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Use:
Morphine is a narcotic analgesic and stimulant
Codeineisanantitussive
Papverineisasmoothmusclerelaxant
Chemical Test:
1. Aqueoussolutionofmeconicacidshowsadeepreddish
purplecolourwithferricchloride
2. Morphine when sprinkled with concentrated HNO
shows an orange red colour. This is not allowed by codeine
3. Morphine solution when treated with ferric chloride
andpotassiumferricyanidegivesabluishgreencolour
4. PapaverinesolutioninHClandpotassiumferricyanide
developsalemonyellowcolour
Uses:
Anti-malarial,anti-pyretic,quinineisusedinarrhythmias againstatrialbrillation
ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS
IPECAC
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
3
Driedroots of cephalis ipecacuanha (Brazilian/Rio), Cephalisacuminata(panama/Cartagena)
Family: rubiaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Brazil,Panama
Morphology
Varieties of opium:
Indian, Turkish, Persian, European, manipulated Persian and European
QUINOLINE AKALOIDS
CINCHONABARK/JESUIT’SBARK/PERUVIAN BARK
Biologicalsource:DriedbarkofcultivatedtreesofCinchona calisaya, Cinchona ofcinalis, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona succirubra, Family: Rubiaceae
Geographicalsource:India,Bolivia,srilanka
Morphology:
Stembarkisroughwithtransversessures
Outersurfaceisgreyandinnersurfaceispaleyellowish
brown to deep reddish brown
Rootbarkiscurved;outersurfaceisscaly,outerandinner surfacewithsamecolour
Microscopic Characters: Cork cells are thin walled
Cortexhasphloembres
Medullary rays with radially arranged cells
Idioblastofcalciumoxalateisaspeciccharacteristic
Starch grains in parechymatous tissues
Stone cells rarely present
Chemistry:
Contains quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine
Also contains quinic acid and cinchotannic acid
Brazilian ipecac is dark brick red as compared to greyish
brownpanamaipecaeBothpossessfaintodourandbitter
taste
Chemistry
Brazilian–emetine:cephalinratiois4:1
Panama–emetine:cephalinratiois1:1
Uses:
Expectorant in mild doses and as an emetic in large doses
Emetinealsopossessesantiprotozoalactivity
Chemical Test:
1. Emetine shows a bright green colour with H
2SO4
and
molybdic acid
2. Emetine when shaken with water and small amount
ofHCl,lteredandtotheltratepotassiumchlorateis addedgivesayellowcolourchangingtored
PYRIDINE– PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS
TOBACCO
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:Driedleavesofnicotianatabacum
Family: Solanaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India,France
Morphology:
Leavesare large, greenwith a dentate margin It has a
characteristic strong odour and bitter taste
Chemistry:
Nicotine, nornicotine and anabasine
Use:
Chemical Test:
1. On heating the drug in a dry test tube with glacial acetic
acid,purplevapoursareproduced
2. Thalleoquin test:Drug + bromine water +dilute
ammoniagivesanemeraldgreencolour
3. Drugwhentreatedwithquinidinesolutiongivesawhite
precipitatewithsilvernitratewhichissolubleinnitric
acid
Stimulant
PROTO ALKALOIDS
EPHEDRA/MAHUANG
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:Driedstemofephedragerardiana
Family: Ephedreaceae / Gnetaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:China,Pakistan
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
189
Morphology:
Family: Rubiaceae
Greyishgreen,thin,cylindricalstembearingscalyleaves
and internodes
No typical odour but has a bitter taste
Chemistry:
Contains amino alkaloids like ephedrine, norephedrine and pseudoephedrine
Uses:
Sympathomimetic and bronchodilator
Chemical Test:
Aqueoussolution of ephedrine shows a violet colour whentreatedwithdiluteHClandCuSO4followed by
dilute NaOH
COLCHICUM / AUTUMN CROCUS
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: Dried seeds and corms of
Colchicum luteum
