion with computed
tomography. Am Heart J. 1980;99:701–6.
214. Talreja DR, Edwards WD, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Tajik AJ, Tazelaar HD, Breen JF, Oh
JK.Constrictive pericarditis in 26 patients with histologically normal pericardial thickness.
Circulation. 2003;108:1852–7.
215. Tharakan J, B ohora S. Current perspective on endomyocardial brosis. Curr Sci.
2009;97:405–10.
216. Tharakan JM, Venkatachalam CG, Balakrishnan KG. Angiographic features of endomyocardial brosis. In: Valiathan MS, editor. Endomyocardial brosis. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press; 1993. p.168–84.
217. Tharakan JA.Electrocardiography in endomyocardial brosis. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol
J. 2011;11:129–33.
218. Thavendiranathan P, Verhaert D, Walls MC, Bender JA, Rajagopalan S, Chung YC, Simonetti
OP, Raman SV.Simultaneous right and left heart real-time, free-breathing CMR ow quantication identies constrictive physiology. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:15–24.
219. Talreja DP, Nishimura RA, Oh JK, Holmes DR.Constrictive pericarditis in the modern era
novel criteria for diagnosis in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2008;51:315–9.
220. Von Bibra H, Schober K, Jenni R, Busch R, Sebening H, Blomer H.Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis by pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the hepatic vein. Am J Cardiol.
1989;63:483–8.
221. Veress G, Ling LH, Kim KHJ, Dal-Bianco JP, Schaff HV, Espinosa RE.Mitral and tricuspid
annular velocities before and after pericardiectomy in patients with constrictive pericarditis.
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;110:959–619.
222. Veress G, Ling LH, Kim KH, Dal-Bianco JP, Schaff HV, Espinosa RE, Melduni RM, Tajik
JA, Sundt TM 3rd, Oh JK.Mitral and tricuspid annular velocities before and after pericardiectomy in patients with constrictive pericarditis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:399–407.
223. Valiathan MS, Balakrishnan KG, Kartha CC.Endomyocardial brosis. In: Ahuja MMS, editor. Advances in clinical medicine. New Delhi: Churchill Livingstone; 1991. p.125–43.
224. Valiathan MS, Kartha CC.Endomyocardial brosis-the possible connexion with myocardial
levels of magnesium and cerium. Int J Cardiol. 1990;28:1–5.
225. Valiathan MS, Shyamkrishnan KG. Surgical treatment of endomyocardial brosis: Kerala
experience. In: Valiathan MS, Somers K, Kartha CC, editors. Endomyocardial brosis. New
Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1993. p.220–7.
226. Valiathan MS, Kartha CC, Eapen JT, Dang HS, Sunta CM.A geochemical basis for endomyocardial brosis. Cardiovasc Res. 1989;23:647–8.
227. Valla D, Hadengue A, el Younsi M, etal. Hepatic venous outow block caused by shortlength hepatic vein stenoses. Hepatology. 1997;25:814–9.
228. Valla D, Le MG, Poynard T, Zucman N, Rueff B, Benhamou JP.Risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives A case-control study. Gastroenterology.
1986;90:807–11.
8 Imaging Studies andHaemodynamics inChronic Constrictive Pericarditis
References
https://t.me/medicina_free
229. Valla D. Hepatic venous outow tract obstruction etipathogenesis: Asia versus the west. J
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:S204–11.
230. Vaitkus PT, Kussmaul WG.Constrictive pericarditis versus restrictive cardiomyopathy: a
reappraisal and update of diagnostic criteria. Am Heart J. 1991;122(5):1431–40.
231. Valla DC.Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome). Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22:5–14.
232. Welch TD, Ling LH, Espinosa RE, Anavekar NS, Wiste HJ, Lahr BD, Schaff HV, Oh
JK. Echocardiographic diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis: Mayo clinic criteria. Circ
Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:526–34.
233. Wang A, Bashore TM.Undercover and overlooked. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1014–9.
234. Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB, Yeh BM, Hetts SW, Higgins CB.CT and MR imaging of
pericardial disease. Radiographics. 2003;23:S167–80.
235. Weiss JM, Spodick DH.Association of left pleural effusion with pericardial disease. N Engl
J Med. 1983;308:696–7.
236. Wang J, Nagueh SF, Mathuria NS, Shih HT, Panescu D, Khoury DS.Left ventricular twist
mechanics in a canine model of reversible congestive heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Soc
Echocardiogr. 2009;22:95–8.
237. Wang M, Yip GW, Wang AY, etal. Peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity by tissue
Doppler imaging adds independent and incremental prognostic value. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2003;41:820–6.
238. Westermark P, Benson MD, Buxbaum IN, etal. A primer of amyloid nomenclature. Amyloid
Int J Exp Clin lnvestig. 2007;14(3):179–83.
239. Yang HS, Song JK, Song JM, Kang DH, Lee CW, Nam GB, etal. Clinical characteristics of
constrictive pericarditis diagnosed by echo-Doppler technique in Korea. J Korean Med Sci.
2001;16:558–66.
240. Zaky A, Grabhorn L, Feigenbaum H.Movement of the mitral ring: a study in ultrasound
cardiography. Cardiovasc Res. 1967;1:121–31.
141
Chapter 9
https://t.me/medicina_free
Diseases Mimicking Constrictive
Pericarditis: Salient Features andNovel
Strategies ofManagement
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Clinical Features
The diagnosis of chronic constrictive pericarditis and its individual predictive ranking continues to be a challenge because its physical ndings and haemodynamics
mimic restrictive cardiomyopathy, tropical endomyocardial brosis and a few other
diseases.
About 50% of patients presenting with cardiac failure have normal ejection fraction, an entity known as cardiac failure with preserved ejection fraction. Hypertension
is the commonest cause of cardiac failure with preserved ejection fraction. In about
10–20% of cases, such a clinical presentation could be due to constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, cardiac amyloidosis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Other rare causes are cirrhosis of liver with portal hypertension, and chronic pulmonary embolism [1–24, 68–70, 73–124, 135–159, 161–179, 181–198].
Understanding the pathophysiology of chronic constrictive pericarditis and integrating the results of non-invasive and invasive techniques are the Rosetta stone in
the differential diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis and related disorders such as
endomyocardial brosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, post cardiac transplant
allograft rejection, and Budd-Chiari syndrome [1–71, 73–124, 135–159, 161–179,
181–198]. New echocardiographic techniques such as tissue Doppler imaging, two-
dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, dual source computed- tomography,
and tagged cine-magnetic resonance imaging with the analysis of phase contrast
angiography sequences are promising novel approaches [72, 199–235, 238–249,
253–288]. In this chapter, we provide step-wise algorithms based on clinical pic-
ture, echocardiography, and multimodality imaging for differentiating them, and
novel management strategies of important disease entities.
Ltd. 2023
U. K. Chowdhury, L. K. Sankhyan, Surgical Treatment of Chronic Constrictive
Pericarditis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5808-5_9
143© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte
144
https://t.me/medicina_free
9 Diseases Mimicking Constrictive Pericarditis: Salient Features and Novel Strategies…
Because the management of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy are radically different, it is extremely important to recognize the two entities.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy used to be relatively rare and caused largely by amyloidosis. It is becoming more common because of an epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
The clinical features of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy
overlap in many respects. Pulmonary congestion is usually absent in constrictive
pericarditis but is present in restrictive cardiomyopathy. Paradoxical pulse and
Kussmaul’s sign are present in approximately one-third of the cases of constrictive
pericarditis. A pericardial knock points to constriction, but a prominent third heart
sound in restrictive cardiomyopathy can be confusing [25–31, 95–97, 105, 125,
126, 138, 200, 202].
Although ndings on electrocardiogram and chest roentgenogram are nonspecic, a calcied pericardium indicates constriction; patchy endomyocardial calcication and cardiomegaly suggest endomyocardial brosis/restrictive
cardiomyopathy, whereas low voltage QRS complex suggests amyloidosis [5, 25–
31, 52, 81, 95–97, 105, 125, 126, 128, 138, 139, 200–202, 238].
On speckle tracking echocardiography, patients with constrictive pericarditis
have normal longitudinal restoration mechanics but impaired circumferential or
rotational mechanics, which is the opposite of patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial brosis [176, 212, 258].
Based on the echocardiographic features, an algorithm has been suggested by the
American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of
Echocardiography (now European Association for Cardiovascular Imaging) for the
differentiation of constriction versus restriction [161–166].
The algorithm utilizes the ve features: (i) mitral inow E/A ratio more than 0.8
with dilated inferior caval vein as the rst step, (ii) ventricular septal motion—septal bounce, (iii) medial tissue Doppler e′, (iv) medial e′ versus lateral e′, and (v)
hepatic vein reversal in expiration versus inspiration [36, 65, 82–87, 106, 107, 138,
161–166, 176, 239, 258].
9.1.2 Echo Doppler Signs ofConstriction
• Septal bounce/septal shudder
• Medial mitral inow variation of more than 25%
• Mitral e′>9cm/sec
• e′ ratio of medial to lateral >0.91
• Hepatic vein—expiratory diastolic reversal ratio >0.79
• Pericardial thickness on transesophageal echocardiography >4mm
• Strain: Longitudinal strain is preserved, and circumferential strain is reduced
Medial mitral annular e′>9cm/sec combined with enhanced respiratory variation
represents a robust combination for diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis with
9.1 Introduction
https://t.me/medicina_free
greater than 90% sensitivity [189]. An e′ velocity greater than 8cm/sec excludes
restrictive cardiomyopathy [36, 65, 106, 107, 139, 161–166, 176, 203–205, 239,
258]. However, respiratory variation is seen in only two-thirds of patients with con-
strictive pericarditis. Patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy usually have thickened ventricles [36, 65, 82–87, 106, 107, 138, 161–166, 176, 239, 258].
145
9.1.3 Cardiac Computed Tomography
Cardiac computed tomography is a valuable tool for assessing pericardial thickness
and calcication [2, 259]. A thickened pericardium (more than 4mm) is suggestive
of constriction, although constrictive pericarditis can be present without pericardial
thickening in upto 20% of cases [240].
Computed tomography can give additional information on chamber size, inferior
caval venous size and pericardial effusion. ECG-gated images can identify the septal bounce [75].
9.1.4 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
The following information can be obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging:
• Pericardial thickness: A thickness greater than 4mm is abnormal.
• Left atrial enlargement: The left atrium is enlarged more than right atrium (LA:
RA >2.0) in constrictive pericarditis. Biatrial enlargement is common in restric-
tive cardiomyopathy [37, 38, 107].
• Cine magnetic resonance imaging: Increased ventricular coupling with inspira-
tory attening of septum can be quantied in short axis cardiac magnetic reso-
nance. A septal excursion greater than 12% is specic for constrictive
pericarditis.
• Tagged cine MR: Detects pericardial adhesion and immobility of pericardial-
myocardial interface in constrictive pericarditis [86, 285].
• Delayed enhancement of pericardium is seen in constriction indicating pericar-
dial inammation.
146
https://t.me/medicina_free
9 Diseases Mimicking Constrictive Pericarditis: Salient Features and Novel Strategies…
9.1.5 Cardiac Catheterization Data
Before the advent of echo Doppler, haemodynamic catheterization data remained
the gold standard for conrming the diagnosis of constriction. Haemodynamic differentiation of constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy may be difcult (Table9.1).
9.2 Endomyocardial Fibrosis
9.2.1 Denition
Endomyocardial brosis is also known as Davies disease. In this type of restrictive
cardiomyopathy, there occurs scarring and deposition of brous tissue in the endocardium and subendocardial myocardium of right, left, or both ventricles that leads
to restriction of ventricular lling and diastolic dysfunction [1, 9, 25, 141, 217, 241,
254, 255].
9.2.2 Epidemiology
It is common in the poor inhabitants of the tropics with most of the 780 cases
reported in the last 2 decades originating from Uganda, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, India
(Kerala), and Brazil [1, 9, 25, 141, 217, 241, 254, 255].
It accounted for 15% of mortality due to heart failure in Uganda, 22% in Nigeria,
20% of heart failure patients aged below 40years in Ivory Coast, and 2.5% of
patients aged below 40years attending cardiac referral services in Kerala [6, 7, 39,
99, 217, 241].
The average age of newly diagnosed cases among the 123 new cases at Sree
Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology in 1991–2001 was
33years as compared to 25years among the 295 new cases in the 1976–1990 series.
Three percent were aged below 10years, and 12% were between 11 and 20years
[200, 254, 255]. There is scanty evidence to suggest an ethnic or racial predisposition [107, 199, 200, 218].
9.2.3 Causation: Evolving Concepts
Although the aetiopathogenesis of tropical endomyocardial brosis is unknown, the
following hypotheses have been put forward as plausible explanations:
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана