Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5519_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Table 8-2
Aorta Exits the heart and includes the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic
Right and left coronary arteries Branch off the aorta and lead to the right and left sides of the heart supply-
Brachiocephalic artery Supplies the arm and the head on the right side
Right subclavian artery Extends under the right clavicle and collar bone and supplies the right
Right common carotid artery Supplies the right side of the neck, head, and brain
Left common carotid artery Supplies the left side of the neck and the head
Left subclavian artery Supplies the left upper extremity and part of the brain
Vertebral artery Located in the cervical vertebrae supplying blood to the posterior brain
Axillary artery Under the arm, armpit
Brachial artery Supplies the upper arm
Radial artery Supplies the forearm and wrist on the lateral or thumb side of the arm
Ulnar artery Supplies the forearm and wrist on the medial or little nger side into the hand
Intercostal arteries 9–10 pairs of arteries between the ribs and the chest wall
Left gastric artery Supplies the stomach
Splenic artery Supplies the spleen
Hepatic artery Supplies the liver
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries Supply the small and large intestines
Superior and inferior phrenic arteries Supply the diaphragm
Renal arteries Supply blood to the kidneys
Ovarian arteries Supply reproductive organs of the female, ovaries
Testicular arteries Supply the sex glands of the male, testicles
Lumbar arteries Supply the muscles of the abdominal wall
Common iliac arteries (internal and
external iliac arteries)
Femoral artery Supplies the thigh
Popliteal artery Extends from lower thigh behind the knee
Tibial arteries (anterior and posterior) Supply the lower leg and feet
Dorsalis pedis Terminal end of the tibial artery supplies the feet
Major Arteries
aorta, and abdominal aorta
ing the myocardium with blood
upper arm and brain
Supply the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs except the
gonads (testicles and ovaries)
Table 8-3
Superior vena cava Veins of head, neck, upper extremities, and chest drain the blood into
Jugular veins Drain from the head and neck
Subclavian veins Drain from beneath the clavicle and upper arm
Cephalic veins Drain from the head
Brachial, basilic, and median cubital veins Drain from the upper and mid arm
Radial and ulnar veins Returns blood from the forearm and wrist
Inferior vena cava Veins below the diaphragm drain their blood into this vein to return to
Common iliac veins (external and internal) Return blood from the groin area
Lumbar veins Return blood from the lower lumbar and spinal cord
Gonadal veins (ovarian and testicular) Return blood from the ovaries and testicles
Renal veins Return blood from the kidneys
Hepatic veins Return blood from the liver
Saphenous veins Return blood from the lower extremities and are the body’s longest veins
Femoral vein Returns blood from the thigh
Popliteal vein Returns blood from the midleg behind the knee
Anterior and posterior tibial veins Return blood from the lower leg and feet
Major Veins
this vein
the heart
162 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
External jugular vein
Brain
Internal jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Cephalic vein
Liver
Portal vein
Inferior vena cava
Capillary bed
Radial vein
Iliac vein
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Heart
Brachial artery
Spleen
Stomach
Kidney
Small intestine
Radial artery
Intestine
Rectum
Iliac artery
Femoral vein
Great saphenous
Posterior tibial
C
O
G
vein
vein
CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
High blood pressure, hypertension, and low blood pressure, hypotension, are conditions that are detected by
measuring the pressure within the arteries; however,
they may be due to underlying conditions not associated
with disease of the arteries. Some of the conditions that
affect the arteries and veins include the following:
Arteriosclerosis—hardening of the arteries caused by
r
loss of elasticity of the arterial wall, a buildup of scar
tissue, and irregular thickening of the walls
Femoral artery
Anterior tibial
artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Figure 8-6 Major arteries and
veins of the body. (Image from
Shutterstock.com.)
Atherosclerosis—fatty (plaque) buildup on the walls
r
of the arteries; leads to development of blood clots and
puts a patient at high risk for heart attack and stroke
Aneurysm—bulging or ballooning sac of a vessel due
r
to weakness in the wall of the vessel; it may be congenital or due to damage of the vessel; undiagnosed, it may
rupture and be life threatening due to the hemorrhage
Hemorrhage—the term literally means bursting forth
r
of blood, and blood ows out of the blood vessels;
may be internal or external
Thrombosis—formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel;
r
embolism is a moving blood clot traveling in the vessel
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 163
Phlebitis—inammation of a vein; thrombophlebitis is
r
inammation of the vein due to a blood clot in the vein
Varicose veins—also called varices are swollen,
r
gnarled veins that do not work effectively moving
blood; typically occurring in the lower extremities; in
the rectum, they are called hemorrhoids
When there is a lack of blood ow to an area of the
body, the tissues may begin to die resulting in gangrene
when the dead tissue is invaded by bacteria. This is a
common problem for diabetic patients’ lower extremities and feet. Treatment for arterial problems includes a
surgical treatment called endarterectomy, removing the
blood vessel’s lining that is damaged from atherosclerosis. A common place for this procedure is the carotid
arteries, which can open up more blood ow to the head
and brain.
C
O
G
The heart and lungs work together to provide the body
with the nutrients and oxygen to maintain the health
of the body’s tissues. Respiration is the process of taking in air from the environment and delivering the oxygen portion to the body cells. Carbon dioxide, a waste
product of cell metabolism, is transported to the lungs
to be exhaled during respiration. There are two types of
respiration:
r
r
exhalation and should average 12 to 20 per minute.
THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
External respiration—the exchange of the oxygen
(O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the alveoli of the
lungs with the blood
Internal respiration—the exchange of the oxygen (O2)
and carbon dioxide (CO
body, the body tissues
Respirations are measured as one inhalation and one
Case Question
A
F
F
to a heart doctor and not a lung specialist. If
you were the medical assistant, how would you
respond to the patient?
The patient in the case study asks
Carlos, the medical assistant, since he is
short of breath, why he is being referred
) at the cellular level in the
2
systems. We will explore the structures from the nose
through to the alveoli. Figure 8-7 shows the structures
and location of the respiratory system.
The Nasal Cavities
The nasal cavities include two nostrils (nares), which
are separated by a dividing wall, the septum. The nose
acts as an air conditioner for the air we breathe, moistening, warming, and ltering it before it is delivered
to the lungs. To assist with these functions, mucous
membranes secrete uid to moisten it, and cilia (hairs)
lter the dust particles. As the air is moved through
the nose, it becomes warmer. Although some people
are mouth breathers, it is recommended that we only
breathe through the nose allowing these functions to
take place. The nose also provides us the process of
smelling.
The Pharynx
The pharynx is what we refer to as the throat. It carries
the air to the respiratory tract and also serves the function of carrying food and liquids to the esophagus and
the digestive tract. It does not change the air as it travels
through the pharynx. There are three divisions of the
pharynx:
Nasopharynx—the section immediately behind the
r
nasal cavity
Oropharynx—located in the back of the mouth
r
Laryngopharynx—lowest section of the pharynx as it
r
approaches the larynx
The Larynx
The larynx is called the voice box. It connects the pharynx with the trachea. The larynx is composed of hyaline cartilage. In the upper part of the larynx are vocal
cords, or folds, which vibrate as air passes over them.
As the length and tension of the folds change, the pitch
of sound is regulated. The volume of sound is regulated
by the amount of air that passes over the vocal cords. A
small ap of cartilage, the epiglottis, lies over the larynx
closing when swallowing. This protects the respiratory
system from food or liquids from entering the respiratory structures beyond the larynx. Occasionally, materials may be inhaled or aspirated into the respiratory tract
when the epiglottis is open while talking when eating or
drinking.
C
O
G
The respiratory system is basically a pathway that conducts air in and out of the lungs. The structures are
divided into the upper respiratory and lower respiratory
THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM STRUCTURE
The Trachea
The trachea is also called the windpipe. It extends from
the larynx to the bronchi. The trachea is constructed
of C-shaped cartilage, which keeps the trachea open.
When the airway above the trachea is blocked or
164 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Epiglottis
Right lung
Right bronchus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeal pharynx
Larynx and vocal folds
Esophagus
Trachea
Left lung
Mediastinum
Horizontal
cross-section
of lungs
From pulmonary artery
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Capillaries
Section of lung
enlarged
Terminal
bronchiole
To pulmonary
vein
Pleural
space
Right lung
Diaphragm
Thoracic
vertebra
Sternum
articial respiration is required, a tracheostomy (surgical opening) is performed to place an airway tube in
place. Figure 8-8 shows a patient with a tracheostomy.
The Bronchi
At the end of the trachea the tube divides into the
right and left bronchi, the airways that enter the lungs.
These structures are made from cartilage rings to stabilize and keep the airways open. The right bronchus
(singular) is larger than the left bronchus because it
needs to supply air to the right lung, which is larger
than the left lung.
The Lungs
The right and left lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has
two lobes. The reason for the smaller left lung is to pro-
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleur
a
Figure 8-7 Respiratory
system. (Reprinted from
Wall of thorax
Left lung
Cohen BJ. Memmler’s The
Human Body in Health
and Disease. 13th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer; 2014.)
vide space on the left side to accommodate the heart.
The lung lobes on the right are the superior, middle, and
inferior, and on the left side the lobes are only the superior and inferior. Each bronchus branches off to provide
an individual branch to each lobe of the lungs. These
are called the secondary bronchi. The bronchi gradually become smaller leading into the bronchioles. As the
bronchioles branch out into the lobes of the lungs, they
start resembling the branches on a tree. The bronchioles,
made up of smooth muscle, are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which is involuntary.
The Alveoli
At the end of the bronchial tree are the clusters of tiny
air sacs called alveoli. They resemble clusters of grapes
on the vine. This is the location of the external gas
exchange. There are approximately 300 million alveoli
in the body. The alveoli are covered with blood capillaries. As the pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 165
Deep cervical
fascia
Tracheostomy
tube
Pretracheal fascia
Incision in trachea
after retracting
infrahyoid muscles
and incising
isthmus of thyroid
Figure 8-8 The patient with a tracheostomy. (From Moore KL, Dalley AF II. Clinical Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore,
MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.)
lungs, the deoxygenated blood picks up oxygen and
gives up carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood is sent
back to the heart to be distributed throughout the body.
The carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body during
respiration.
2nd and 4th
tracheal rings
carbon dioxide throughout the body. The red blood cells
contain a protein called hemoglobin, which is the necessary ingredient for the transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide. The binding of the oxygen with the hemoglobin is called
Esophagus
oxyhemoglobin, and when carbon dioxide
combines with hemoglobin, it is carbaminohemoglobin.
The Pleura
The lungs are covered with a double sac called the
pleura. The parietal layer of the sac is attached to the
chest wall of the thoracic cavity and the visceral layer
attaches to the lung surface. There is a space between
the two layers, the pleural space that contains a uid
When a person has a condition that causes a decrease
in the number of red blood cells, it may affect the transport of these gasses throughout the body. A patient with
chronic or severe anemia may have symptoms including
shortness of breath, fatigue, and blueness of the extremities, cyanosis.
that lubricates the membranes. This is similar to the
pericardial sac that surrounds the heart. The space with
uid allows the lungs to freely move with each breath
expanding and contracting. As we inhale, the diaphragm
is pushed downward allowing the lungs to ll with air.
C
O
G
RESPIRATORY
ABNORMALITIES
ANDDISORDERS
With expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and pushes
upward allowing air to be exhaled.
As we have discovered with every other body system, the
respiratory system is also subject to injury, inamma-
Transporting the Gasses
Oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin are the
terms used when describing the transport of oxygen and
tion, infection, and disease. Since this system is responsible for the critical gasses for the body cells to function,
a lack of oxygen to the cells will occasionally result in
life-threatening situations.
166 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
Breathing Abnormalities
The terms used to describe abnormal respirations usually end in the word
Here is a list of terms that are symptoms of an underlying disease or condition:
Hyperpnea—an increase in the depth and rate of
r
breathing, for example, during exercise
Hypopnea—a decrease in the rate and depth of
r
breathing
Tachypnea—an excessive rate of breathing, also as in
r
exercise
Apnea—lack of breathing but is a temporary condi-
r
tion as in sleep apnea
Dyspnea—difcult or labored breathing
r
Orthopnea—difculty breathing relieved by sitting up
r
Cheyne-Stokes—alternating periods of apnea and
r
rhythmic variation in the depth of breaths, seen in
critically ill patients and those near death
Hyperventilation—rate and depth increase above
r
normal levels; may be seen during panic attack, anxiety, and stress
Cyanosis—bluish color of skin, typically the extremi-
r
ties and lips, due to insufcient amount of oxygen in
the blood
Hypoxia—also called anoxia, lower than normal
r
oxygen level in the tissues
-pnea, which refers to breathing.
Respiratory Disorders
The respiratory tract is one of the more common portals of entry for disease-causing organisms to infect
the body. It is easy to breathe in these airborne organisms. The environment in the mouth and nose provides
a warm, moist place for the growth of bacteria. From
the nose, bacteria can travel to the pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and into the lungs. Middle ear infections are
also associated with upper respiratory infections (
because of the connection of the eustachian tube and
the pharynx.
Upper Respiratory Disorders
The upper respiratory structures include the sinuses,
nose, pharynx, and larynx. Here are some common
problems that affect the upper respiratory system.
Sinusitis—infection of the paranasal sinuses located
r
in the skull bones in the area of the nose; causes pain
in the facial area around the eyes, congestion of the
nasal passages, and postnasal drip
Deviated septum—an unequal size of the right and
r
left nasal passages usually due to the way the septum
divides them
Epistaxis—commonly known as a nosebleed; may
r
be due to injury or trauma to the nose, infection, or
drying of the mucous membranes; most stop on their
URI)
own with pressure on the nostrils (pinching); however, nasal packing may be indicated to stop a persistent nosebleed
Pharyngitis—inammation or infection in the phar-
r
ynx, also called a sore throat; may be caused by the
streptococcal bacteria, commonly called strep throat
Laryngitis—inammation or infection in the larynx
r
Common cold—viral infection that is highly conta-
r
gious through air droplets from sneezing and coughing
Allergic rhinitis—reaction to allergens including pol-
r
lens, dust, mold, and animal dander causing itchy,
watery discharge from the eyes and nose, sneezing,
and coughing
Lower Respiratory Disorders
The conditions that affect the lower respiratory tract can
cause more serious illness and complications. When it
involves and infection, it may start with the upper respiratory structures but then migrate to the lower parts and
into the lungs. Some of the conditions that affect the
lower tract are as follows:
RSV—respiratory syncytial virus; one of the most
r
common causes of infections in infants and young
children and may result in pneumonia
Croup—usually affects children under 3 years of age
r
and is associated with infections; airway constriction
results in a wheezing, barking cough; humidifying the
air may relieve the symptoms
Inuenza—also called the u, is an acute contagious
r
viral disease that causes cough, weakness, aches; vaccines have been effective in protecting people from
the virus
Pneumonia—viral or bacterial infection causing
r
inammation of the lungs and uid buildup in the air
spaces; main types of pneumonia are as follows:
Lobar pneumonia—affects an entire lobe of the lung
Bronchopneumonia—infection is spread throughout the lung
Tuberculosis (TB)—infection caused by the bacillus,
r
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually grows in the
lungs; however, it may be found in the lymph nodes or
carried to other parts of the body through the blood
Asthma—inammation of the airways causing
r
smooth muscle spasm and narrowing of the passageways; excessive mucus is produced; causes wheezing when breathing and dyspnea; may be related to
allergy but patients might also be sensitive to fumes,
tobacco smoke, and cold air, which can trigger attacks
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—a
r
general term used for several associated lung disorders including emphysema and chronic bronchitis;
major cause of developing COPD is cigarette smoking
Chronic bronchitis—inammation of the lining of the
r
bronchial tubes; causes coughing with heavy mucus
or phlegm production
Emphysema—an irreversible condition in which there
r
is dilation and destruction of the alveoli; oxygen is
decreased and carbon dioxide builds up due to inability to properly exhale; air is trapped in the lungs
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)—sudden
r
onset of inammation resulting from injury or infection; causes might include aspiration of stomach contents, lung trauma, and embolism or tumors resulting
in airway obstruction
Atelectasis—partial or complete collapse of a lung or
r
portion of a lung
Surfactant deciency disorder—lack of production of
r
surfactant, substance that facilitates lung expansion;
premature babies of <35 weeks’ gestation are at risk
of this condition; however, they are treated with injections of injected with synthetic surfactant
Cultural Connection
Asthma affects individuals throughout the world
in various cultures and ethnicity. Among differ-
ent cultures, there are many “home remedies”
that have been passed down through generations
and are still being used to alleviate symptoms of
respiratory illness. Some of these preparations are
herbal products that have mucolytic, anti-inam-
matory, and bronchodilation properties. It is impor-
tant that patients are questioned about any home
treatments that they may be using as these may
interact or exaggerate the effect in the body when
combined with prescription medications. This in-
formation will help the physician provide the safe
and appropriate medication for asthma patients.
Examples of these herbs include Puerto Rican fami-
lies that use chamomile and eucalyptus tea, East
Indian use of Indian gooseberry and frankincense,
the Chinese use of ginkgo biloba and Ma-huang
(ephedra), and the European communities that use
mustard, horseradish, elderberry, primrose, rose
hips, and thyme. The medical assistant needs to
make sure to include these home remedies in the
patient intake information.
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 167
Cancer of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system structures may develop cancerous tumors with the most common sites found in the
larynx and the lungs.
Lung Cancer
Men and women are at both at risk of developing lung
cancer. It is the most common cancer-related death. The
main cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. There is
also signicant evidence that breathing in secondhand
smoke may also lead to lung cancer. There are also many
carcinogenic agents, such as asbestos, in the environment
that may be the cause of developing this form of cancer.
Larynx Cancer
Cancer of the voice box may be linked to drinking
alcohol and cigarette smoking. Symptoms include sore
throat and hoarseness. Although the cure rate is high,
additional treatment may be required including partial or total removal of the larynx. Without the larynx,
patients are required to use a mechanical device in order
to talk.
Study Skill
It is never too early to start learning the most common medications ordered to treat the diseases and
conditions that affect the body systems. To start
this project, access the Internet to locate one of the
various Web sites that provides this information.
These are usually titled as “Top” number of ordered
drugs, for example, “Top 100 Drugs” or “Top 200
Drugs.” The information typically includes the
generic drug name, brand name, and the drug classication (bronchodilator, steroid, antibiotic). The
information you gather can be put onto index cards
or organized by classication on a table processed
in the computer.
Treatment of Respiratory Disorders
There are some disorders that only affect the pleura,
the sac covering the lungs. These conditions include the
following:
Pleurisy—inammation of the pleura, which is a com-
r
plication of a lung infection or pneumonia; sticky substance is produced that causes the pleura surfaces to rub
together resulting in pain and an increase in pleural uid
Pneumothorax—accumulation of air in the pleural
r
space; may be due to puncture wound of the chest wall
Hemothorax—accumulation of blood in the pleural
r
space; may be due to chest wound with hemorrhage
There are many treatments used in managing respiratory
conditions. Infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and narrowed airways are relaxed and dilated with
the use of inhaled
bronchodilators. Steroid medication
is also indicated to help reduce inammation. Oxygen is
a medication that you may not think about but is used
to supply more oxygen to patients who are experiencing a shortage. Oxygen therapy is sometimes used constantly by patients with COPD. They require it around
the clock, when awake and during sleep hours. In the
physician’s ofce, the medical assistant will use a pulse
oximeter to measure the pulse rate and oxygen levels
168 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
Figure 8-9 A pulse oximeter is used to measure the
pulse rate and oxygen levels. (Image from Shutterstock.
com.)
of the patient. Figure 8-9 is an example of this small
device, which is put on a nger and a digital reading is
displayed.
Asthma is a common illness that requires both bronchodilators and steroids. Also, patients are to avoid the
things that trigger their asthma attacks. Patients with
emphysema use the same medications as do asthmatic
patients. The primary goal is to reduce inammation
and open up the air passages.
Testing for tuberculosis is a common procedure
for medical assistants to perform. It is accomplished
through intradermal skin testing. Once the skin test is
conrmed as positive, a chest x-ray and sputum testing
are performed to conrm active disease. The TB organism is resistant to many antibiotics, so the treatment of
tuberculosis usually requires the use of a combination of
several drugs over a period of 6 to 18 months.
In order to initially diagnose respiratory conditions
or monitor the progress of a disorder, the physician will
perform testing of the patient’s breathing with a device
called a
spirometer. This machine can measure and
record the volume of air moved with each inhalation
and expiration. The physician will evaluate the patient’s
lung capacity including the total lung capacity, forced
expiratory volume and tidal volume, and the amount of
normal air moved in and out without effort.
When a visual examination of the inside of the lungs
is indicated, a
bronchoscope is used. It is a exible ber-
optic instrument passed through the mouth and pharynx, through the larynx and trachea into the bronchi.
The physician can see the condition of the bronchial tissues, examine the area for inammation, and take tissue
samples.
Invasive Respiratory Procedures
Some respiratory conditions require more invasive procedures. Some of these procedures include the following:
Thoracentesis—insertion of a needle into the pleural
r
space to remove uid; used to treat effusion, accumulation of uid as a result of uid leaking into a space
Tracheotomy—incision into the trachea to create an
r
airway opening; a tube is inserted for breathing
Pneumonectomy—surgical removal of a lung or
r
lobectomy to remove only a lobe of a lung
The ultimate type of treatment of a respiratory emergency is to deliver CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation,
to a person who is not breathing and has no heartbeat.
Articial respiration is used when the person is not
breathing but does have a heartbeat. It is critical for
medical assistants to learn CPR and maintain certication to stay current with new techniques.
In summary, the best way to protect your cardiovascular and respiratory health is to refrain from smoking,
exercise, and maintain an ideal weight making good diet
choices.
Preparing for Externship
The externship course is your time to apply the knowledge you learned in the classroom. You will probably
admit that there was a lot of information. How are
you going to remember everything especially when
the site may have specic way of doing a particular
procedure? The key is to jot down notes from the rst
day on the site. For example, if you are working in
a respiratory specialty ofce, there may be medications routinely ordered to treat lung conditions. Write
down the name of the drugs and some of the common
doses the physicians order. You will gradually become more familiar with the treatments used in that
practice and help you better understand the charting entries. Writing down reminder notes each day is
not enough. You need to review your notes each day
and make sure you understand the information you
wrote. Formulate questions to ask the staff the next
day for those areas that you are unclear or uncertain.
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 169
Chapter Recap
● The cardiovascular system includes the heart, which
pumps the blood, and the blood vessels that carry
the blood with oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body. They also transport carbon dioxide and waste
products for elimination from the body.
● The heart has chambers and valves that allow it to
pump oxygenated and deoxygenated blood without
mixing it as well as keeping the blood owing in one
direction.
● The blood vessels include arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins. The coronary vessels
supply the myocardial muscle of the heart with blood
● The heart has an electrical conduction system that
generates the heartbeat. Normal sinus rhythm occurs
when the heart is healthy; however, there are variations
to the heartbeat and heart rate called arrhythmias.
Online Resources for Students
Resources for students available on thepoint.
lww.com include the following:
● Audio Glossary
● Animations
● The heart may develop conditions that are related to
infections, structural defects, and abnormalities of
the electrical system.
● There are many conditions that affect the blood
vessels that affect the ability of the blood to ow
properly throughout the body.
● Prevention is one of the best ways to maintain heart
and circulatory health. The heart is a muscle and
needs exercise just like other muscles in the body.
Low-fat diets are essential to help keep cholesterol
levels normal.
● The lungs work together with the cardiopulmonary
system to supply the body’s cells with the nourishment
and oxygen necessary for cell health and repair.
● Respiratory disorders include infection, structural
defects, inammation, and cancer.
● Competency Evaluation Forms
● Harris CareTracker Case Studies
● Interactive Games & Activities
● Certication Preparation Question Bank
● Videos
Exercises and Activities
Certication Preparation Questions
1. Which of these represents the correct sequence or
order of blood vessels as blood ows through the
circulatory system?
a. Artery, venule, capillary
b. Vein, venule, arteriole
c. Venule, vein, capillary
d. Artery, arteriole, capillary
e. Capillary, venule, arteriole
2. Which of these procedures is the insertion of a
balloon into an artery to open the size of the
lumen?
a. Angioplasty
b. Arthrectomy
c. Bypass graft
d. Debrillation
e. Angiography
3. Which of these represents the contraction of the
atria?
a. P wave
b. R wave
c. T wave
d. QRS complex
e. S-T segment
4. The pacemaker of the heart is the:
a. AV node.
b. AV bundle.
c. bundle of HIS.
d. SA node.
e. Purkinje bers.
5. Arteriosclerosis is:
a. the fatty buildup in an artery.
b. bulging of an artery.
c. the death of tissue.
d. hardening of the arteries.
e. an embolism in an artery.
170 Section II Anatomy and Physiology
6. Which of these is the term used for the collapse of
the lung?
a. Lobectomy
b. Pleurisy
c. Emphysema
d. Pneumonia
e. Atelectasis
7. Structures associated with the upper respiratory
system include the:
a. sinuses and trachea.
b. trachea and larynx.
c. pharynx and trachea.
d. pharynx and larynx.
e. larynx and bronchi.
8. Which of the following is a term used for difcult,
labored breathing that is relieved by sitting up?
a. Tachypnea
b. Dyspnea
c. Hypoxia
d. Apnea
e. Orthopnea
9. Medication that dissolves blood clots is:
a. digitalis.
b. antiarrhythmics.
c. statins.
d. thrombolytics.
e. beta-blockers.
10. The procedure used to remove pleural uid to
treat effusion is a:
a. thoracocentesis.
b. bronchoscopy.
c. pneumonectomy.
d. pleurisy.
e. pneumothorax.
P
S
Y
CareTracker Connection
Documenting Diagnoses and
Other Clinical Data Related to the
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Systems
CareTracker Activities Related to
This Chapter
Case Study 7: Cardiovascular Patient Practicum
r
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death
in the United States and affects the daily lives of millions.
Consequently, medical assistants and other health care
professionals enter untold gigabytes of cardiovascularrelated data each year in the form of health histories,
examination and test ndings, diagnoses, and treatment
plans. Accurately capturing this information in an orderly,
efcient, and consistent manner can be a challenge.
Fortunately, electronic health record applications, such
as CareTracker, greatly facilitate this task by providing
detailed, integrated data-entry elds for all areas and systems of the body, including cardiovascular and respiratory.
Tasks discussed in this chapter that can be performed
in CareTracker include the following:
Documenting the following patient clinical information
r
related to cardiovascular and respiratory conditions:
Health history
Diseases and conditions
Hospitalizations
Tobacco assessment
Exercise habits
Surgeries and procedures
Preventive care
Family history
Review of systems
Physical examination ndings
Tests and procedures completed during the visit
Electrocardiogram
Imaging studies
Diagnoses
Treatment plan
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiogram
Holter monitor
Angiography
Cardiac stress test
Cardiac rehab
Ordering the following related to cardiovascular and
r
respiratory conditions:
Medications
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic tests
Many of these tasks are discussed in CareTracker
Connection features in other chapters. A task we’ll consider here is entering data related to the cardiovascular
system.