Family: liliaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Europe
Morphology:
Seeds are hard, reddish brown, rough to touch whereas
cormsareyellowishincolourwithalongitudinalgroove
and bitter to taste
Chemistry:
Contains amino alkaloid colchicine and demecolchicine
Uses:
Rheumatism,treatmentofgout,anti-tumouractivityand
polyploidy
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE: Southern part of India,
Indonesia
Chemistry
Containscaffeine which is a salt of chlorogenicacid, volatileoilknownascaffeol,enzymesandotherphenolic
compounds
Uses
Stimulant,diuretic (due to theophylline), and source of caffeine
Chemical Test
1. Murexidetest: Caffeine when heated with HCl and potassiumchlorategivearesiduewhichturnspurple whenexposedtoammoniavapours
2. Caffeineformsawhiteprecipitatewithtanninsolution
TEA
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:PreparedleavesofThea sinensis
Family: Theaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India,SriLanka
Chemistry:
Containscaffeine, theophylline, theobromine,oxidase
enzyme and tannins
Use:
Stimulant,diuretic,sourceofcaffeine
Chemical Test: Murexide test
KOLA NUTS / BISSY SEEDS
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:Seedsofcolanitida
ACONITE / BACHNAG
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:DriedrootsofAconitum napellus
Family: Ranunculaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Germany,Spain
Morphology:
Roots are dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled and
taperingtowardsoneendTheyhaveslightodourandtaste
Chemistry:
Diterpenealkaloidssuchasaconitine,neopelline,neoline andsmall amount of ephedrine Aconitine is an active constituentbutifhydrolysedformsbenzoylaconineand aconinewhicharelessactive
Uses:
Externally in neuralgia and sciatica
PSEUDO ALKALOIDS
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
COFFEE
190
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:DriedseedsofCoffee arabica
Family: Sterculiaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:WestAfrica,Brazil
Morphology:SeedsarePlanoconvexinshapeandreddish brownwithabittertasteChemistry:Containscaffeine,
theobromine and a red pigment known as kola catechin
Use:Stimulant
COCOA SEEDS
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:Seedsoftheobromacacao
Family: Sterculiaceae
Chemistry: Caffeine, Theobromine,other phenolic
compounds
Use:Stimulant
STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS
KURCHI
BIOLOGICALSOURCE: Dried bark of holarrhena
antidysenterica
Family: Apocynaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India
Chemistry: Steroidal alkaloid conessine and norconessine
Use:Amoebicdysentery
ASHWAGANDHA
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:DriedrootsofWithania somnifera, Family: Solanaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:India,Afghanistan
Morphology:Rootsarecylindrical,buffcoloured,havea
characteristic odour and are tasteless
MicroscopicCharacters: Outermost layer of corkcells followedbycortex
Vascularbundleconsistsofphloemparenchymaandxylem
blocking the pith
Chemistry
2typesofchemicalconstituents
1. Steroidallactonescalledwithanolideslikewithaferine
2. Alkaloidslikewithanine,somniferine,anaferine
Also contains alcohols known as somnitol and somnirol
Uses:Sedative,hypnotic,hypotensiveandimmunomod-
ulatory
PYRAZOLINE ALKALOIDS
PEPPER
BIOLOGICALSOURCE:DriedfruitsofPiper nigrum
Family: Piperaceae
GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:SouthIndia,Indonesia
Morphology
Fruitsare green when unripe butturn dark black after drying The dried fruits arewrinkled with an aromatic
odour and pungent taste
Chemistry
Alkaloidpiperine is responsiblefor pungent tasteaong withpiperetine,resins,volatileoilscontaininglimonene andpinenresponsiblefortheodour
Uses:
Bronchitis and gonorrhoea
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Protoalkaloidsarealsoknownas:
A. Amino alkaloid B. Pseudo alkaloid C. Extra alkaloid D. True alkaloid
2. True alkaloids are present in plants as:
A. Salts of benzoic acid B. Salts of organic acid C. Salts of me conic acid D. Salts of inorganic acid
3. Pseudoalkaloidexample:
A. Caffeine B. Hygrine C. Lobeline D. Arecoline
4. Which drug is not under the chemical class of indole?
A. Quinine B. Quinidine C. Atropine D. Camptothecin
5. Strychnine ring structure:
A. Indole B. Pyrrole C. Piperidine D. Pyridine
6. An example of amino alkaloid:
A. Theophylline B. Aconine C. Caffeine D. Ephedrine
7. Deadly Nightshade is the synonym of the drug
A. Coca B. Belladonna C. Cinchona D. Datura
8. FamilyoftheVinca:
A. Erythroxylaceae B. Solanaceae C. Apocyanaceae D. Rubiaceae
9. Which is not the use of ergot?
A. Migraine B. Prevent post partum hemorrhage C. Oxytocin D. Laxative
10. Choose which is not the use of Stramonium?
A. Control of Motion sickness B. Mydriatic C. Antiadrenergic D. Anticholinergic
11. Select which is not the chemical constituent naturally obtained from Opium?
A. Morphine B. Codeine C. Narcotine D. Heroine
12. Name the active chemical constituent obtained from Ipecac?
A. Cephaeline B. Berberine C. Tropane D. Hydrastine
13. Select the synonym of Thorn apple:
A. Cinchona B. Belladonna C. Datura D. Stramonium
14. Choose the drug which doesnot belong to family Apocyanaceae?
A. Kurchi B. Rauwolfia C. Vinca D. Gloriosa
15. Choose which is not the biological source of Cinchona?
A. Cinchona calisaya B. Cinchona ofcinalis C. Cinchona succirubra D. Cinchona indica
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
191
16. Select the ergot alkaloid which is water-soluble?
A. Ergotamine B. Ergosine C. Ergocristine D. Ergometrine
17. Ergometrine alkaloid shows:
A. Laevo B. Dextro C. Racemic mixture D. Trans
 18. Ergometrineshowsconguration:
A. Laevo B. Dextro C. Racemic Mixture D. trans
19. Ergot contains a large number of indole alkaloids, which are the derivatives of ?
A. Lysergic acid B. Benzoic acid C. Cinnamic acid D. Meconic acid
20. Which forms of the ergot alkaloids are especially important?
A. Laevo B. Dextro C. cis D. trans
21. How many pairs of alkaloid are present Ergot?
A. Five B. Four C. Three D. Six
22. Ergot powder gives blue colour with:
A. P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde B. Benzaldehyde C. Cinnamaldehyde D. Formaldehyde
 23. Van-Urk’sreagentchemicallyis:
A. P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde B. Benzoic acid+Cinnamic acid C. P-dimethylbenzoic acid D. Cinnamaldehyde
 24. Ergometrinegivesuorescenceinwater:
A. Yellow B. Green C. Red D. Blue
25. Stychnous nux-vomica belongs to family:
A. Scrophulareaceae B. Liliaceae C. Apocyanaceae D. Loganiaceae
26. One of the following microscopic characters not associated with Nux-vomica is :
A. Epidermis consist of lignified trichomes B. Epidermis is followed by layer of collapsible
cells
C. Endosperm shows presence of plasmodesma D. Calcium oxalate crystal and starch grain are
present
 27. Ligniedtrichomesischaracteristicofdrug:
A. Catharanthus B. Cassia angustifolia C. Strychnous nux-vomica D. Digitalis purpurea
28. When the transverse section of nux-vomica is treated with ammonium vanadate and sulphuric
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
192
acid, the endospermic cells show purple colour, due to presence of:
A. Strychnine B. Brucine C. a-Coubrine D. B-coubrine
29. When the transverse section of nux-vomica is treated with nitric acid, it shows yellow colour due to presence of:
A. Strychnine B. Brucine C. a-Coubrine D. B-coubrine
 30. Theimportantchemicalconstituentsofrauwola
is:
A. Reserpine B. Resercinnamine C. Ajamalicine D. Desperidine
31. Reserpine, when treated with solution of vanillin in acetic acid shows colour:
A. Red B. Green C. Blue D. Pink
32. Diacetyl derivative of morphine is:
A. Codeine B. Heroin C. Papaverine D. Thebaine
33. The opium alkaloids are present in plant as salt of:
A. Benzoic acid B. Tartaric acid C. Meconic acid D. Acetic acid
34. Opium when dissolved in water and filtrate is treated with ferric chloride solution, it shows____________colour:
A. Reddish purple B. Green C. Yellow D. Orange
35. Which compound is showing the most potent analgesic property?
A. Heroin B. Morphine C. Codeine D. Papaverine
36. Trukish opium is commonly known as:
A. Chemist opium B. Druggist opium C. Chinese opium D. Chemist and druggist
37. Cephaelis Ipecacuanha belongs to family:
A. Rubiaceae B. Liliacaceae C. Apocyanaceae D. Rutaceae
38. Which is not the characteristic feature of alkaloid?
A. Complex molecular structure and nitrogen in
the molecule
B. Basic in nature C. Biosynthetically derived D. Acidic in nature only
39. Jesuit’s bark is synonym of:
A. Coca leaves B. Ipecacuanha C. Cinchona D. Calumba
40. Which alkaloid is not present in cinchona bark?
A. Quinidine B. Quinine C. Quinovin D. Cinchonin
41. Which species of cinchona contains highest percentage alkaloid?
A. Cinchona succirubra B. Cinchona officinalis C. Cinchona calisaya D. Cinchona ledgeriana
42. Which is not the prominent chemical constituent in Ipecac?
A. Emetine B. Pyschotrine C. Cephaeline D. Cinchonine
43. The pharmacological action of Ipecac:
A. Stimulant B. Emetic C. Sedative D. Hypnotic
 44. Papaverine,narcotineandnarceineisunderthe
chemical class:
A. Quinoline B. Benzyl isoquinoline C. Isoquinoline D. Benzophenone
 45. Papaverineshowspharmacologicalactivity:
A. Spasmolytic B. Emetic C. Antitussive D. Antipyretic
 46. InUVlightErgotshowsuorescence:
A. Yellow B. Blue C. Red D. Violet
47. Adulterants of rauwolfia serpentine are distinguished on the basis of:
A. Presence of sclernchyma B. Absence of sclerenchyma C. Presence of parenchyma D. Absence of parenchyma
48. Glycoside present in stychnous nux-vomica:
A. Strychnine B. Brucine C. Ajmaline D. Loganine
49. Major pharmacological action of Ephedrine :
A. Kidney failure B. Anti-inflammatory C. Heart failure D. Bronchial asthma
50. Morphine contains main nucleus:
A. Phenanthrene B. Anthracene C. Naphthalene D. Naphthacene
51. The characteristic not associated with alkaloids:
A. They all contain nitrogen B. Most of non-volatile alkaloids are solid C. All the alkaloid contains sulphur D. They are physiologically active
52. Thalleoquin test contain reagents:
A. Bromine water + Few drops of ammonia B. Potassium permanganate + Few drops of
ammonia
C. Bromine water + Nitric acid D. Bromine water + Sodium hydroxide
 53. Thalleoquintestisusedforidenticationof:
A. Atropine B. Vincristine C. Quinine D. Strychnine
CHOOSE THE CORRECT PAIRS
54. Reagent Composition
A. Mayer’s i) Potassium bismuth
iodide
B. Dragendorff’s ii) Iodine in potassium
iodide
C. Wager reagent iii) Picric acid D. Hager reagent iv) Potassium mercuric
iodide
55. Alkaloidal drug Family
A. Ergot i) Apocyanaceae B. Nux-vomica ii) Papaveraceae C. Rauwolfia iii) Clavicipitaceae D. Opium iv) Loganiaceae
56. Drug Chemical constituent
A. Ergot i) Vincristine B. Rauwolfia ii) Reserpine C. Vinca iii) Physovenine D. Physostigma iv) ergotamine
57. Drug Active constituent
A. Ergot i) Papaverine B. Opium ii) d-tubocurarine C. Curare iii) Cephaeline D. Ipecac iv) Ergotamine
58. Drug Synonym
A. Nux-vomica i) Chotachand B. Rauwolfia ii) Periwinkle C. Vinca iii) Semen strychnii D. Hyoscyamus iv) Henbane
59. Pair theplant families withthe components
characteristic of the species.
A. Brassicaceae B. Solanaceae C. Papaveraceae D. Scrophulariaceae E. Lamiaceae
1. Alkaloids of tropane base
2. Glucosinolates
3. Cardioactive glycosides
4. Alkaloids of morphinane base
5. Monoterpenes
60. Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds which contain__in their molecules.
A. One or more N atoms B. Two heterocyclic rings C. A side-chain on one of the benzene rings D. One or more N atoms originating from amino
acids
E. One or more O atoms
61. The iridoids are...
A. Constituents of volatile oils B. Starting units of tannin biogenesis C. Precursors of the biosynthesis of saponins D. Precursors of the biogenesis of certain alkaloids E. Constituents of fixed oils
62. Which of the following methods is used to get alkaloids in base form from plant material?
A. Adding ammoniumhydroxide and water to the
pulverized drug
B. Making an extract with mineral acid and
organic solvent
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
193
C. Making an extract with base and organic solvent D. Adding mineral acid and water to the powdered
drug
E. Making an extract with organic solvent and
warming it.
63. Which of the following explanations is why morphine can be separated from its accompanying alkaloids?
A. Morphine contains a piperidine ring. B. Morphine contains two methoxy groups. C. Morphine contains a phenolic hydroxyl group
whereas the accompanying alkaloids have none.
D. Morphine does not contain phenolic hydroxyl
group whereas the accompanying alkaloids contain one.
E. Morphine and its accompanying alkaloids are
inseparable.
64. Which of the following is the skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids?
A. Cevan B. Tropane C. Isoquinoline D. Rubanol E. Dammarane
65. Which of the following is the reagent for alkaloids?
A. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine B. Iron(III) chloride C. Antimony(III) chloride D. Potassiumtetraiodomercurate E. Phloroglucinol in concentrated hydrochloric
acid
66. Ergot is the of the fungus Claviceps purpurea.
A. Vegetative form B. Dried sclerotium C. Ascospore D. Conidiospore E. Filamentous hyphae
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. A 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. D 39. C 40. C 41. A 42. D
43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. D 50. A 51. C 52 A 53. C
54. A iv B i C ii D iii 55. A iii B iv C ii D ii
56. A iv B ii C i D iii 57. A iv B i C ii D iii
58. A iii B i C ii D iv 59. 1–B 2–A 3–D 4–C, 5–E
60. D 61. D 62. C 63. C 64. D 65. D 66. B
1. Select the common skeleton of physiologically active ergoline alkaloids?
A. Isolysergic acid B. Clavorubine C. Lysergic acid D. 2-Phenylbenzopyran E. Elimoclavine
2. WhyPoppystraw isused as theindustrial raw
material of morphine production...
A. Poppy straw contains only morphine B. Poppy straw does not contain other
accompanying alkaloids
C. Poppy straw has the maximum morphine
content
D. Poppy straw is the cheapest available raw
material
E. Poppy straw contains morphine derivatives
3. Select the achievements is associated with Miklós Békéssy?
A. The industrial production of essential oils by
steam distillation
B. The industrial production of poppy alkaloids C. The cultivation of ergot
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
194
D. The isolation of morphine E. The production of ergot alkaloids by
fermentation
4. Choose the drugs which has the highest caffeine content?
A. Mate folium B. Theae folium C. Guarana D. Coffeae semen E. Colae semen
5. Choose the constituents is not present in Matricariae aetheroleum?
A. Chamazulene B. Matricin C. Spatulenol D. α-Bisabolol E. en-in-bicyclic ethers
6. Inulin is a(n)…
A. Arabin B. Pectin C. Galaktane D. Mannan E. Fructosane
7. Select the alkaloid with a purine skeleton?
A. Hygrine B. Theobromine C. Ephedrine D. Strychnine E. Solanidine
8. Select the drugs which has a carminative effect?
A. Frangulae cortex B. Centaurii herba C. Silybi mariani fructus D. Foeniculi fructus E. Graminis rhizoma
9. Choose the following drugs which contains ajoene?
A. Valerianae radix B. Agrimoniae herba C. Echinaceae radix D. Ginseng radix E. Allii sativi bulbus
10. Choose the plant constituents can be characterized by irreversible complexation with proteins?
A. Alkaloids B. Saponins C. Tannins D. Mucilages E. Anthraquinone glycosides
11. Select the drugs contains aucubin?
A. Marrubii herba B. Agrimoniae herba C. Valerianae radix D. Plantaginis lanceolatae folium E. Cyani flos
12. Hide powder is used in the traditional method of tannin quantitation because ...
A. Hide powder gives a colour reaction with
tannins
B. Hide powder reacts with polyphenols C. Hide powder reduces tannins D. Hide powder oxidizes polyphenols E. Hide powder reacts with tannins
13. Choose the following types of compound is arbutin, used in urological infections?
A. A flavonoid glycoside B. A phenolic glycoside C. A furanocoumarin D. An iridoid glycoside E. A gallitannin
14. Choose the methods can the tertiary alkaloids be extracted in salt form?
A. With organic solvents such as chloroform B. On boiling with aqueous ammonia solution C. With organic solvents containing alkaline
solution
D. With organic solvents containing acidic solution E. With an acidic aqueous solution
15. Select the drugs contains anthraquinone derivatives?
A. Betulae folium B. Graminis rhizoma C. Rhei radix D. Herniariae herba E. Rubi idaei folium
 16. Selectthereagentsissuitableforidenticationof
the Secale cornutum alkaloids?
A. The van Urk reagent B. The Fehling I and II reagents C. Iron(III) chloride D. Phloroglucinol in hydrochloric acid E. The EP reagent
 17. DeneIridoids:
A. Stress compounds characteristic of the
Lamiaceae family
B. Sesquiterpenes with a bitter taste
C. Monoterpenes with a cyclopenta-(c)-pyrane
structure
D. Pseudoalkaloids E. Constituents of balms since they have a pleasant
scent
18. The bitter value is the .................... of an extract
made of 1g of drug, which just has a bitter taste.
A. Highest dilution B. Lowest dilution C. Lowest concentration D. Highest concentration E. Highest trituration
19. Select the drugs contains laxative compounds?
A. Sennae folium B. Hyperici herba C. Urticae radix D. Equiseti herba E. Agrimoniae herba
20. Select the toxic compound of linseed?
A. Arabinoxylane B. Ricin C. Linamarin D. Scopoletin E. Rhein
 21. Linoleicacidisa(n)…
A. Saturated ω-6 fatty acid B. Unsaturated ω-6 fatty acid C. Unsaturated ω-3 fatty acid D. ω-9 fatty acid E. Saturated ω-3 fatty acid
 22. Selectthefollowingwhichcontainsaxedoilrich
in γ-linolenic acid?
A. Zea mays B. Sesamum indicum C. Oenothera biennis D. Ricinus communis E. Glycine max
23. Choose the compounds which contains an N atom?
A. Naphthoquinone derivatives B. Monoterpenes C. Coumarins D. Lignans E. Alkylamines
 24. Atropineisa1:1mixtureofDandL-…
A. Scopoletin B. Scopolamine C. Hyoscyamine D. Belladonnin E. Scopolin
25. Choose the “mystic” plants which contain alkaloids with a tropane skeleton?
A. Betel Palm B. Mandrake C. Hemlock D. Cannabis E. Iboga
26. Select the indications which is not applicable for Capsici fructus?
A. Topical application in rheumatic disorders B. Stomachic C. Promotion of wound healing D. Relieving neuralgias E. Increasing the rate of hair growth
27. The main compound of Ephedrae herba is the analogue of the synthetic molecule…
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
195
A. Amphetamine B. Ketamine C. Phencyclidine D. Ethyl morphine E. Methadone
28. Select the compounds which is characteristic of
Rauwolaeradix?
A. Physostigmine B. Quinidine C. Reserpine D. Cytisine E. Capsaicin
29. The comfrey root is only suitable for topical application because the drug contains …
A. Alkaloids with a tropane skeleton B. Piperidine alkaloids C. Saponins D. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids E. Coumarins
30. The toxic Conii fructus can easily be confused with…
A. Fennel seed B. Linseed C. Anise seed D. Coriander seed E. Castor bean seed
31. Choose the main active component of betel nut?
A. Ephedrine B. Chlorogenic acid C. Capsaicin D. Hypericin E. Arecholin
32. Which of the following types of compounds are the capsaicinoids?
A. Monoterpenes B. Pseudoalkaloids C. Carotenoids D. Protoalkaloids E. Anthocyans
33. Which of the following is the medical use of common fumitory?
A. Decreasing high blood pressure B. Relieving joint pain C. Enhancing bile synthesis and excretion D. Promotion of wound healing E. Antipyretic
34. Select the basic structure of Boldi folium alkaloids is…
A. Indole B. Piperidine C. Morphinan D. Aporphine E. Isoquinoline
 35. Vinpocetine(Cavinton®) isa semisynthetic
derivative of the main active compound of which of the following plants?
A. Rhamnus frangula B. Pulmonaria officinalis C. Catharanthus roseus D. Vinca minor E. Berberis vulgaris
36. To which of the following types of compound does
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
196
taxol belong?
A. Diterpene alkaloid B. Steroidal alkaloid C. Sesquiterpene D. Lignan E. Triterpene
37. Choosethe following statements relating to the traditional herbal medicinal products is false?
A. Attributing a preventive or curative effect to
these products is forbidden
B. They contain one or more herbal substances,
preparations or their combination as active agents.
C. The products may also contain vitamins and
minerals
D. Their authorization is possible via abridged
registration
E. They can be distributed in pharmacies
38. Which of the following types of medicines was developed from the alkaloid camtothecin, isolated from Camptotheca acuminata?
A. Antidiabetic B. Anticancer C. Hypotensive D. Anti-inflammatory E. Antiarrhythmic
39. Which of the following types of medicines was developed from galegine, isolated from Galega
ofcinalis?
A. Antidiabetic B. Anticancer C. Hypotensive D. Anti-inflammatory E. Antiarrhythmic
40. Which of the following is the advantage of collecting medical herbs from their natural habitat?
A. The whole process (culturing, harvesting, etc.)
can be controlled
B. The appropriate harvesting and quality can be
guaranteed
C. The stock is homogeneous D. No culturing costs are involved E. The properties of the plants can be modified by
cross-breeding
41. Which of the following groups of compounds consists of primary metabolites?
A. Alkaloids B. Lignans C. Flavonoids D. Iridoids E. Carbohydrates
42. Which of the following structural features is characteristic of saponins?
A. Their skeleton may be built up from 10, 15, 20
or 30 carbon atoms
B. They are triterpene glycosides C. They are glycosides with aromatic rings D. They are heterocyclic molecules containing
sulphur.
E. They are mineral salts of fatty acids.
 43. TheessentialoilofMelissaofcinalisissometimes
falsiedwiththeessentialoilof…:
A. Cymbopogon winterianus B. Citrus aurantium C. Hyssopus officinalis D. Commiphora molmol E. Citrus limon
44. Flavonoids such as … are able to decrease the permeability of the capillaries.
A. Liquiritin and isoliquiritin B. Apigenin and luteolin
A. Anthrone glycosides B. Dimeric coumarins C. Furanocoumarins D. Quinoline alkaloids E. Phloroglucine derivatives
C. Genistein and ononin D. Silybin and silychristin E. Hesperidin and rutin
45. Which of the following types of components are
usedinphotochemotherapy(PUVA)?
46. Which of the following is the tetracyclic oxindole
alkaloidofUncariaetomentosaeradix?
A. Pteropodine B. Mitraphylline C. Speciophylline D. Rinchophylline E. Theophylline
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. E 7. E 8. D 9. E 10. C 11. D 12. E 13. B 14. E 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. C 23. E 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. C 31. E 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. A 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. D 41. E 42. B
43. A 44. E 45. C 46. D
ALKALOIDS
1. Libermann–Burchard’sreagent is __________
A. Acetic anhydride + ConC. H B. Acetic acid + ConC. H2SO C. Acetic anhydride + ConC. HCl D. None of the above
2. Which compound undergoes aldol condensation during its biosynthesis?
A. L-Hyoscyamine B. Datura C. Tropine D. Both A and C
3. Latexvesselsarepresentinphloemofwhichdrug?
A. Lobelia B. Datura C. Sarpagandha D. Gokhru
4. Which of the alkaloids are liquid and volatile in nature?
A. Nicotine and coniine B. Morphine and paparvarine C. Atropine and quinine D. None of these
5. The degree of basicity of alkaloid mostly depends
upontheinuencecauseddueto:
A. Electrostatic status of oxygen atom B. Electrostatic status of carbon atom C. Electrostatic status of sulphur atom D. Electrostatic status of nitrogen atom
6. Heroine is:
A. Methyl morphine B. Diacetyl morphine C. Butyl morphine D. None of the above
7. Which drug contain quinazoline alkaloid?
A. Lobelia B. Vasaka C. Coffee D. Datura
8. Which of the following does not contain steroidal alkaloids?
A. Ashwagandha B. Ephedra C. Kurchi D. Veratrum
2SO4
4
9. T-shaped trichomes are present in:
A. Varbascum thapsus B. Belladonna C. Tea D. Pyrethrum
10. Wagner reagent contains
A. Iodine + KI water B. KI + bismuth iodide C. Iodine D. Mercuric chloride + KI in water
11. Mayer’s reagent contains:
A. Iodine + KI water B. KI + bismuth iodide C. Iodine D. Mercuric chloride + KI in water
12. Dragendroff’s contains:
A. Iodine + KI water B. KI + Bismuth iodide C. Iodine D. Mercuric chloride + KI in water
13. Murexide test is used to detect:
A. Caffeine B. Datura C. Tannins D. Senna
 14. Vitalimorinreactionisfor:
A. Datura B. Stramonium C. Duboisia D. All of the above
15. Match the following: Alkaloids chemical constitutes.
a. Cinchona 1. Reserpine b. Opium 2. Quinine c. Ergot 3. Ergometrine d. Rauwolfia 4. Morphine
e. Nux-vomica 5. Strychnine
6. Atropine
A. a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-5 B. a-2, b-6, c-3, d-1, e-5 C. a-2, b-4, c-3, d-6, e-5 D. a-2, b-4, c-3, d-5, e-1
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
197
16. Match the following: Basic nucleus herbal drugs
a. Tropane 1. Emetine b. Quinoline 2. Pilocarpine c. Isoquinoline 3. Cocaine d. Imidazole 4. Quinine e. Purine 5. Caffeine
A. a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1, e-5 B. a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2, e-5 C. a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2, e-5 D. a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-5
17. Match the following:
a. Cinchona 1. Papaveraceae b. Opium 2. Graminae c. Ergot 3. Apocynaceae d. Rauwolfia 4. Loganiaceae e. Nux-vomica 5. Rubiaceae
A. a-5, b-1, c-2, d-3, e-4 B. a-1, b-5, c-2, d-3, e-4 C. a-5, b-1, c-4, d-3, e-2 D. a-5, b-1, c-2, d-4, e-3
18. Starting material for biosynthesis of alkaloids:
a. Tryptophan 1. Tropane alkaloids b. Ornithine 2. Indol alkaloids c. Tyrosin e 3 . Isoquinoline alkaloids d. Lysine 4. Piperidine alkaloids e. Anthranillic acid 5. Quinoline alkaloids
A. a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4, e-5 B. a-2, b-1, c-5, d-4, e-3 C. a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4, e-5 D. a-2, b-1, c-3, d-5, e-4
19. Match the following: Alkaloids class
a. Acointe 1. Diterpene b. Ephedrine 2. Piperidine c. Lobeline 3. Amino alkaloids d. Ergometrine 4. Indole alkaloids e. Hygrine 5. Pyrrolidine
A. a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4, e-5 B. a-1, b-5, c-2, d-4, e-3 C. a-5, b-3, c-2, d-4, e-1 D. a-1, b-3, c-3, d-5, e-4
 20. Pilocarpinecontain____________basicmoiety.
A. Imidazole B. Isoxazole C. Pyrazole D. Imidazolidine
21. Which is the example of steroidal alkaloids?
A. Kurchi B. Veratrum C. Ashwagandha D. All of the above
 22. Vincacomesunder
A. Indole alkaloid B. Tropane alkaloid C. Quinoline alkaloid D. Steroidal alkaloid
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
23. Which alkaloid is used to treat migraine?
198
A. Ergot B. Physostigma C. Rauwolfia D. Curare
 24. Vasakacontains____________basicmoiety.
A. Quinazoline B. Quinoline C. Isoquinoline D. Steroidal
25. Which of the following is not tropane alkaloids?
A. Coca B. Datura C. Duboisia D. Berberis
26. Which of the following is not indole alkaloids?
A. Vinca B. Rauwolfia C. Nux-vomica D. Areca
27. Which is following is known as “protoalkaloid”?
A. Ephedra B. Colchicum C. Aconite D. All of the above
 28. Stratiedcorkischaracteristicof:
A. Ergot B. Senna C. Cinchona D. Rauwolfia
 29. Pseudoparenchymaisfoundin:
A. