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Chapter 9 Urinary and Reproductive Systems 191
Online Resources for Students
Resources for students available on thepoint.
lww.com include the following:
Audio Glossary
Animations
Exercises and Activities
Certication Preparation Questions
1. Which of these is necessary for controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidney?
a. ADH b. FSH c. HRT d. hCG e. LH
2. Which of these terms is associated with a urinary infection?
a. Albuminuria b. Ketonuria c. Pyuria d. Glycosuria e. Anuria
3. What condition is associated with the buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood?
a. Enuresis b. Edema c. Anuria d. Nocturemia e. Uremia
4. Which of these is the functional unit of the kidney?
a. Renal pelvis b. Medulla c. Nephron d. Cortex e. Loop of Henle
5. The term used to describe the location of the kidneys is:
a. medioperitoneal. b. anteroperitoneal. c. subthoracic. d. retroperitoneal. e. suprapubic.
Competency Evaluation Forms
Harris CareTracker Case Studies
Interactive Games & Activities
Certication Preparation Question Bank
Videos
6. Which of these is a condition of having an undescended testicle?
a. Phimosis b. Cryptorchidism c. Testicular torsion d. Epididymitis e. Orchitis
7. BPH is a condition that involves enlargement of the:
a. penis. b. testis. c. prostate. d. epididymis. e. bulbourethral glands.
8. Which term is used to describe painful or difcult menstruation?
a. Amenorrhea b. Dysmenorrhea c. Menorrhagia d. Menopause e. Premenstrual syndrome
9. Which term is used to describe the condition when there is growth of uterine lining outside the uterus?
a. Vaginitis b. Salpingitis c. Cervicitis d. Fibroids e. Endometriosis
10. Which abbreviation is used to express the due date of the baby?
a. EDC b. FSH c. HRT d. LMP e. hCG
Section III
Administrative Medical Assistant Skills
Appointments and
10
Schedules
Chapter Objectives
Relate the basics of appointment scheduling and
management.
Describe the systems used for scheduling
appointments.
Identify the factors that affect appointment scheduling.
Follow a set of steps to schedule new patients and
return visits.
Specify three ways to remind patients of
appointments.
Explain how to triage patient emergencies, acutely
ill patients, and walk-ins.
Understand how to handle late patients, delays,
cancellations, and missed appointments.
Schedule inpatient and outpatient admissions and
procedures.
Make referral and consultation appointments with
other physicians.
Follow third-party guidelines to schedule tests and
other procedures.
Schedule hospital admissions for patients.
CAAHEP & ABHES Competencies
CAAHEP
Discuss pros and cons of various types of
appointment management systems.
Describe scheduling guidelines.
Recognize ofce policies and protocols for handling
appointments.
Identify critical information required for
scheduling patient admissions and/or procedures.
Manage appointment schedule, using established
priorities.
Schedule patient admissions and/or procedures.
ABHES
Apply scheduling principles.
Scheduling of in- and outpatient procedures.
Understand procedures for hospital admission and
procedures.
193
194 Section III Administrative Medical Assistant Skills
Chapter Terms
Acute Chronic Clustering Constellation of
symptoms
Consultation Double-booking Fixed scheduling Itinerary Matrix
Abbreviations
CPE EMS
Case Study
Matthew McNeil, a new patient (NPT), is calling your clinic to schedule an appointment. As Judy Simmons, medical assistant, questions Mr. McNeil about the
ER NPT (NP)
Modied wave scheduling Precertication Preferred provider Referral Streaming
OV STAT
purpose of the visit, she learns that he was referred by Dr. Linda Jones for treatment of his hypertension. He would like an appointment this week.
Third-party payers Wave scheduling
Patients call the ofce for a variety of appointments. You are probably familiar with some of them. Patients may require same-day appointments for acute illness or minor injury; others may be calling for routine care appointments, such as annual physicals or diabetic main­tenance, weeks to months from today. Additionally, there may be times when patients call with an urgent or even emergency situation. You must handle such calls with calm professionalism. Your clinic may have protocols to follow utilizing basic guidelines. If you are handling an urgent or emergency case, rst nd out what the issue or concern is and then obtain a phone number and location. You can continue to evaluate the situation after you have the critical information (phone number and location). If the situation is a true life-threatening emergency, try to keep the patient or caller on the line while you activate EMS (9-1-1). If the situation is urgent, try to schedule the patient as soon as possible that day. Many clinics leave open time slots during the day for urgent need cases.
C O G
BASICS OF APPOINTMENT
SCHEDULING AND MANAGEMENT
The key to an efciently run clinic lies in your hands. No medical clinic can run smoothly without a good sys­tem for scheduling appointments. The medical assistant
must utilize care when scheduling to insure that an appropriate amount of time is reserved and that nec­essary equipment or rooms are available. For example, if your clinic maintains one set of surgical instruments you would need to schedule your surgical procedures to allow adequate time for cleaning and sterilization of the instruments. If someone were to schedule back-to­back surgeries, the equipment would not be ready and a serious delay would occur. You’ll learn more about effective scheduling practices and ways to avoid time­wasting problems in this chapter. Of course, every ofce will have emergencies, delays, and unexpected schedule changes. In this chapter, you’ll also learn how to manage these challenges in an efcient and professional manner.
C O G
There are two ways of scheduling appointments for patients: manual or computerized.
APPOINTMENT
SCHEDULING SYSTEMS
Case Question
A F F
If the medical assistant is not familiar with that doctor’s name, how should she ask the patient about the doctor?
Chapter 10 Appointments and Schedules 195
In a manual system, each patient’s appointment is
r
handwritten into an appointment book using a pencil or pen. In a computerized system, a medical software pro-
r
gram is used to schedule patients into an electronic appointment book that is stored on the computer.
The method you use may depend on the size of the practice and preference of the physicians/managers. A large medical practice will have many providers who see patients by appointment. These providers could include physicians, physicians’ assistants, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, and other health care professionals.
Determining the best system for your clinic will require looking at all the factors. For example, are you the only person responsible for scheduling or is there a team of schedulers? After exploring the factors and the needs of the clinic, select the system that will work best for your situation.
Manual Scheduling
Some clinics may schedule all appointments manually, even if the other systems used in the ofce are comput­erized. As previously discussed, this method will require the use of an appointment book.
The Appointment Book
To schedule patients in a manual system, the rst thing you’ll need is an appointment book. This book will con­tain enough pages to record all patient appointments over a set length of time—usually a year. You may want to see a full week of appointments across the book’s two facing pages when the book is open. You may prefer an appointment book with pages that show 1 day at a time.
Some appointment books even have a different page color for each day of the week. You would nd this fea­ture helpful if you had to ip forward in the book 3 weeks to make an appointment on a Wednesday, for instance.
If you work in a clinic with more than one provider, an appointment book with a page for each day is usu­ally preferred. Each page will have a column for each provider. If your ofce requires a lot of patient informa­tion when scheduling, the book pages should be large enough to contain all the information.
In some ofces, each doctor has their own appoint­ment book. Appointment books come in many different colors, and each physician can have a specic color.
Appointment Book Standards
Any appointment book should meet these standards:
The book should be divided into units of time that are
r
appropriate for your ofce. Some ofces may sched­ule patients every 10 minutes. Other ofces may pre­fer 15-minute or 20-minute intervals.
The book should lie at on your desk when you’re
r
using it. It should be easy to put back into its storage space when not in use. Each appointment space should be large enough for
r
you to write in all the information your ofce requires. This should include at least the patient’s name, phone number, and the reason for the visit.
The Matrix
Before scheduling appointments, you’ll need to set up a matrix. You do this by blocking out the times pro­viders are not available for appointments. Some of these times—such as lunch, for instance—may be the same every day. Other times providers are not available may repeat on the same day each week—meetings, for instance. You should insure that the schedule reects the times that your physicians are available to see the patient. Never assume that everyone knows the physician’s schedule as this could result in patients being scheduled for times when a provider is not available. When creat­ing a matrix, it is also helpful to block out hours that the ofce is closed. For example, if on Wednesdays your clinic is open from 7:00  to noon, you would block off from noon to the end of the day.
You’ll have to block out other times, too, on a case­by-case basis, for vacations, business meetings, and so on. It’s also a good idea to block off time in each provid­er’s schedule as “catch-up” time for urgent or emergency appointments and delays.
