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Chapter 4 Organization of the Body and Integumentary System 71
Chapter Terms
Adipose
Albinism
Anabolism
Anatomy
Catabolism
Cerumen
Cyanosis
Dermatosis
Epidermis
Erythema
Extracellular uid
Homeostasis
Impetigo
Intracellular uid
Jaundice
Keratin
Melanin
Melanoma
Metabolism
Negative feedback
Physiology
Abbreviations
BSA HPV SLE
All medical sciences rely on the study of the anatomy
and physiology of the human body. Anatomy refers to
the structure of the body and physiology the function
of those body parts. When you understand the structure
and function of the body, it is easier to study and analyze
the disease process.
C
O
G
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE OF THE
HUMAN BODY
The best way to study the anatomy of the body is to
begin with the organization of the body from the simple level, or smallest components, to the more complex
level, the body systems. The cells of the body are the
smallest components and are the basic units of life. The
body’s cells are specialized meaning that they all have a
specic function. A nerve cell functions differently than
a muscle cell. These specialized groups of cells form the
tissues of the body, for example, muscle tissue or nerve
tissue. The tissues work together as an organ. Organs
work together to make up a body system. Now we have
a whole organism, the human body.
Body Systems
The human body is composed of eleven (11) different
systems, all responsible for a different function within
the body.
The systems and major function include:
Integumentary system
r
Skeletal system
r
Muscular system
r
Nervous system
r
Endocrine system
r
Cardiovascular system
r
r
r
r
r
r
Integumentary System
The word integument means skin. The integumentary
system is composed of the skin and accessory structures
including the hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
The main function of the skin is to protect the body.
Later in the chapter, we will cover the integumentary
system.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides the basic framework for
the body. There are 206 bones with joints between the
bones allowing for movement. Ligaments are the structures that hold the bones together. The skeleton also
protects internal organs from injury.
Muscular System
Muscles are attached to the bones allowing movement
of body parts. Muscles help the body to maintain posture and provide protection to internal organs. Muscles
produce heat in the body. In addition to skeletal muscle,
which is voluntary, there are smooth muscles found in
blood vessels and internal organs and cardiac muscle
only found in the heart.
Nervous System
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are the major parts
of the nervous system. The body relies on the nervous
system for control and coordination. The special sense
organs require the nervous system to act as a relay system sending electrical signals to and from the brain.
Psoriasis
Sebum
Urticaria
Vitiligo
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
72 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
Inthe chapter discussing the nervous system, the special
senses are included.
Endocrine System
Endocrine glands are organs that produce hormones,
which regulate the body activities. The hormones affect
growth and reproduction as well as metabolism and
nutrient utilization.
Cardiovascular System
The heart and blood vessels, arteries and veins, make up
the cardiovascular system of the body. The heart pumps
blood through the arteries to carry oxygen and nutrients
to the body tissues. The veins carry blood back to heart
from the body. The blood in the veins contains carbon
dioxide and waste products from the tissues.
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system assists the circulatory system.
Lymph vessels return uids from the tissues to the blood.
The tonsils, thymus, and spleen are organs of the lymphatic system and support the immune system of the
body. Lymphatic uid (lymph) lls the lymphatic vessels.
Respiratory System
C
O
G
Homeostasis means that there is a state of internal
balance in the normal body. Literally, the term means
“staying the same.” Environmental conditions may
change the balance; however, the body is equipped with
the ability to maintain the balance or homeostasis. In
order to stay healthy, conditions need to be maintained
including body temperature, volume and composition
of body uids, blood gas concentrations, and blood
pressure.
HOMEOSTASIS
ANDMETABOLISM
Body Fluids
The body uids must remain in constant balance, volume, and composition, in order for homeostasis to be
maintained. Fluids include extracellular uid found
outside the body’s cells and intracellular uid on the
inside of cells.
includes blood plasma, the liquid portion of blood,
and lymphatic uid. Blood plasma carries nutrients to
and from the cells. The intracellular uid, inside the
cells, maintains the homeostatic internal environment
of the cell.
Extracellular uid, outside the cell,
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for conducting air to the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place. The blood transports oxygen to the body, and carbon dioxide, a waste product,
is transported back to the lungs and expelled from the
body by breathing out.
Digestive System
This system is responsible for changing our foods into
nutrients that the body can use for cell metabolism.
Organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory
organs are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Urinary System
The primary organs of the urinary system are the kidneys. They lter the body’s blood removing waste products and excess water. Other structures associated with
the urinary system include the ureters, bladder, and
urethra.
Reproductive System
This system includes external and internal structures
concerned with reproduction of offspring. Male and
female sex organs are different, but both systems provide the necessary components to reproduce.
Negative Feedback
Homeostasis is primarily maintained through the process of negative feedback, a method that reverses any
shift from normal range by upward or downward
changes. Negative feedback responds to stimuli. This
feedback loop requires three components:
A sensor gathering information about a body
r
condition
A control center receiving input and sending correc-
r
tive action if necessary
An effector responding to the signal or action
r
A common example of this is a household thermostat, the sensor, set at a preferred temperature called the
“set point.” The thermometer responds to changes in the
room temperature. When the temperature in the room
drops below the set point, the control center noties
the furnace, the effector, to turn on and produce heat
to warm the room. When the temperature reaches a set
point, the furnace shuts off. Figure 4-1 demonstrates
how a furnace responds to the thermostat either activating it or shutting it off.
Our body works in the same way regulating
internal body temperature. A region of the brain is
the control center sending signals to effectors such
as sweat glands when the body temperature is too
hot and to the muscles, to shiver, when the body is
too cool. The nervous system acts to relay electrical
Chapter 4 Organization of the Body and Integumentary System 73
Room cools
down
Thermostat
shuts off furnace
Room temperature
rises to 70˚F (21˚C)
Heat
output
Room temperature
falls to 66˚F (19˚C)
Thermostat
activates furnace
Anterior
(ventral)
Medial
Lateral
Superior
Proximal
Distal
Posteri
(dorsal)
or
Figure 4-1
(Reprinted from Cohen BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body
in Health and Disease. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer; 2014.)
Thermostat regulation (negative feedback).
impulses, signals, between the components of the
feedback loop.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical and physical
changes that occur in the body’s tissues. There are two
types of metabolism:
Catabolism—the breakdown of complex substances
r
into simpler compounds
Anabolism—the building up of tissues through
r
growth and repair
C
O
G
Before the exploration of body directions, it is necessary to understand the anatomical position of the
body. When a person is in anatomical position, they
are standing upright facing forward, arms to the side
of the body with the palms forward, and feet parallel
BODY DIRECTIONS
Inferior
Figure 4-2 Directional terms. (Reprinted from Cohen
BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease.
13thed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
to the ground. Figure 4-2 shows each of the directional terms.
Directional Terms
The main terms used to describe the body directions are:
Superior—above or in a higher position
r
Inferior—below or lower
r
Anterior or ventral—toward the belly surface or front
r
of the body
Posterior or dorsal—nearer the back or backside of
r
the body
Medial—midline of the body dividing it into left and
r
right sides
Lateral—away from the midline, toward the side
r
Proximal—nearer to the origin or attachment point
r
of a structure
Distal—farther from the point of attachment
r
Body Planes
A plane describes a two-dimensional at surface. Body
planes are used to describe the body as it is divided
74 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
Figure 4-3
Disease. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
Body planes. (Reprinted from Cohen BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and
Sagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
into different directions. Figure 4-3 shows each of the
body planes.
Frontal plane—an imaginary line down the middle of
r
the body dividing it into anterior and posterior sections; also called the coronal plane.
Sagittal plane—an imaginary line down the body
r
separating it into right and left portions. If the line is
exactly down the midline of the body, dividing it into
equal right and left halves, it is a midsagittal plane.
Cranial
cavity
Spinal cavity
(canal)
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Ventral
cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Transverse plane—an imaginary horizontal line made
r
across the body separating it into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts. Also called a horizontal plane.
Body Cavities
The internal body is divided into cavities or spaces that
contain the body’s organs. The two main cavities are the
dorsal cavity and ventral cavity. See Figure 4-4, which
demonstrates the cavities of the body.
Dorsal
cavity
Figure 4-4 Body cavities. (Reprinted from
Cohen BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in
Health and Disease. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
Chapter 4 Organization of the Body and Integumentary System 75
Dorsal Cavity
The dorsal cavity lies on the posterior side of the body
and is divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal
cavity. The brain is contained within the cranial cavity
and the spinal cord is found in the spinal cavity.
Ventral Cavity
The ventral cavity lies on the anterior side of the body
and is divided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. These two cavities are separated by the
diaphragm, the major muscle of breathing. The heart,
lungs, and large blood vessels that join the heart are
located in the thoracic cavity. The heart and vessels are
located in the middle space of the thoracic cavity called
the mediastinum.
The abdominopelvic cavity is the subdivision of
the ventral cavity that lies below the diaphragm. It is
further divided into two sections, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen,
and most of the intestine. The pelvic cavity is below
the abdominal cavity separated by an imaginary line
across the top of the hip bones. This cavity contains
the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive
organs.
Abdominal Regions
The abdomen is divided into nine regions that assist in
describing areas of examination. The regions as shown
in Figure 4-5 are:
Epigastric region—centrally located just inferior to
r
the breastbone
Umbilical region—centrally located around the umbi-
r
licus (navel)
Hypogastric regions—centrally located just inferior
r
to the umbilical region
Hypochondriac regions, right and left—located just
r
inferior to the ribs
Lumbar regions, right and left—level with the lumbar
r
region of the spine
Iliac or inguinal regions, right and left—iliac is named
r
for the upper rounded edge of the hip bone and inguinal for the groin region
Body Quadrants
There are four quadrants of the body, which are more general than the regions. They include the right and left upper
and the right and left lower quadrants. These quadrants
represent an equal division of the abdominal region into
four parts. Figure 4-6 shows the four abdominal quadrants.
Figure 4-5 Regions of the body. (Reprinted from Cohen
BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease.
13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
Figure 4-6 Body quadrants. (Reprinted from Cohen
BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease.
13thed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
76 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
C
O
G
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Throughout the chapters of this textbook, you
encounter medical terms used to describe anatomy,
physiology, pathology, procedures, and treatments.
Medical terminology can seem complicated and hard
to understand unless you look at each term and literally break it apart into word parts, prex, root, and
sufx. The root is the main part of the word. Some
terms have more than one root. The prex starts the
word and modies the root, giving it more meaning.
The sufx is at the end, following the root, and modies the root. When the prex, root, and sufx combine, a complete term is formed. Putting these parts
together may require the addition of a vowel to the
root in order for it to blend together. When a prex is
written alone, it requires a dash after the prex, and
when the sufx is written by itself, a dash is placed
in front of the sufx. Table 4-1 provides an example
of how the word parts are put together to make a
fullterm.
Study Skill
As you begin to study the anatomy and physiology
of the body, you will understand that although there
are many systems, organs, and functions, the body
is very organized. The trick to studying this information is to organize your thoughts. Mind mapping is a
technique or method of building a diagram on paper
to visually organize the information. The mind map
resembles a spider web when nished. You start at
the center of the diagram with a circle, and there are
extensions coming out of various points on the circle.
For example, if you want to mind map the body systems and organs in each, start the middle of the diagram with the word body systems, and draw a line
away from the circle for each body system. Next,
draw a line away from each body system to represent each organ in that system. You can go further
and add the function of the organ. When nished,
you will have a visual diagram of the body systems
with each one represented as a separate extension
of the circle.
Case Study
Evelyn Miller is a 56-year-old patient who frequently sees the dermatologist to evaluate new
lesions she discovers on her skin. She had four
skin cancer lesions removed from her face and
now has found a new lesion on her forearm that
she wants checked out. As the medical assistant, Natalie, escorts her to an exam room, Ms.
Miller says that she doesn’t understand why she
is always getting these lesions. She said that she
Table 4-1
Medical Term Word Parts Example
Homeostasis homeo—same
Pathology path/o—disease
Intracellular intra—within
Anatomy ana—apart
Terminology Word Parts
stat or stasis—stoppage, consistency
ology—study of
ology—study of
-ar—pertaining to
tomy—to cut, incision dissect
does not recall any of skin cancer in her family.
She has always been a healthy woman who loves
working in her garden and swimming in the community pool. She still continues to do these things
and loves to wear a tank top and shorts when she
does her gardening and of course she wears a
swimsuit to the pool. She says that even though
she is aging, she still wants to keep her beautiful
bronze skin.
Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an
organism.
Pathology is the study of diseases or the disease process.
Intracellular means pertaining to inside of or within a cell.
Anatomy means to cut apart to discover the structure of
an organism.
Chapter 4 Organization of the Body and Integumentary System 77
Case Question
A
F
F
If the physician asks Natalie to provide
patient education to this person, what
should she tell her? If the patient asks
about skin cancer and if it is fatal, what should
the medical assistant explain to the patient?
C
O
G
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
The integumentary system is the natural place to start
introducing each of the body systems. The skin provides
the rst line of defense against infections and harmful
agents that would damage the body. The term integumentary means “covering” and can reect a person’s
health and emotional state. The accessory structures that
are associated with the integumentary system are the
sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails. Figure 4-7 shows
a cross section of the skin with the structures contained
within each layer.
Structure of the Skin
There are three layers associated with the skin:
Epidermis
r
Dermis
r
Subcutaneous
r
Epidermis
The epidermis is the top layer of the skin and contains
no blood vessels. It is entirely made of epithelial cells.
The epidermal cells are constantly sloughed off, and
replaced by new cells. The new cells are produced in the
stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. These
new cells are pushed toward the top layer of the epidermis. They also undergo changes replacing the cell’s
cytoplasm with protein called keratin. Keratin thickens
Nerve ending
Epidermis
Dermis (corium)
Subcutaneous
layer
Hair
Pore (opening
of sweat gland)
Stratum corneum
Touch receptor
(Meissner cor
Stratum basale
(growing layer)
Dermal
Sebaceous
(oil) gland
Pressure receptor
(Pacinian corpuscle)
Sudoriferous
(sweat) gland
puscle)
Artery
Nerve
Vein
Adipose
(fat) cells
Figure 4-7 Skin structure. (Reprinted from Cohen BJ. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 13th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
Hair follicle
Arrector pili
muscle
78 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
and protects the skin. This thickened, uppermost layer of
the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is more
prominent in thick skin, found on the palms of hands,
than in thin skin, as found on the eyelids.
dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from
the harmful rays of the sun. The cells that produce melanin are call melanocytes.
Melanin is a
Dermis
The dermis is referred to as “true skin.” It is where the
skin’s vital functions take place. Blood vessels and nerves
supply this layer of skin. Dense irregular connective tissue allows the dermis to be elastic and able to stretch.
This layer of true skin also contains the sweat and oil
glands and the hair follicles.
The dermal papillae are supercial projections of the
dermis that forms a pattern of ridges that help prevent
slipping. The pattern of the ridges is inherited and is
unique to each person. Fingerprints and footprints are
an example of the pattern of ridges. They are used for
a personal identication since there are no two persons
with the same pattern.
Subcutaneous Layer
The subcutaneous layer is a connective tissue membrane
also referred to as the hypodermis since it lies beneath
the dermal layer. This layer connects the skin to the deep
fascia covering the muscles. The subcutaneous layer is
primarily made of areolar connective tissue and varying amounts of
acts as insulation and provides a reserve energy supply.
The blood vessels, supplying this layer of skin, help to
regulate the body temperature.
adipose (fatty tissue). The adipose tissue
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Structures that are included with the integumentary system are:
Sebaceous glands (oil)
r
Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
r
Hair
r
Nails
r
Sebaceous Glands
The sebaceous glands are structures that secrete sebum
(oil), which lubricates the skin and hair preventing dryness. The ducts of the glands open into the hair follicles.
Sudoriferous Glands
The sudoriferous glands are sweat glands. They are
coiled, tube-like structures located in the dermis and
subcutaneous tissue. Their function is to cool the body.
As they release sweat (perspiration), heat is drawn
from the skin as the moisture evaporates at the surface of the skin. The eccrine-type sweat glands secrete
perspiration and excrete water and waste through this
process. Another type of sudoriferous gland is the apocrine sweat gland located in the armpits and groin area.
Secretions from these glands increase with emotional
stress and sexual stimulation. Body odor is caused
through the action of bacteria breaking down organic
cellular materials, which are excreted from the apocrine
glands.
Another type of gland is the ceruminous glands in the
ear canal that produce ear wax,
Hair
The body is covered with hair even though some hair is
barely visible, very soft, and ne. Hairless areas of the
body are the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, lips,
nipples, and parts of the external genitalia. Hair develops from stem cells located in the bulb at the base of
the hair follicle. Melanocytes add pigment to developing
hair. The visible part of the hair seen above the skin is
the shaft and the portion below the skin is the root.
Most hair follicles have an attached thin band of
involuntary muscle, the arrector pili. This muscle contracts when a person is cold or frightened, raising the
hair causing “goose bumps.”
Nails
The ngers and toes are protected by the nails. Nails also
help us grasp items too small to pick up with the hands.
They are comprised of hardened keratin ( protein). Parts
of the nail are:
Nail root—growth region located under the proximal
r
end of the nail
Nail plate—main portion of the visible nail
r
Lunula—visible “little moon” at the proximal end of
r
the nail
Cuticle—an extension of the skin that seals the space
r
between the nail plate and the skin above the root
Figure 4-8 shows a photo of a nail from the top and
a cross section of a nail.
The nails can tell us a little something about a person’s general health. Changes in the nail’s appearance
might indicate the presence of chronic diseases such as
heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition,
and anemia. With these types of diseases, the nail may
have an abnormal color, thickness, shape, or texture
such as grooves or splitting.
cerumen.
Functions of the Integumentary
System
The main functions of the integumentary system include:
Protecting against infection
r
Protecting against dehydration or drying
r
Regulating the body temperature
r
Collecting sensory information
r
Chapter 4 Organization of the Body and Integumentary System 79
LunulaNail plate CuticleFree edge
A
Nail bed
Nail plate
B
Figure 4-8 Nail structure. A. Healthy nail. B. Internal
nail and nger structures. (Reprinted from Cohen BJ.
Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease.
13thed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.)
Distal bone
of finger
Lunula
Cuticle
Nail root
Growth region
(nail matrix)
Protecting Against Infection
Pathogens are all around us just waiting to invade the
body. One common route of entry is through broken
skin. However, intact skin forms a primary barrier
against invasion of pathogenic organisms. The skin’s
surface cells are constantly shed, removing the pathogens with those dead cells. There are harmful chemicals
in our environment that do not enter the body due to the
protective layer of the skin.
Protecting Against Dehydration
The skin is a waterproof surface protecting the body
from drying out. Keratin and oil keep it moist and soft.
Even though some water is lost through perspiration and
evaporation, these substances prevent excessive water
loss. When the skin is signicantly damaged, excessive
uid is lost through the skin. An example is a person
who has experienced serious burns.
the body part becomes cooler. In a cold environment,
body heat is maintained in the core of the body. This is
why our feet and hands are colder. In warm climates,
blood ow is increased bringing blood closer to the surface of the skin. Heat dissipates through this process.
When we are warm, the skin actually becomes red. In
cold temperatures, the skin can become pale or bluish
in color.
Collecting of Sensory Information
The skin is one of the chief sensory organs containing
many nerve endings and special receptors. The receptors
detect pain, temperature changes, touch, and pressure.
These skin receptors initiate reexes that cause our body
to respond to the stimulus. For example, if you touch
something very hot, the immediate reaction is to pull
away from the heat.
Observing the Skin
During physical examination of a patient, the physician
inspects the skin for characteristics that indicate the general health of the individual. The physician will observe
the color and texture of the skin as well as any damaged
areas or abnormalities. Terms associated with the skin
color are:
Discoloration—distinct change in skin color.
r
Melanin—skin’s main pigment produced by melano-
r
cytes, darker people have a larger quantity of melanin
because their melanocytes are more active.
Albinism—impairs melanin production resulting
r
in lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. See
Figure4-9, a photo of an infant with albinism.
Vitiligo—blanching of the skin to near whiteness, due
r
to the defective action of the melanocytes.
Pallor—paleness of the skin usually caused by reduced
r
blood ow or reduced hemoglobin (anemia).
Flushing—redness caused by increased blood ow to
r
the skin, usually around the face and neck.
Cyanosis—bluish discoloration when there is not
r
enough oxygen in the blood, may indicate heart or
respiratory condition.
Jaundice—yellowish skin discoloration, which may
r
be caused by excessive amounts of bile pigments
(bilirubin) or may be due to hepatitis or bile ow
obstruction.
Erythema—redness of the skin.
r
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Regulating Body Temperature
The skin is essential in the homeostatic management of
heat and cold. Heat increases when blood ow increases
to a part of the body, and when blood ow decreases,
Physical and chemical trauma or disease can cause various skin conditions. They can be very simple or quite
intense. The general term used for any skin disease is
dermatosis. Lesions are wounds or damage to the skin.
Figure 4-10 shows various lesions of the skin.
80 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
on the skin is called an eruption. Other types of surface
skin lesions are:
Papule—a rm, raised area (pimple)
r
Macule—a spot on the skin, not raised or depressed
r
(freckles)
Nodule—a large rm papule
r
Vesicle—a blister or uid lled sac (shingles)
r
Pustule—vesicle lled with pus
r
Many lesions develop from trauma, sounds, or injury
to the skin. These result in deeper lesions and include:
Excoriation—a scratch into the skin
r
Laceration—a rough, jagged wound caused by tear-
r
ing the skin
Ulcer—death of the tissue resulting in a deep sore
r
Fissure—a crack in the skin
r
Burns
Burns can be minor or very serious. They can be caused
from contact with hot objects and chemicals, exposure to
sunlight, and electrical injuries. Burns are classied by the
depth of damage and the amount of surface area affected.
Figure 4-9 Albinism. (Reprinted from Kronenberger J,
Ledbetter J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins’ Comprehensive
Medical Assisting. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer; 2016.)
Lesions are classied by their type and location,
above or below the surface of the skin. A rash is a type
of surface skin lesion. A diaper rash is an example of a
localized rash and a disease like the measles can cause
a generalized rash over the entire body. A raised rash is
Macule Papule Nodule Vesicle
First-degree burn—supercial involving only the epi-
r
dermis; skin is red, dry with minimal pain; an example is a mild sunburn.
Second-degree burn—partial-thickness burn involves
r
the epidermis and dermis forming blisters; an example is scalding with water or severe sunburn.
Third-degree burn—full-thickness burn involving
r
destruction of the entire skin, extend into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone; skin is broken, dry and pale, or
charred; may require skin grafting or may result in loss
of digits or limbs; an example is exposure to open ames.
Pustule
Figure 4-10 Skin lesions. (Reprinted from Kronenberger J, Ledbetter J. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins’ Comprehensive Medical Assisting. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.)
Fissure Ulcer