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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5337_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
confectionery
and as a
culinary
flavouring.
with water,
persistent
foaming is
seen
Astringent
tonic, pectoral,
sedative
Shake drug
with water,
persistent
foaming is
seen
Prunasin (a cyanogenic glycoside),
emulsin, eudesmic acid, p-coumaric
acid, scopoletin, tannins, sugars, etc
Seeds Shake drug
warmer parts
of western
Asia and of
North Africa
var
amara belonging
to family
amygdalis
Almond Prunus
rosaceae.
The bark is
black and
rough and
separates
naturally from
Bark of root,
trunk and
branches
North America
especially in
Northern and
Central States
Prunus serotina
belonging to
family Rosaceae
Virginian
Prune, Black
Cherry
the trunk.
Name Synonyms Biological Source Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Cyanogenetic Glycosides
Bitter
Almond
Wild Cherry
Bark
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
179
Flavanoid Glycosides
Rutin
Synonyms: Rutoside,quercetin-3-rutinosideandsophorin
Biological Source: Rutin is acitrus avonoid glycoside
obtainedfromRuta graveolens.
Rutin is a yellow crystalline flavonol glycoside
(C27H30O16)thatoccursinvariousplants(rue,tobacco,
buckwheat, etc.).
Hesperidin
Synonyms: Hesperetin 7-rhamnoglucoside, hesperetin-
7-rutinoside
Biological Source: Hesperidin is a avanone glycoside
(flavonoid)(C28H34O15) found abundantly in citrus
fruits.Itsaglyconeformiscalledhesperetin.Hesperidinis
classiedasaCitrusbioavonoid.Hesperidin,Rutinand
otheravonoidsthoughttoreducecapillarypermeability
andto have anti-inammatory action were collectively
knownasvitaminP.
Uses:
Rutin inhibits platelet aggregation, as well as capillary
permeabilitymakingthebloodthinnerandimproving
circulation.Rutinhasanti-inammatoryactivity.
Rutininhibitsaldosereductaseactivity.Aldosereductase
is an enzyme normally present in the eye and elsewhere
inthebody.Ithelpschangeglucose(sugar-glucose)into
a sugar alcohol called sorbitol.
Rutinalsostrengthensthecapillaries,and,therefore,can
reducethesymptomsofhaemophilia.
Rutin,as ferulic acid, can reduce the cytotoxicityof
oxidizedLDL cholesterol and lower therisk of heart
disease
Rutin is also an antioxidant, along with quercetin,
acacetin, morin, hispidulin, hesperidin, and naringin, it
wasfoundtobethestrongest.Hydroxyethylrutosides,
synthetichydroxyethylacetylationsofrutin,areusedin
thetreatmentofchronicvenousinsufciency.
Uses:Hesperidin has antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,
hypolipidemic, vasoprotective andanticarcinogenic
and cholesterol lowering actions. Hesperdin can inhibit
followingenzymes: phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase,
HMG-CoAreductaseandcyclo-oxygenase.
IdentificationTest for Glycosidal Drugs for Normal
Glycosides
a. Xanthohydrol test:
Thetestsolutionis0.125%ofxanthohydrolinglacial
acetic acid and 1% HCl is heated; red colour is obtained.
b. Antimony trichloride test:
Cardinolides are treated with antimony trichloride and
trichloroaceticacidbluetovioletcolourisobtained.
c. Libermantestforsteroidalglycosides:
Steroidal glycosides are treated with CCl4, acetic
anhydride and conc. H
;violet blue colour is
2SO4
obtained.
d. Tollens test: Test solution in pyridine is treated with
silverpaper, the solution liberates silver. The silver
causesmirroronwalloftesttube.
e. Legaltest: Glycosidesare treated with pyridine (for
dissolution),1drop of 2% sodium nitroprussideand
1dropof20%NaOHdeepredcolourisobserved.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
180
1. Cyanogenetic glycosides
Wild Cherry Bark Bark of Prunus Serotina (Family Rosaceae Prunasin – Upon hydrolysis yields ↓
Benzaldehyde (responsible for odor) + HCN
(hydrocyanic acid having poisonous effect) +
β-D-Dextrose)
Bitter Almond Ripe seed of Prunus Amygdalus or Prunus
Communis var. amara (Family Rosaceae)
Amygdalin – Upon hydrolysis yields ↓
Benzaldehyde (responsible for odour) + HCN
(hydrocyanic acid having poisonous effect)
+ Gentiobiose Sugar (2 molecules of β-DDextrose )
2. Cardiac glycosides (steroidal glycosides)
Digitalis (Fox glove)
Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Family
Scrophulariceae)
Strophanthus ( Arrow
Poison)
Squill Dried slices of bulb of Urginea Indica or
Peruvoside Seed of Thevetia neriifolia (Family
Seed of Strophanthus kombe or S. hispidus
(Family Apocynaceae)
Urginea maritima (Family Liliaceae)
Apocynaceae
Purpurea Glycoside A (Deacetyl lanatosides A)
↓
Digitoxin + Glucose
↓
Digitoxigenin + 3 Molecules of Digitoxose
Purpurea Glycoside B (Deacetyl lanatosides B)
↓
Gitoxin + Glucose
↓
Gitoxigenin + 3 Molecules of Digitoxose
K-Strophanthin (Mixure of Glycosides)
1. K- strophanthoside (Strophoside) =
Strophanthidin + Cymarose + 2 Glucose
units
2. K-strophanthoside β = Strophanthidin +
Cymarose + 1 Glucose units
3. Cymarin = Strophanthidin + Cymarose
Scillarin A = Proscillaridin A + Glucose
↓
Scillaridin A (Scillarenin A) + Rhamnose
Scillarin B = Proscillaridin B + Glucose
↓
Scillaridin B (Scillarenin B)+ Rhamnose
(Scillabiose = Rhamnose + Glucose)
Thevetin A = Peruvoside + 2 mol Glucose
units Peruvosides = Cannogenin + LThevetose
3. Anthraquinone glycosides
Aloe (Kumari, Musabbar) Juice of leaves of Aloe barbadensis or Aloe
perryi (Family Liliaceae
Senna Indian senna (Tinnevelly Senna) Leaflets of
Cassia angustifolia (Family leguminosae)
Alexanderian Senna (Cassia Senna)Leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Family
leguminosae)
Cascara (Scared Bark) Bark of Rhamnus purshiana (Family
Rhamnaceae)
Rhubarb or Chinese
Rhubarb (Revandchini)
Rhizome of Rheum Emodi or R.Palmetum
or R. Officinalis or R.Webbianum (Family
Polygonaceae)
Aloin is mixture of 3 isomers – Barbaloin,
Isobarbaloin and β-Barbaloin.
Sennosides A = 2 mol of Glucose + Sennidin
A (Aglycone Portion, Rhein-dianthrone)
Sennosides B = 2 mol of Glucose + Sennidin
B (AGLYCONE portion , Rhein-dianthrone)
Cascarosides A, B are Aloe-Emodin
derivatives. Cascarosides C, D are
Chrysophanol derivatives.
1. Rhein and Glucorhein 2. Aloe-emodin,
Emodin, Chrysophanol, Physcion 3.
Palmidin A = Aloe-Emodin Anthrone +
Emodin Anthrone Palmidin B = Aloe-Emodin
Anthrone + Chrysophanol Anthrone Palmidin
C = Emodin Anthrone + Chrysophanol
Anthrone
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
181
4. Iso thio cynate/Glucosinolate glycosides
Mustard (Black or Brown
mustard) Ripe seed of Brassica Nigra or B. Juncea or
B. Sinapioides (Family Cruciferae
5. Saponin glycosides
Dioscorea (Yam or
Rheumatism root)
Tuber of Dioscorea Deltoida D. Composita
(Family Dioscoreaceae)
Liquorice (Mulethi)/yasti Peeled o unpeeled root and stolon of
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Family Leguminosae)
Ginseng/Panax Root of Panax ginseng or P. quinquefolium
or P. Japonica (Family Araliaceae)
Brahmi (Jal brahmi) Leaves and stem of Bacopa moniera or
Herpestis moniera (Family Scrophulariaceae)
Brahmi (Mundukparni Herb of Centella asiatica or Hydrocotyl
asiatica (Family Umbelliferrae)
Shatavari Root and leaves of Asparagus Racemosus
(Family Liliaceae)
Senega Root of Polygala senega Var. Latifolia
(Family Polygalaceae)
Quillaia (Panama wood) Bark of Quillaja Saponaria (Family
Rosaceae)
Sinigrin (Potassium Myronate) Upon
hydrolysis ↓ Allyl Isothiocynate (Pungent
odor) + KHSO4 + Dextrose
Dioscin = Diosgenin (Hydrolytic product)
75% starch
Tri terpenoid Saponin is Glycyrrhizin
(Glycyrrhizic acid)
↓
K and Ca salt of Glycyrrhizinic acid
↓
Glycyrrhetinic acid or Gylcyrrhetic acid Bitter
Principle is Glycymarin
1. Ginsenosides = Aglycone portion is
Dammarol 2. Panaxosides = Aglycone
portion is Oleanolic acid
Bacosides A and B
↓
On hydrolysis yield Triterpenoid Aglycone
Bacogenin A and B
Assiaticosides – Asiatic acid + 2 Glucose +
Rhamnose Madecassosides – Madecassic
acid + 2 Glucose + Rhamnose
4 steroidal Saponin- Shatavarin I – IV
Shatavarin I = 3 mol Glucose + 1 mol
Rhamnose + Sarsapogenin
Triterpenoid Saponin Senegin and Polygalic
acid
Quillaia-Saponin (tri terpenoid saponin)
↓
Quillaic Acid (Hydroxy gypsogenin) + QuilliaSapotoxin
6. Bitter glycosides
Gentian Fermented Rhizome and Root of Gentian
Lutea (Family Gentianaceae)
Picrorrhiza (Kutki) Rhizome of Picrorrhiza Kurroa (Family
Scrophulariaceae)
Quassia wood (Bitter
wood)
Stem wood of Picrasma Excelsa or
Aeschrion Excelsa (Family Simarubaceae)
7. Phenolic glycosides
Bearberry (Uva-Ursi) Leaves of Arctostaphylous Uva-ursi (Family
Ericeae)
8. Aldehyde gylcosides
Vanilla Fruit of Vanilla planifolia or V. tahitensis (Family
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
182
Orchidaceae)
Bitter Glycosides – Gentiopicrin (gentio
picroside)
↓
Gentiogenin + Glucose
Bitter taste of drug is mainly due to
Amarogentin
Gentinin is mixture of Gentiopicrin and
Gentisin (responsible for yellow colour of
drug)
Picrosides and Kutkosides
Bitter lactone – Quassin and Neo Quassin
Arbutin
Gluco Vanillin
↓
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde)
+ Glucose
9. Flavonol glycosides
Silymarin (Marine Thistle) Seed of Silybum marianum (Family
Compositae or Asteraceae)
Buck-wheat (Rutin or
Vitamin P)
Ginkgo (Maiden Hair tree
or kew tree)
Flower bud of Fagopyrum esculentus
(Family Polygonaceae) and leaves of
Eucalyptus species.
Leaves of Ginkgo biloba (Family
Gingkoaceae)
Silybin ,Silycristin and Silydianin
Rutin = Quercitin + Rhamnose +
Dextrose
Quercitin is 5, 7, 3’, 4’ tetra hydroxy
Flavanol
or 3, 5, 7, 3’, 4’ penta hydroxy Flavone
1. Flavonol – mono, di or tri glycosides
of Kaempferol, Quercetin 2. Bi-Flavone –
Ginkgetin, Bilobetin 3. Diterpene lactone –
Ginkgolides A,B,C
10. Coumarin glycosides
Ammi Fruit of Ammi majus (Family Umbelliferae) Furano coumarin derivatives—Xanthotoxin,
Bergapten
Visnaga (Pick tooth fruit or
Khella)
Psoralea Fruit (bavchi) Fruit of Psoralea corylifolia (Family
Tonka bean Seed of Dipteryx odorata or Dipteryx
Fruit of Ammi visnaga (Family Umbelliferae) Furano Coumarin derivatives—Visnagin ,
Khellin
Psoralen and Psoralidin
Leguminosae)
Coumarin = lactone of Cis-O-coumarinic acid
oppositifolia (Family Leguminosae)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Stas-otta process is used for extraction of:
A. Glycosides B. Alkaloids
C. Terpenoids D. Resins
2. Senna mainly contains:
A. O-glycosides B. N-glycosides
C. C-glycosides D. S-glycosides
3. Senna leaf if under the class of glycoside:
A. Cardiac B. Cyanogenic
C. Anthracene D. Saponin
4. Which drug is under the chemical class of
cyanogentic glycoside?
A. Bitter almond B. Black mustard
C. Digitalis D. Rhubarb
5. Shatavari is under the chemical class of glycoside:
A. Sterol B. Saponin
C. Cyanogentic D. Isothiocyanate
6. Drug is not under the class of cardiac glycoside:
A. digitalis
B. Thevetia
C. Indian squill
D. Bitter almond
7. The drug showing cardio tonic activity:
A. Thevetia B. Cochineal
C. Rhubarb D. Aloe
8. Which drug is used as diuretic?
A. Quillaia B. Senega
C. Ginseng D. Gokhru
9. The drug used as nerve tonic:
A. Brahmi B. Mordica
C. Ginseng D. Senega
10. The family of Gokhru:
A. Liliaceae B. Cucurbitaceae
C. Zygophyllaceae D. Araliaceae
11. Borntrager test is used for one of the following
drugs:
A. Senna B. Aloe
C. Digitalis D. Stropanthus
12. In Kiung’s isobarbaloin test, Curacao aloes shows
colour:
A. Yellow B. Blue
C. Wine red D. Green
13. Alcoholicextract ofaloeunder UVlight gives
colour:
A. Blue B. Red
C. Deep brown D. Pink
14. The substitute for aloes:
A. Cape aloes B. Socotrine aloes
C. Curacao aloes D. Natal aloes
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
183
15. The biological source for cape aloes:
A. Curacao aloes B. Socotrine aloes
C. Aloe ferrox D. Zanziber aloes
16. Saponin glycoside shows one of the following
property:
A. Laxative B. Anticonvulsant
C. Foaming D. Astringent
17. Out of the following, one is not the example of
Cardinolide:
A. Digitoxin B. Digoxin
C. Gitoxigenin D. Scillarin A
18. The biological source for Dioscoria:
A. dioscoria deltoid B. dioscoria floribunda
C. dioscoria villosa D. Dioscorea compositae
19. Yam is the synonym of the drug:
A. Stropanthus B. Dioscoria
C. Safed musali D. Liquorice
20. Dioscoria is used in the treatment of:
A. Ulcer B. Cancer
C. Rheumatic arthritis D. Kidney stone
21. ______________IsnotthesynonymofLiquorice.
A. Glycyrrhiza B. Liquorice root
C. Mulethi D. Yam
22. Liquoricebelongstofamily:
A. Liliaceae B. Triterpenoid
C. Loganaceae D. Leguminosae
23. Glycyrrhizinic acid on hydrolysis gives:
A. Glycyrrhetic acid B. Glycyrrhizin
C. Liquiritin D. Isoliquiritin
24. Liquoriceisusedinthetreatmentof:
A. Conjuctivitis B. Peptic ulcer
C. Allergy D. Skin disease
25. When glycyrrhiza is treated with 80% sulphuric
acid, then it shows colour:
A. Yellow B. Red
C. Green D. Violet
26. Rhubarb is cultivated mainly in which state of
India:
A. J and K B. Madhya Pradesh
C. Maharashtra D. Bengal
27. Rhubarb when treated with alkali, shows red
colour due to presence of:
A. Anthroquionoe glycoside
B. Cardiac glycoside
C. Sapogenin glycoside
D. Cyanogenic glycoside
28. Keller kiliani test is positive for:
A. Digitoxose B. Gitoxose
C. Digitoxigenin D. Gitoxigenin
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
29. Presenceofstarspotsisthecharacteristicofdrug:
184
A. Cascara B. Senna
C. Aloe D. Rhubarb
30. ModiedBorntrogertestispositivefordrug:
A. Aloe B. Senna
C. Digitalis D. Senna pod
31. Botanical source of Arjuna bark:
A. Terminalis tamentosa
B. Polygala chinesis
C. Poligala erioptera
D. Terminalis arjuna
32. Presenceofaleuronegrainisthecharacteristicof
the drug:
A. Belladonna B. Nux-vomica
C. Hyoscyamus D. Vinca
33. Drug with the presence of plasmodesma:
A. Nux-vomica B. Rauwolfia
C. Vinca rosea D. Phsysostigma
34. Digitalis leaves should be dried at temperature
below:
A. 20°C B. 30°C
C. 40°C D. 60°C
35. Vein-isletno.isIndiansennaisintherangeof:
A. 10.5 to 12.5 B. 13.5 to 16.5
C. 16.5 to 18.0 D. 19.5 to 22.5
36. Stomatal Index in Indian senna is in the range of:
A. 17 to 20 B. 20 to 23
C. 23 to 26 D. 26 to 29
37. PalisaderatioinAlexandriansennais:
A. 7 B. 10
C. 13 D. 16
38. Vein-isletno.inAlexandriansennaisintherange
of:
A. 10 to 15.5 B. 16 to 20.5
C. 25 to 29.5 D. 20 to 24.5
CHOOSE THE CORRECT PAIRS
39. Drug Family
A. Indian senna i) Liliaceae
B. Aloe ii) Polygonaceae
C. Rhubarb iii) Rhamnaceae
D. Cascara iv) Leguminoseae
40. Types of Glycosides: Example
A. Anthracene glycoside i) Digitalis
B. Cardiac glycoside ii) Bitter almond
C. Saponin glycoside iii) Dioscorea
D. Cyanogenetic iv) Senna leaf
glycoside
41. Drug Activity
A. Red squill i) Cardiotonic
B. Kalmegh ii) Purgative
C. Aloe iii) Nervine tonic
D. Brahmi iv) Rat poisoning
42. Drug Use
A. Gokhru i) Hypoglycemic
B. Momordica ii) Galactogogue
C. Shatavari iii) Diuretic
D. Liquorice iv) Expectorant
43. Drug Source
A. Gokhru i) glycyrrhiza glabra
B. Liquorice ii) Urgenia martima
C. Bramhi iii) Tribulus teristris
D. European squill iv) Bacopa moniera
44. Drug Test
A. Aloe i) Borntrager test
B. Senna ii) Baljet test
C. Digitalis iii) Killer kiliani test
D. Deoxy sugar iv) Modified
anthraquinone
45. Drug Partused
A. Aloe i) Leaf
B. Digitalis ii) Bulb
C. Indian squill iii) Seed
D. Stropanthus iv) Dried juice
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D
15. C 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. D 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. A
29. D 30. A 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. D 36. A 37. A 38. C
39. A iv) B i) C ii) D iii) 40. A iv) B i) C ii) D iii)
41. A iv) B i) C ii) D iii) 42. A iii) B i) C ii) D iv)
43. A iii) B i) C iv) D ii) 44. A iv) B i) C ii) D iii)
45. A iv) B i) C ii) D iii)
7. Alkaloids
Denitions: Alkaloids are dened as basic, nitrogen
containing organic constituents that occur mainly in plants.
Thenitrogen in the alkaloid molecule is derived from
amino acid metabolism.
The term alkaloid was coined in 1819 by the pharmacist
W. Meisner and meant simply, alkali like (Middle English
alcaly,fromMedevalLatinalkali,fromArabic“alqaliy=
ashesofstalwart,from qualey, to fry). Alkaloid derives
fromthe word alkaline, which means a watersoluble
base.A denition of alkaloid-like by Winsterstein and
Trier’s(1910)describedasbasiccompoundsthatcontain
heterocyclicnitrogen,andaresynthesizedinplantsfrom
aminoacidsortheirimmediatederivativesineitherplant
or animal origin.
Classification
Alkaloids are grouped in three main categories based on
bothofknowledgeandspeculationabouttheirbiogenesis.
True alkaloid The true alkaloids are compound in which
thenitrogen-containingheterocyclicsystemisderivedfrom
abiogeneticamine,formedbydecarboxylationfroman
aminoacid.Theyareusuallyfoundassaltsinplantsuch
as liriodenine 1 and morphine 2
Pseudoalkaloid Pseudoalkaloids are apparently unrelated
to amino acid. They are nitrogen containing molecules but
theyhavecarbonskeletonsderivedfrommonoterpenes
andotheracetatederivativesandaliphaticpolyketoacids
such as coniine 3 and β-skytanthine.
Protoalkaloid These compound like true alkaloids, are
derivedfromaminoacidorbiogeneticaminesbuttheydo
not contain any heterocyclic system. They are represented
innature by biogenetic amine themselves and their
methylatedderivativessuchasserotonin5andmescaline
Properties
Mostalkaloids are well-dened crystalline substances
whichunite with acidsto form salts.In addition tothe
elements carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, most alkaloids
containoxygen.Afew,suchasconiinefromhemlockand
nicotinefrom tobacco, are oxygen-free and are liquids.
Althoughcolouredalkaloidsarerelativelyrare,theyare
notunknown;berberine,forexample, is yellow andthe
saltsofsanguinarinearecopper-red.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular
structure; those compounds are usually colourless crystals
atambient conditions. Oxygen-free alkaloids, suchas,
nicotineor coniine, are typically volatile,colourless,
oily liquid some alkaloids are coloured, like berberine
(yellow) and sanguinarine (orange) Most alkaloids
are weak bases, but some, such as the bromine and
theophylline,are amphoteric. Many alkaloids dissolve
poorlyinwaterbutreadilydissolveinorganicsolvents,
suchasdiethylether,chloroformor1,2-dichloroethane.
Caffeine,cocaine,codeineandnicotinearewater-soluble
(withasolubilityof≥1g/L),whereasothers,including
morphinearehighlywater-soluble(0.1–1g/L).Alkaloids
andacidsformsaltsofvariousstrengths.Thesesaltsare
usually soluble in water and ethanol and poorly soluble
in most organic soluble.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
185
Thechemicaltestsareasfollows:
1. Mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide)
z
Cream coloured precipitate
2. Wagner’s reagent (iodine in potassium iodide)
z
Reddish brown precipitate
3. Hager’s reagent (saltsolutionofpicricacid)
z
Yellow precipitate
4. Dragendroff’s reagent (potassium bismuth iodide)
z
Reddish brown precipitate
Caffeine is a pseudo alkaloid drug which does not answer
this test
Extraction:
Thepowdered drugisdefattedusingpetroleumether
ifnecessary
Thepowderisfurtherbasiedusinglimetobreakthe
saltformofthealkaloidandliberatefreebasewhichcan
beextractedusinganorganicsolvent
Alkaloidal salts can be directly extracted using an
acidiedaqueoussolvent
Classification:
1. Pharmacological method
2. Taxonomic method
3. Biosynthetic method
4. Chemical method—true and proto alkaloids
TRUE ALKALOIDS
1. Pyrrole and Pyrrolidine, e.g. Coca
2. Pyridine and Piperidine, e.g. Coniine
3. Tropane, e.g. Atropine
4.Quinoline,e.g.Cinchona
5.Indole,e.g.Rauwola
6.Purine,e.g.Caffeine
7. Steroidal, e.g. Kurchi
8. Isoquinoline, e.g. Opium
PROTO ALKALOIDS
Eg-Ephedrine
INDOLE ALKALOIDS
ERGOT / ARGOT / ST. ANTHONY’S FIRE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
SchlerotiumoffungusClaviceps purpurea,attheovaryof
rye plant secale cereale
Family:Graminae(fungusbelongstofamilyclavicipitaceae)
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Switzerland
Knowntohavecausedgangrene(ergotism)inGermany
Lifecycle:
1. Sexual/sphacelialstage
2. Asexual/schlerotiumstage
Sexual stage
Theascospores infect the ovary ofthe rye plant and if
conditionsare favorable it develops hyphalstrands, it
formsawhitemassovertheovaryknownasthemycelium
It encloses bag like structures known as ascus containing
ascospores
Iftheseascosporesareliberatedtheyinfectanotherrye
plant
Morphology of schlerotium
Hard,violet,odorless,withanunpleasanttaste
Chemistry:
Derivativesoflysergicacid
Water soluble ones are ergometrine and ergometrinine
Water insoluble ones are ergotamine and ergotoxine
Onlythelevoisomerisactive
Uses
Ergometrineisanoxytocicdrugbutitsmethylderivative
ispreferredasitcauseslesshypertension
Ergotamine is analgesic in migraine
Chemical Test
1. Gives ablue colour with Van Ark’sreagent(Para
dimethyl amino benzaldehyde)
2. Givesblueuorescenceinwater
3. When treated with ether, H
followedbysodium
2SO4
bicarbonate,aqueous layer showsa red violet
colour
4. Ergotamine + glacial acetic acid + ethyl acetate + H
2SO4
givesa blue solution with a red tinge.When further
treated with FeCl
the blue colour disappears
3
VINCA/PERIWINKLE
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: Aerial parts of catharanthus
roseus
Family: apocynaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE: India, Madagascar
Morphology
Leavesaresmall,opaque,darkgreen,odourlessandbitter
to taste
Chemistry
Indolealkaloidssuchasvinblastine,vincristine,ajamlicine
and serpentine
Use
Potentanti-canceragent,hypotensiveandanti-diabetic
NUX-VOMICA/CROW FIG SEED
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: driedseeds of strychnos
nuxvomica
Family: Loganiaceace
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:SriLanka,India
MORPHOLOGY:
Asexual stage
Thehyphal strandsfurther develop invadingthe
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
ovaryand converting it to a hard violet schlerotium,
186
Schlerotium contains stromatum which shows a globular
stalk
Seedsare circular, flat, grayish green, covered with
trichomes and extremely bitter to taste
Chemistry:
Contains two main indole alkaloids strychnine and brucine
Use:
Rarelyusedasanervetonicasitispoisonousinlargedoses
Chemical Test:
1. Section when treated with concentrated HNO
shows a
3
yellow colour with brucine
2. Section when treated with ammoniumvanadate and
H2SO4 shows a purple colour with strychnine
3. Strychnine when treated with H
and K2Cr2O7
2SO4
developsaviolettoyellowcolour
RAUWOLFIA / SARPAGANDHA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Driedroots of rauwolfia
serpentina
Family: Apocynaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Asia,America
Morphology
Snake shaped, brown coloured, longitudinal wrinkles
tapering towards the end
Chemistry:
Reserpine, ajamlicine, serpentine
Use
Antihypertensivebypreventinguptakeofadrenaline
Chemical Test
1. Freshlyfracturedsurfaceoftherootwhentreatedwith
concentrated HNO
shows red coloured medullary rays
3
2. Reserpinegivesavioletcolourwithvanillin in acetic
acid
TROPANE ALKALOIDS
BELLADONA/DEADLY NIGHT SHAPE LEAVES
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:driedleavesofatropabelladonna
Family: Solanaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:England,Europe,India
Morphology:
Leavesaregreenishbrown,ovateinshapewithanentire
margin and bitter to taste
Microscopic Characters
Dorsiventralleaf
Collenchymaaboveandbelowthemidrib
Unicellular covering trichomes,unicellular glandular
trichomes
Microsphaenoidal calcium oxalate crystals
Chemistry
Atropine, hyoscyanine, belladonine
Use
Atropine is a parasympatholytic, thus decreases secretion
and spasms
Chemical Test
Vitalimorintest–tothedrugfumingnitricacidisadded
anditisevaporatedtodryness.
MethanolicKOHisaddedtotheacetonesolutionof the
nitrated residue
Itdevelopsavioletcolour
STRAMONIUM
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:driedleavesandoweringtops
ofdaturastramonium
Family: solanaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:America,France
Morphology:
Leavesare grayish green with a crenate marginand
unequal base
Microscopic Characters:
Dorsiventralleaf
Collenchymaaboveandbelowthemidrib
Unicellularcoveringandglandulartrichomes
Xylem surrounded by phloem
Anisocytic stomata
Chemistry:
Hyoscine, atropine, belladonine
Use:
Hyoscineisananti-emetic
Chemical Test:
Vitali morin test
COCA LEAVES
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
Driedleaves of erythroxylon coca (Bolivianvariety)
Erythroxylontruxillense(Peruvianvariety)
Family: Erythroxylaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Bolivia,Peru
Morphology:
Peruvianleavesarepalegreen,fragile,thin,andelliptical
in shape
Bolivianleavesaregreenishbrown,ovalinashapewith
a prominent mid rib
Microscopic Characters:
Dorsiventralleaf
Collenchymaaboveandbelowmidrib
Xylemsurroundedbyphloemandpericyclicbres
Paracytic stomata
Chemistry:
Cocaine, cinnamoyl cocaine, tropocaine, benzoylecgonine
Extraction:
Theleafpowderisbasiedwithlimeandextractedusing
anorganicsolvent
Thefreebasesareconvertedtotheirhydrohloridesby
using HCl
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
187
Dueto this procedure cocaine liberatesecgonine,
methanol and benzoic acid whereas cinnamoyl cocaine
generates ecgonine, methanol and cinnamic acid
The ecgonine thus obtained is used to synthesize cocaine
by treating it with benzoic anhydride, methyl iodide, and
methanol and sodium methoxide
Use:
IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS
PILOCARPUS
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: dried leaves of pilocarpus
jaborandi, Pilocarpus microphyllus
Family: Rutaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:SouthAmerica
Localanaesthetic
Chemical Test:
DrugpowderwhenheatedwithconcentratedH
2SO4
gives
atypicalodourofmethylbenzoate
QUINAZOLINE ALKALOIDS
VASAKA LEAF / ADULSA
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:driedandfreshleavesofAdhatoda
vasica
Family: acanthaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India
Morphology:
Leavesaredarkgreen,lanceolateinshape,haveacrenate
margin with a characteristic odour and bitter taste
Chemistry:
Vasicine,vasicinoneandadhatodicacid
Uses:
Vasicineisanexpectorant.Itgetsoxidizedtovasicinone
whichin an abortifacient in large doses, otherwisea
bronchodilator
PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS
LOBELIAHERB/INDIANTOBACCO/ASTHMAWEED
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: Dried aerial parts oflobelia
nicotianefolia
Family: Campanulaceae
Morphology:
Leavesaregreyishgreenwithanasymmetricalbaseand
possesses aromatic odour and bitter taste
Chemistry:
Contains pilocarpine, pseudopilocarpine, pilosine and
limonene
Uses:
Antagonisttoatropine,causesmiosis,increasessalivation
and sweating
Chemical Test:
Pilocarpine solution when treated with H
benzene and K
, the organic layer appears bluish
2Cr2O4
2SO4
, H2O2,
violetin colour whereas aqueous layershows yellow
colour
INDOLE ALKALOIDS
CALABAR BEANS
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:Driedtypeseedsofphysostigma
venenosum
Family: Leguminosae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Africa
Morphology:
Reddish brown in colour, hard, shiny and rough to touch
Chemistry
Contains physostigmine, starch and proteins
Use:
Helps in contraction of pupil, retards respiration and
causes bradycardia
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India
Morphology:
Leavesaresessile,large,darkgreenandpossessanacrid
taste
Chemistry:
Lobeline,lobelidineandisolobanine
Use:
Respiratory stimulant
Chemical Test
1.Lobeline solution if heated givestypical odour of
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
acetophenone
2. Lobeline in H
188
developsredcolour
when treated with formaldehyde
2SO4
OPIUM / POPPY PLANT
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: Dried latex obtained from
capsulesofpapaversomniferum
Family: Papaveraceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India(MP),Turkey,Pakistan,
Afghanistan
Morphology
The dried latex is dark brown, extremely bitter to taste and
has a strong odour.
Chemistry
Containsphenanthrenetypeofalkaloidssuchasmorphine
andcodeineandbenzylisoquinolinetypeofalkaloidssuch
aspapaverineandnoscapine
Theseoccurassaltsofmeconicacid