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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5337_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
71. The steroid metabolite that acts as main regulator
of gonadotrophin secretion is __________.
Androstenediol
A.
B. Testosterone
C. Androstenolone
D. Androstanediol
72. Which of the following preparation has both
progestinic and oestrogenic effects?
Medroxy progesterone acetate
A.
B. Hydroxy progesterone caproate
C. Norgestrel
D. Megestrol acetate
73. In the treatment of hypothyroidism, thyroxine is
preferred over liothyronine because thyroxine:
Can be made more easily by recombinant DNA
A.
technology
B. Has a longer half-life
C. Has higher affinity for thyroid hormone
receptors
D. Is faster acting
Is more likely to improve a patient’s mood
E.
74. Which condition results from over secretion of
growth hormone?
Panhypopituitarism B. Addison's
A.
C. Acromegaly D. Diabetes
75. A subunit of gonadotropins commonly contains:
A. Serine-linked carbohydrate moiety
B. Glycogen-linked polysaccharide chain
C. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chain
D. None of the above
76. A young woman seeks advice because she had
unprotected sexual intercourse 12 hours earlier.
Based on her menstrual cycle, she believes that
conception is possible. Which of the following
drugs should she use as a postcoital contraceptive?
Ethinyl estradiol combined with norethindrone
A.
B. Diethylstilbestrol plus raloxifene
C. Flutamide
D. Letrozole plus finasteride
77. For patients who have been on long-term therapy
with a glucocorticoid and who now wish to
discontinue the drug, gradual tapering of the
glucocorticoid is needed to allow recovery of:
Depressed release of insulin from pancreatic B
A.
cells
B. Normal osteoblast function
C. The control by vasopressin of water excretion
D. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
78. All of the following hormonal drugs possess a
steroidal nucleus except:
Ethinyl estradiol B. Norethindrone
A.
C. Liothyronine D. Prednisolone
79. Which of the following glucocorticoids produces
the least sodium retention?
Cortisone B. Prednisolone
A.
C. Dexamethasone D. Fludrocortisone
80. Which of the following is the physiological role
of vasopressin?
A.
Smooth muscle vasoconstriction
B. Neurotransmission/neuromodulation
C. Increased factor VIII concentration
D. All of the above
81. Insulin preparations that contain a modifying
protein include:
A. Isophane insulin (NPH)
B.
Lente insulin
C. Regular insulin
D. None of these
82. All of the following organs concentrate iodide
except:
A.
Mammary gland B. Placenta
C. Uterus D. Skin
83. Metabolic reactions likely to be affected by a
protein–decient diet include:
A.
Glycine conjugation
B. Hydrolysis
C. Glucuronidation
D. All of the above
84. Menotropins is a preparation of:
A. FSH + LH obtained from urine of menstruating
women
B.
LH obtained from urine of pregnant women
C. FSH + LH obtained from urine of menopausal
women
D.
LH obtained from serum of pregnant mare
85. Mechanism of action of antithrombic agent is:
A. Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
B. Activation of clotting factors
C. Inhibition platelet function
D. Agonist of vitamin K
86. Endocrine glands release their products directly
into ____________.
A.
Ducts
B. Fluid just outside the cells
C. The bloodstream
D. Both A and C
87. The drug of choice for hypoparathyroidism is:
A. Parathormone B. Pamidronate
C. Calcium D. Vitamin D
88. Which of the following is the an example of an
idiosyncratic type of adverse drug reaction?
A.
Triflupromazine—muscle dystonia
B. Pentobarbitone—insomnia
C. Morphine—asthma
D. Phenytoin—gum hyperplasia
89. Which of the following tissues is most sensitive
to oxytocin?
A.
Myometrium
B. Vascular smooth muscle
C. Myoepithelium of mammary alveoli
D. Renal collecting ducts
Section 1 Pharmacology
139
90. Adaptive neurophysiological changes produced
by repeated administration of a drug, which result
in the appearance of a characteristic withdrawal
syndrome on discontinuation of the drug is called:
A.
Drug addiction
B. Drug abuse
C. Psychological dependence
D. Physical dependence
91. Somatostatin inhibits the release of:
A. Growth hormone B. Insulin
C. Thyrotropin D. All of the above
92. Choose which of the following endogenous tropic
hormones is not secreted by the pituitary gland?
A.
Somatotropin
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
93. Insulin causes a decrease in the circulating
concentration of all amino acids except:
A.
Phenylalanine B. Histidine
C. Alanine D. Arginine
94. Estrogens:
A. Block bone resorption
B. Maintain negative calcium balance
C. Decrease HDL levels
D. Increase bile acid secretion
95. The metabolic rate of the following organ is not
signicantly affected by thyroxine:
A.
Brain B. Heart
C. Liver D. Skeletal muscle
96. Oral contraceptive has combination of progestin
and estrogen because:
A.
The estrogen inhibits the side effects of the
progestin
B.
The progestin inhibits the side effects of the
estrogen
C.
Both synergise to inhibit ovulation
D. All of the above
97. Prolonged testosterone therapy can cause
A. Hypertrophy of seminiferous tubules of testes
B. Hypertrophy of interstitial cells of testes
C. Atrophy of interstitial cells of testes
D. Both (A) and (B)
98. The most suitable vitamin D preparation for
vitamin D dependent rickets is:
A.
Calciferol B. Cholecalciferol
C. Calcifediol D. Calcitriol
99. The use of oestrogen antagonist clomiphene can
lead to:
A.
Ovarian hyperstimulation
B. Multiple pregnancies
C. Both A and B
D. None
Section 1 Pharmacology
100. Which of the following drugs is an antiprogestin?
140
A. Gemeprost B. Megestrol
C. Mifepristone D. Tamoxifen
101. Which of the following has been found to act as
a male contraceptive without affecting libido or
potency?
Cyproterone acetate B. Goserelin
A.
C. Centchroman D. Gossypol
102. Which of the following can act as a single dose
postcoital contraceptive?
Clomiphene citrate
A.
B. Mifepristone
C. Danazol
D. Medroxyprogesterone acetate
103. In which of the following forms of oral
contraception, pills are taken continuously
without interruption?
Combined pill B. Sequential pill
A.
C. Minipill D. Phased pill
104. Concurrent use of the following drug is likely to
cause the failure of oral contraception
Isoniazid B. Rifampicin
A.
C. Cimetidine D. Propranolol
105. Glucocorticoids have not been proved to be
effective in the treatment of:
Osteoporosis
A.
B. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
C. Asthma
D. Chemotherapy-induced vomiting
106. Oxytocin is preferred over ergometrine for
augmenting labour because:
It has brief and titratable action
A.
B. It is less likely to cause foetal anoxia
C. It is less likely to impede foetal descent
D. All of the above
107. The principal source of circulating estrogen in
menstruating women is:
Granulosa cells B. Breast cells
A.
C. Placenta D. Gonadotrophs
108. The pituitary gland is controlled by the:
A. Anterior lobe B. Hypothalamus
C. Posterior lobe D. Frontal cortex
109. Progesterone:
A. Increases muscular contractility of fallopian
tubes
B. Decreases the frequency of LH pulses
C. Increases the myometrial contractions
D. Increases the thickness of the endometrium
110. Over secretion of which hormone will result in
acromegaly?
Testosterone
A.
B. Thyroxin
C. Metabolic increasing hormone
D. Growth hormone
111. Which class of drug closely relates to:
“Hepatotoxicity and jaundice, urinary retention
and azoospermia, prostatic hypertrophy and
priapism and paradoxical gynecomastia.”
Androgens
A.
B. Antithyroid agents
C. Sulfonylurea oral hypoglyccemia
D. Adrenocorticosteroids
112. The endocrine system coordinates body activities
and maintains homeostasis through _________.
A. Electrical impulses
B. Neurological impulses
C. Adrenalin
D. Chemical messengers
113. The drug of choice for hypoparathyroidism is:
A. Parathormone B. Calcium lactate
C. Vitamin D D. Pamidronate
114. Choose the correct statement about the negative
feedback mechanism:
A. A decrease in the levels of vitamin K causes
clotting slow. Supply of dietary vitamin K
improves clotting.
B. A decrease in core body temperature causes an
increase in metabolic rate. The increase in body
temperature inhibits the production of thyroid
stimulating hormone.
C. Uterine contractions production more uterine
contractions by increasing production of a
harmone.
D. The intake of growth hormone causes long bone
growth.
115. The posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus are
connected by which of the following?
A. Nerves B. Blood vessels
C. A portal system D. Ducts
116. Which of the following is a tropic hormone?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Thyroxin
C. Adrenaline
D. Oxytocin
117. Hypercoagulability and dermal vascular necrosis
due to protein C deciency is known to be an
early-appearing adverse effect of treatment with:
A. Aspirin B. Clopidogrel
C. Streptokinase D. Warfarin
118. Cretinism and myxoedema condition may reverse
by ________.
A. Administration of general proteins
B. Surgery
C. Administration of thyroxin
D. Injection of stimulating hormone
119. Which hormone works antagonistically to
parathormone:
A. Triiodothyronine B. Insulin
C. Estrogen D. Calcitonin
120. Feminization is not a side effect of:
A. Mesterolone
B. Testosterone cypionate
C. Testosterone
D. Testosterone propionate
121. The pancreas produces two hormones:
A. Epinephrine and insulin
B. Melatonin and glucagon
C. Insulin and glucagon
D. Glucagon and norepinephrine
122. Minipill containing only progesterone was
introduced because:
A. It is more effective than combining pill
B. Progesterone alone causes more regular
menstrual cycle
C. Progesterone alone less likely causes cerebral
and coronary thrombosis
D. All of the above
123. Parathormone main function is:
A. enhance calcium absorption by intestine
B. enhance calcium reabsorption by the kidney
tubules
C. enhance calcium deposition in extraosseous
tissues
D. To increase resorption of calcium from bone
tissue
124. The action of chlorpropamide is that it:
A. Increases glycogenolysis
B. Increases peripheral utilization of glucose
C. Increases insulin secretion
D. All of the above
125. Hypersecretion of thyroxin would be caused by
an increase in the release of:
A. TRH or TSH
B. FSH or LH
C. STHRH or STH
D. TSH or ACTH
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. C
15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. C 28. C
29. D 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. B 38. D 39. A 40. A 41. D 42. B
43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. D 48. D 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. C 56. A
57. B 58. C 59. D 60. B 61. D 62. C 63. D 64. B 65. C 66. A 67. D 68. D 69. B 70. D
71. A 72. C 73. B 74. C 75. C 76. A 77. D 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. A 82. C 83. A 84. C
85. A 86. B 87. D 88. B 89. C 90. D 91. D 92. B 93. C 94. A 95. A 96. C 97. C 98. D
99. C 100. C 101. D 102. B 103. C 104. B 105. A 106. D 107. A 108. B 109. B 110. D 111. A 112. D
113. C 114. B 115. A 116. A 117. D 118. C 119. D 120. A 121. C 122. C 123. D 124. C 125. A
Section 1 Pharmacology
141
Pharmacognosy
1. Introduction to Pharmacognosy
2. SourcesandClassicationofCrudeDrugs
3. FactorsInuencingQualityofCrudeDrugs
4. Techniques in Microscopy
5. IntroductionofPhytoconstituents
6. Glycosides
7. Alkaloids
8. Terpenoids, Volatile Oils and Resins
9. PrinciplesofPlantClassication
2
10. Pharmaceutical Aids
11. Plant Products
12. ToxicDrugs
13. Poisonous Plants
14. Enzymes
15. QuantitativeMicroscopy
16. Biogenetic Pathways
17. Herbarium
18. Herbal Formulation
19. Plant Tissue Culture
20. Herbal Cosmetics
21. Herbal Formulation
22. MarineDrugs,ChemicalConstitutentsandUses
1. Introduction to Pharmacognosy
DEFINITION
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from
natural sources.
The term pharmacognosy was introduced by Seydler in
1815.
It is derived from the two Greek words: i) pharmakon,
SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Pharmacognosy gives a sound knowledge of the vegetable
drugs under botany and animal drugs under zoology which
includes plant taxonomy, plant breeding, plant pathology,
and plant genetics.
which means a drug and ii) gnosis, which means to acquire
knowledge of.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Contributors Milestone
Sumerian clay slab The ancient evidence (approximately 5000 years old) of natural plants for medical
preparation has been found on a Sumerian clay slab in Nagpur. It comprised 12 recipes
for preparation referring to over 250 plants and some alkaloids, such as poppy and
henbane.
Shen Nung (2500 BC) The emperor taught China to cultivate hemp as a fiber and later on for food and oil
and wrote Chinese book on roots and grasses “Pen Ts’ao which consists of dried
parts 365 drugs, such as the great yellow gentian, ginseng, jimson weed, cinnamon
bark, and ephedra.
Babylonians (about 3000 BC) Illustrated medical treatment of plants with their properties.
Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu
(3000–2730 BC)
Egyptian contributors (1550 BC) Ebers Papurus is the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt known as Papyrus
Charaka (300 BC) Charaka wrote famous Ayurvedic treatise Charaka Samhita. It includes a rational
Sushruta (600 BC) Sushruta Samhita contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700
Hippocrates (460–377 BC) He is regarded as the Father of medicine for his contribution to human anatomy,
Aristotle (384–322 BC) He described medicinal importance of about 500 plants with their description and uses.
Theophrastus (371–287 BC) He is known as father of botany, founded botanical science with his books “De Causis
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
(25 BC–50 AD)
Dioscorides (1st Century AD) The Greek physician also known as “The father of Pharmacognosy,” published five
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) He wrote about approximately 1000 medicinal plants in his book “Historia naturalis”.
144
He has written Chinese Pharmacopoeia including recipes and therapeutic uses of
many Chinese traditional medicines.
Ebers which is collection of 800 prescriptions referring to 700 plant species. It provides
good knowledge of human anatomy and medicinal uses of hundreds of plants which
made them capable of embalming dead bodies for making mummies, e.g. henbane,
mandrake, opium, pomegranate, caster oil, aloe, onion, fig, willow and coriander.
approach to the causation and cure of disease with introduction of objective methods
of clinical examination.
medicinal plants, a detailed study on anatomy, 64 preparations from mineral sources
and 57 preparations based on animal sources.
physiology and development of medicinal plants. He classified medicinal plants on
the basis of physiological action. His literature consists of 300 medicinal plants, like
garlic against intestine parasites, opium, henbane, and deadly nightshade were used
as narcotics, oak and pomegranate as astringents.
Plantarium”—Plant Etiology and “De Historia Plantarium”—Plant History. He classified
more than 500 medicinal plants, like cinnamon, mint, pomegranate and cardamom.
In his work “De medica”, he quoted approximately 250 medicinal plants, such as aloe,
henbane, flax, poppy, pepper, cinnamon, cardamom.
volumes of a book, entitled ‘De Materia Madica’ in 78 AD, which offers plenty of data
on collection, storage and uses of 944 drugs, 600 are of plant origin, with descriptions
of the outward appearance, locality, mode of collection, making of the medicinal
preparations, and their therapeutic effect.
Contd...
Contributors Milestone
Galen (130–200 AD) The most distinguished Greek pharmacist cum physician, described methods of
preparing pharmaceutical formulations containing plant and animal drugs. He
compiled the first list of drugs with similar or identical action (parallel drugs), which are
interchangeable and introduced several new plant drugs in therapy that Dioscorides
had not described, for instance, Uvae ursi folium, used as an uroantiseptic and a mild
diuretic.
Charles the Great (742–814 AD) He quoted 100 plants such as sage, sea onion, iris, mint, common centaury, poppy,
marsh mallow.
Paracelsus (1493–1541) He was a Swiss physician and firm believer of astrologically, supported Signatura
doctrinae that is continuously emphasizing belief in observations. According to this
belief, God designated his own sign on the healing substances, which indicated their
application for certain diseases. For example, Hypericum perforatum L. would be
beneficial for treatment of wounds and stings as plant leaves appears as if they had
been stung. On the basis of his idea that the body was a chemical system which
had to be balanced not only internally, but which also had to be in harmony with its
environment, he introduced new chemical substances into medicine, like use of the
metal mercury for the treatment of syphilis.
Linnaeus (1707–1788) He was a Swedish botanist considered as father of modern botany. He was first
naturalist to classify plants and intiated two Latin names the identifying genus, with
an initial capital letter, and species to classify all plants with an initial small letter. For
the naming, a polynomial system was employed where the first word denoted the
genus while the remaining polynomial phrase explained other features of the plant,
e.g. the willow clusius was named Salix pumila angustifolia antera.
Wilhelm Adam Sertürner
(1783–1841)
The German pharmacist isolated alkaloids with many potent physiologically active
compounds including quinine, atropine, cocaine, and tubocurarine.
Schleiden (1804–1881) He not only contributed to the knowledge of the structure of plants, but was the first to
recognize that drugs of different origin might be determined by their cellular differences.
AYURVEDA
Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine which is one
of world’s oldest medical systems has been practiced over
6000 years.
The word Ayurveda is derived from two words in Sanskrit
Ayus, meaning life from birth to death, and veda, meaning
knowledge or science.
Ayurveda indicates the science by which life in its totality
is understood. It is a way of life that describes the diet,
CONTRIBUTION IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA
Charaka Sushruta Ashantanga Hridya
Charaka Samhita prime work on the
basic concepts of Ayurveda is the
oldest of the three and was probably
first compiled around 1500 BC. It is
a systematic work divided into eight
Sthanas or sections, which are further
divided into 120 chapters.
Eight Limbs of Asthanga Ayurveda
Kaya Chikitsa Medical therapeutics
Shalakya Tantra Diseases of eye, ear, nose and throat
Shalya Tantra Surgery Surgery
Kaumarabhritya Paediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology
Agada Tantra Toxicology
Bhutavidya Psychology and psychiatry
Rasayana Rejuvenation
Vajikarana Aphrodisiac/sexology
Sushruta explains about sophisticated
descriptions of diseases and surgical
instruments. It represents Dhanwantri
School of surgeons.
The important authority in Ayurveda
flourished about the seventh century AD
is Vagbhatta of Sindh, His treatise called
Ashtanga Hridya. It is a combination of
Surgery and Medicine.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
145
APPROACH OF AYURVEDA
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Unanisystem aims at restoring the equilibrium of
variouselementsandfacultiesofthehumanbody.
Principals and philosophies
Theproperfunctioningofhumanbodydependsonseven
factorsknownas
FACTORS OF UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Umoor-e Tabaiya viz. Arkan/Anasir Elements
Mizaj Temperament
Akhlat Humors
Aaza Organs
Arwah Vital Forces
Quwa Faculties
Afaal Functions
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
ThewordSiddhacomesfromthewordSiddhi,meaning
anobjecttobeattainedorperfectionofheavenlybliss
thatisachievement.
TheSiddha system of medicine is based on remedies
derivedfromthevegetablekingdom.
ThefundamentalprincipleonwhichSiddhaisguidedis
that “nature is man” and “man is nature” and thus both
are essentially one.
They are also the primordial elements, Bhutas known as
Munn(solid),Neer(uid),Thee(radiance),Vayu(gas),
and Akasam (ether).
Eight methods of diagnosis in siddha system of medicine
Pulse diagnosis.
Examinationofthetongue
Examinationofthecomplexion
Examinationofthespeech
Examinationoftheeyes
Examinationofthepalpitation
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Examinationoftheurine
146
Examinationofthestool
Fig. 1.1: Four humours in unani system of medicine
Thesixfactorsofhealthhelpindeterminingthestateofa
person.Theprimarysixfactorsareexaminedinrelation
with health and disease. They are:
Theairofone’senvironment
Foodandbeverages
Movementandrest
Sleepandwakefulness
Eatingandevacuation
Emotion
HOMEOPATHY
The term Homeopathy was coined by Hanhemann in
1807,whichisderivedfromtheGreekword“homeo”,
meaning like or similar and “pathos”, meaning disease
orsuffering.
Homoeopathy presents contemporary wisdom as it
uses as medicine solutions that are diluted to a point
beyondthatwhichismeasurablebynormalscientic
means.
THE PRINCIPLES OF HOMEOPATHY
Principles Description
Law of Simila It is based on the principle Like Cures Like.
Law of Simplex A complex remedy is made from a number of substances combined in a single dose.
Law of Minimum The minimum dose action is thus, appropriate as a gentle remedial effect and has led to
the discovery of a more practical process called potentization.
Doctrine of Drug Proving Drug proving is a systematic investigation of pathogenic (disease-producing ) power
of medicine on healthy human being of different ages, both sexes and of various
constitutions.
Theory of Chronic Disease Cure is only possible by proper anti-miasmatic treatment.
Theory of Vital Force The material organism without the vital force is capable of no sensation, no function, no
self preservation.
Doctrine of Drug Dynamisation The Principle of Dilution in Homeopathy is related with the process known as “dynamization”
or “potentization”, where a remedy is diluted in alcohol or water.
2. Sources and Classification of Crude Drugs
has its advantages and disadvantages.
other of the following ways.
Elaborate Classification of crude drugs with their Benefits and Drawbacks
Classification of Crude drug Benefits and Drawbacks
Alphabetical Classification
The simplest way of classification and crude drugs are arranged
in alphabetical order of their Common names (English) and
Latin names or vernacular names (local language names).
This system of classification is accepted in pharmacopoeias
like Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, British
Herbal Pharmacopoeia and dictionaries and reference books.
Benefits
Easy system location, tracing and addition of drug entries.
No repetition of entries.
Devoid of confusion.
Drawbacks
There is no relationship between previous and successive
drug entries.
Examples: Curcuma zedoaria, Cassia acutifolia, Rauwolfia
vomitoria, Styrax benzoin, Cinchona calisaya.
Taxonomical Classification
Botanical classification and is based on principles of natural
relationship and evolutionary developments. They are
classified on basis of Kingdom, phylum, order, family genus
and species.
Benefits
Helpful in studying evolutionary changes.
Drawbacks
It cannot give detailed information about systematic
pharmacognostic parameters like chemical constituents and
biological activity.
It’s insufficient to correlate evolutionary and systematic
pharmacognostic parameters.
Thallophyta
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Bidobacteriales
Family: Bidobacteriaceae
Genus: Bidobacterium
Morphological Classification
It is based on classification in which drugs are arranged
according to the external characters of the plant parts or
animal parts. The drugs are grouped as organized and
unorganized. Organized drugs are obtained from the direct
cellular tissues of plants and part.
Examples: Leaves, flower, woods, barks, rhizomes, entire
plants etc.
Benefits
Convenient for practical study
It is more helpful to determine and observe adulteration of
drugs.
Drawbacks
It does not explain about chemical constituents and
therapeutic actions of drugs.
Examples: Refer list of organized and unorganized drugs
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
147
Contd...
Classification of Crude drug Benefits and Drawbacks
Unorganized drugs are those which don’t contain any cellular
plant tissues prepared from plants by physical processes such
as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent.
Example: Resins, volatile oil, fixed oils and fats, gums and waxes
Pharmacological classification
The pharmacological action or therapeutic use is termed as
pharmacological or therapeutic classification of drug. Drugs
like digitalis, squill and strophanthus having cardiotonic
action are grouped together irrespective of their parts used
or phylogenetic relationship or the nature of phytoconstituents
they contain. Table gives an outline of pharmacological
classification of drugs.
Chemical Classification
The crude drugs are divided according to the chemical nature
of their most important constituent. It is dependent upon the
grouping of drugs with identical constituents.
Chemotaxonomy Classification
This classification attempts to review plant constituents
according to plant taxa. It is based on the existence of
relationship between constituents in various plants
Benefits
It is more relevant and mostly followed method.
For suggesting substitutes of drugs.
Drugs with different pharmacologically action on the body
gets classified separately in more than one group that causes
confusion.
Examples: Refer table of pharmacological classification
Benefits
It is a popular approach for phytochemical studies.
Drawbacks
In cases of drugs possess a number of chemical constituents
belonging to different groups of compounds confusion can
arises
Benefits
It is the latest classification and gives more opportunity for
interpretating correlation between chemical constituents, their
biosynthesis and their possible action.
List of Organized Drugs with Examples
S.No Organized drugs Examples
1 Leaves Digitalis, Senna, Tulsi, Mint
2 Flowering parts Clove, Saffron, Chamomile
3 Fruits Coriander, Fennel, Amla, Bael, Cardamom.
4 Seeds Kaladana, Nutmeg, Nux-vomica, Ispaghula
5 Woods Sandalwood, Quassia
6 Barks Cinchona,Cinnamon, Cassia,Cascara.
7 Roots and Rhizomes Ginger, Garlic, Rauwolfia, Podophyllum,Rhubarb, Shatavari
8 Plants and Herbs Vinca, Ergot, Kalmegh, Datura
9 Hair and Fibres Jute, Silk, Cotton, Flax.
List of Unorganized Drugs with Examples
S.No Unorganized drugs Examples
1 Resins Guggul, Tolu balsam, Asafoetida, Benzoin
2 Waxes Spermaceti, Carnauba wax, Yellow Beeswax
3 Gums Indian Gum, Guar Gum, Tragacenth, Acacia
4 Volatile oil Peppermint, Lemon, Clove, Rosemary, Eucalyptus.
5 Fixed oils and Fats Cod-liver, Cotton seed, Almond, Kokum butter
6 Dried Juice Aloe, Kino
7 Dried latex Papain, Opium
8 Dried extracts Pale catechu, Black catechu, Pectin, Agar
9 Animal Products Honey, Cod-liver oil, Gelatin, Bees wax, Lactose.
10 Fossil organism and Minerals Kaolin, Kiesslguhr, Bentonite, Talc.
Pharmacological Classification of Crude Drugs
Activity Crude Drugs
Analgesic and narcotic Morphine, Codeine
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Anti-inflammatory Colchicum, Turmeric
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