The appointment system or book is important for more than just scheduling appointments. Along with the notes in a patient’s chart, it provides evidence of a patient’s ofce visits. It also shows changes such as missed and resched­uled appointments. That information could help protect a physician in legal disputes like those you read about in the chapter on Law and Ethics. The medical assistant is responsible for insuring that the appointment book is professionally maintained including the accuracy of its content. Figure 10-1 shows a typical page from a manual appointment scheduling book with the matrix built.
Case Question
A F F
closed for the lunch break, how should the medi-
cal assistant handle this situation?
If the patient in the case study says the only time he can come for an appoint­ment time is at noon when the ofce is
Computerized Scheduling
Most software packages available for medical ofce man­agement include a system for appointment scheduling. Using a computer to create schedules is helpful because it
196 Section III Administrative Medical Assistant Skills
HOUR Dr. Jones Dr. Smith Dr. Stowe Lab
8
00 815 830 845
Sam Johnson
900
555-2222
915 930 945
10 00 10 15 10 30 10 45 11 00 11 15 11 30 11 45 12 00 12 15 12 30 12 45
100 115 130 145 200 215 230 245 300 315 330 345 400 415 430 445 500 515 530 545 600 615 630 645 700
Mandy Melton
Diana Harris
Ray Ware - suture
Stan Gray
N O T E S
Recheck
Recheck
removal
Recheck
Lunch
CPE
THURSDAY, APRIL 11
Sue Dalton
Recheck Jim Hunt - FBS
Don Stephens
Recheck
Jewel Cherry
555-4444
CPE
Tony Disher
Kindergarten PE
Joe South
Recheck
Alice Cook
Recheck Susan Hill Work injury 555-1111 ref by Prime Care John Biggs
Recheck
off
Hospital Rounds
Tony Bay Sally Taylor Shirley Teague Jennifer Gibson
Lunch
Figure 10-1 Sample page from manual appointment
book. (Reprinted from Kronenberger J, Ledbetter J.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins’ Comprehensive Medical Assisting. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.)
saves time. For example, you only have to enter routine information for a matrix one time—such as lunch every day at noon, hospital rounds on Tuesdays from 9:00  to 11:00 , and so on. You can also add a patient appoint­ment, add a patient to the waiting list, and view the calen­dar or search for available times with just one click. Leaving catch-up time in the schedule makes it easy for you to t in last-minute appointments and emergency visits.
To use the search feature, all you have to do is enter the date. The computer then shows the schedule for that day. Times available for appointments will be highlighted. A computerized system also makes scheduling for multiple physicians easy; you simply enter the physician’s name or code and their schedule will be viewable. Additionally, visits could be assigned codes designating specic time allowance; for example, an NPV (new patient visit) would block more time than an RPV (routine established patient visit). Additional codes could be assigned based on the practice specialty. See Figure 10-2, which is a screenshot of a section of a computer-generated appointment schedule.
C O G
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
SCHEDULING
There’s much more to scheduling appointments than just matching patients to time slots and hoping everything
Figure 10-2 A computer-
generated appointment schedule. (Courtesy of Harris CareTracker.)
Chapter 10 Appointments and Schedules 197
goes smoothly. Before you make an appointment, you should review the schedule and do the following:
Evaluate the patient’s needs.
r
Respect the physician’s needs.
r
Consider the ofce’s limitations.
r
The Patient’s Needs
Most of the calls received are to make appointments and will be routine. Some patients, however, may be shy, anxious, embarrassed, or fearful about their medi­cal problem. You can assist them best by maintaining a polite, friendly, and professional attitude. Here are some questions you should ask the patient when scheduling an appointment:
Why do you wish to see the physician?
r
Is the problem acute (a sudden onset) or chronic
r
(long-standing)? How long have you had the symptoms?
r
How severe are the symptoms?
r
When is the best time for you to come to the ofce?
r
(Try to meet the patient’s time requests, if you can; however, don’t overload the schedule.) Do you have any special needs, such as community
r
van services, that we should keep in mind when mak­ing your appointment? (Some community van services operate only during certain hours.) Do you need to see other ofce staff while you’re here?
r
Does your insurance provider have any requirements
r
that we should know about?
When scheduling an ofce visit (OV), it is also a great opportunity to collect insurance information to verify that the clinic participates in the patient’s plan. Explanation of the clinic’s payment requirements should also be reviewed so that the patient is prepared.
The Provider’s Needs
Remember to keep these items in mind when creating your matrix. Not all physicians will need time to handle all of the tasks listed, so you will need to learn which items apply to your physician. Physicians on the staff at a teaching hospital may require extra time for clinic con­ferences and other teaching duties. You should incorpo­rate time for each of the items utilized into your matrix.
In your position as a medical assistant, you can have a positive effect on the provider’s schedule. Clinical duties performed by you, such as removal of sutures or admin­istration of injections, give the physician more time to see patients.
You should ask the physician their preference in han­dling unscheduled ofce visitors who are not patients. For example, the physician may want to be told imme­diately if another physician comes to the ofce. Staff persons may be asked to meet with sales representatives who drop by unexpectedly. If the physician wants to meet with the person, ask them to schedule an appoint­ment when the physician can meet with them. Also, sales and pharmaceutical representatives will drop in fre­quently with information about new products and sam­ples. Know your ofce’s policy on handling sales calls.
Physical Facilities
The ofce’s available facilities will also affect how you manage the appointment schedule. For example:
How many providers are there?
r
How many examination rooms are there?
r
Is more than one set of instruments available, or must
r
the same instruments be sterilized between procedures? How long does a procedure normally take?
r
You wouldn’t schedule two patients for a sigmoid­oscopy at the same time if there were only one room equipped for the procedure. Nor would you want to sched­ule the second patient 15 minutes if the procedure requires 30 minutes to complete.
Patients should be scheduled according to the guidelines set by the physician/ofce manager. These guidelines should be reviewed periodically to insure their effective­ness. If providers consistently fall behind in their sched­ule, a time allotment review is in order. Learning your provider’s work patterns and habits allows you to con­trol the schedule more efciently.
The physician’s schedule should also allow time for completion of other tasks. You may need to allow time for the physician to:
Receive and return phone calls
r
Review lab reports and other test results
r
Dictate chart notes and letters
r
Meet with other physicians
r
Meet with representatives from drug companies and
r
medical suppliers Visit hospital patients admitted by the physician
r
C O G
Most ofces use some type of structured appointment system for scheduling visits. Patients are assigned a spe­cic time on the schedule and allowed a set period for care. You’ll probably use one of these methods for sched­uling appointments:
r r r r r
appointments effectively, get to know all of the proce­dures the ofce staff performs.
TYPES OF SCHEDULING
Fixed scheduling Streaming Double-booking Wave and modied wave Clustering
Methods can also be combined. To help schedule
198 Section III Administrative Medical Assistant Skills
Fixed Scheduling
You’ll probably use some form of xed scheduling. In xed scheduling, each hour usually is divided into four 15-minute appointment slots. This is still the most common method of scheduling appointments. But if you don’t do it well, xed scheduling can have several disadvantages.
The patient may need more time than you scheduled.
r
You can help prevent this by nding out the patient’s needs before you make the appointment. Knowing why the patient is coming to see the physician will tell you how many issues the physician must deal with. Then you can assign the number of time slots you think the patient will need. This practice is called
Patients who are late can disrupt the schedule by back-
r
ing up the day’s ow. One way you can handle this is to schedule patients with a history of lateness toward the end of the day. You also can tell such patients to arrive 15 or 30 minutes before their actual scheduled time.
Patients who don’t show up for their appointments
r
can cause problems by wasting providers’ time. You can use double-booking to avoid this problem.
How Much Time to Allow
streaming.
they switch. When you use this method, the appoint­ment slot isn’t completely empty if one of the patients doesn’t show up.
Wave Scheduling
Many ofces use a form of wave scheduling or change it in some way to t their special needs. With wave sched­uling, you schedule several patients for the same time. For example, you would give all patients to be seen in an hour the same appointment time, for instance, 11:00 . Then, the physician takes the hour seeing these patients in the order they arrived.
The advantage of this system is that the physician isn’t hurried to see patients at specic times. The disad­vantage is that some patients may have long waits.
Modied Wave
The wave method has been modied, or changed, in many ways. One change is to ll the rst half of each hour with one major appointment, such as a physical examination. In the second half hour, you would sched­ule three or four brief recheck or follow-up visits.
Here’s another way you can use modied wave scheduling.
A number of things can inuence how much time you should allow for a patient’s appointment. Factors, as previously discussed, include the number exam rooms, number of providers and equipment needs. Here are a few typical services and approximately how much time you should give for each:
Complete physical examination: 1 hour
r
School physical: 30 minutes
r
Recheck: 15 minutes
r
Dressing change: 10 minutes
r
Blood pressure check: 5 minutes
r
Patient teaching: 30 minutes to 1 hour
r
Streaming
Streaming patients helps reduce schedule backups as well as gaps in time. You assign appointment lengths based on patients’ needs. For example, you might give a patient coming in for a complete physical an hour­long appointment—that is, four 15-minute time slots. A patient in for a blood pressure check would get just one time slot, or 15 minutes. And you might even double­book that time slot.
Schedule half the number of patients the physician
r
can see in an hour for the beginning of the hour. Schedule a third of the number of patients the physi-
r
cian can see in an hour at 20 minutes past the hour. Schedule the rest of the hour’s patients at 40 minutes
r
past the hour.
Table A
1:00 Larry Jones 555-4321 headaches
1:15
1:30 Frank Ness 555-1234 follow-up
1:45 Rick Smith 555-8976 cast removal
Nancy Wilson 555-7681 recheck throat Peter Paulson 555-9919 BP check
Table B
1:00 Frank Ness 555-1234 follow-up
Dorothy Close 555-4321 CPE
Larry Jones 555-3124 headaches
1:20 Rick Smith 555-8976 cast removal
Nancy Wilson 555-7861 recheck throat
1:40 Peter Paulson 555-9919 BP check
Double-Booking
When you double-book, you schedule two patients in the same time slot with the same physician. One sees the physician while the other goes for tests or is served by another applied health professional. Then
The appointment schedules shown in Tables A and B are two methods of modied wave scheduling. Note that one patient seen in method B could not be scheduled using method A. That’s because a complete physical examination (CPE) is a major appointment, and method A allows only one major appointment per hour.
Clustering
Clustering is the practice of grouping patients with similar
problems or needs. Some medical ofces reserve certain times or days for certain activities, such as physical exam­inations or other activities. For example, a pediatrician’s ofce might have you schedule vaccinations only on cer­tain days of the week. If you’re working in an OB-GYN practice, the physicians might see pregnant patients in the mornings and other patients in the afternoons.
Remembering Appointment Types
You can use the name of each type of appointment to help remember how it works.
Fixed scheduling: Something that is “xed” is stuck
r
or attached to one place. In this method, patients are attached or stuck into one appointment slot. Double-booking: Double means two. In this case, two
r
patients are given the same appointment slot. Streaming: Like rivers, some streams are long and
r
others are short. When patients are streamed, their appointment times are of different lengths too. Wave: Picture all patients arriving at once, as if they
r
were being swept into the ofce on a big ocean wave. Clustering: A “cluster” is things of the same kind that
r
are bunched together. In clustering, patients with sim­ilar needs are seen in the same time period—bunched together in a “cluster.”
Another use of clustering is that you might schedule certain tests, such as sigmoidoscopies, only at certain times of the week. Clustering has several advantages.
It makes the best use of special equipment.
r
Patients with similar problems can be educated at the
r
same time. The schedule is easier to manage.
r
It makes the use of staff time more efcient.
r
You can combine clustering with xed scheduling, wave scheduling, or modied wave. You also can combine double-booking with this and other forms of scheduling.
C O G
Some patients will call for appointments. Others will schedule their appointments in person. Whatever the method, you should always be professional, pleasant, and helpful.
ing and again in the afternoon. Late arrivals and other delays often will upset the schedule. These open time slots can help the schedule “catch up” again. They also create time for emergencies, last-minute appointments, or walk-in patients.
SCHEDULING GUIDELINES
Leave a few open appointment times in the morn-
Chapter 10 Appointments and Schedules 199
Cultural Connection
When scheduling a new patient, you should ask the patient’s native language and determine if an interpreter is needed. Communication is the key in quality patient care. A family member may be mak­ing the appointment for the patient, so you can ask if there will be someone accompanying the patient to the appointment. When communicating with patients who are not comfortable with the English language, speak slowly, not loudly. Remember, this person may have a hard time understanding the language but is not hard of hearing. Although it may be accepted in the United States to refer to someone by their rst name, in most countries it is respectful to always use the person’s last name when addressing them.
Appointments for New Patients
Most appointments for new patients are made by tele­phone. You must have very good communication with the patient at this time. It’s critical that you record the patient’s information accurately.
Case Question
A F F
information should be collected from Mr. McNeil at the time he makes his appointment?
It is likely that your ofce will have its own pro­cedures for making new patient appointments. Some ofces might even have you follow a script to make sure it’s done right. Critical information includes patient’s legal name (correct spelling), patient’s preferred name (if different from legal name), billing address, date of birth (DOB), social security number, (SSN), insurance information, referring physician’s name (if applies), and reason for the visit. It is extremely important that insurance information be veried to insure that your practice participates in the patient’s plan. You will also need to determine if an insurance referral is required.
If there’s enough time before the appointment, mail or e-mail an ofce brochure and new patient forms to the patient. The patient can complete the forms and bring them in at the appointment. It saves time if the form doesn’t have to be lled out at the ofce.
Recall the case study, Mr. McNeil is an NPT referred by another physician for treatment of his HTN. What critical
200 Section III Administrative Medical Assistant Skills
Appointments for Established Patients
The physician may tell a patient to return for a follow­up visit. Most return appointments are made before the patient leaves the ofce. Always write the patient’s phone number on the appointment schedule. Emergencies hap­pen, and schedule changes are easier if the patient’s phone number is handy.
C O G
In most ofces, you’ll be asked to prepare a daily sched­ule of appointments. You can use computer-scheduling software to print out these schedules.
other staff members. Place the next day’s schedule on the physician’s desk before he or she leaves for the day. Give next week’s schedule to the physician before leav­ing on Friday.
schedules:
THE DAILY SCHEDULE
Make a schedule for each provider with copies for
You should include the following information on these
Next day’s patient appointments
r
Physician’s hospital rounds
r
Physician’s surgery schedule
r
Professional or business meetings
r
Personal appointments that are on the schedule
r
If you work in an ofce that uses computer schedul­ing, you may need to create and print a weekly schedule as well. Many ofces create a weekly schedule in case of a computer “crash” that erases important information. If you have a weekly schedule printed, you will still have a fairly accurate record of appointments. The schedule may change as the day progresses. Remember to give everyone any corrected copies of the schedule that you distribute.
C O G
PATIENT REMINDERS
Patients are less likely to miss an appointment when they are reminded of it. Medical ofces use appoint­ment cards, telephone calls, emails, and mailed cards to help patients remember upcoming visits. When call­ing patients, use the term “conrming” as opposed to “reminding.” Patients could be offended by the fact that you are calling to remind them of an appointment as it could imply that they are forgetful. Conrming implies that you are just insuring that your records are correct.
Appointment Cards
Figure 10-3 An appointment card will help the patient
remember his or her appointment and reduce no-shows. (Reprinted from Kronenberger J, Ledbetter J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins’ Comprehensive Medical Assisting. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.)
The card should have the following information on it:
The patient’s name
r
The day, date, and time of the next visit
r
The physician’s name and phone number
r
Laila Hudson
has an appointment with
DONALD L. MYERS, M.D.
NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY
233 SOUTH SIXTH STREET, FIRST FLOOR
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19106
(215) 627-4380
on
2:00 Tues. April 5 6
time weekday month date
If your plans change please notify the office at least 24 hours in advance
,,201,
You should give the patient a card showing his or her next appointment when they leave the ofce. Figure10-3 demonstrates the receptionist assisting a patient by pro­viding a reminder card for her next appointment.
Figure 10-4 Sample appointment reminder card.
(Reprinted from Kronenberger J, Ledbetter J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins’ Comprehensive Medical Assisting.
5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.)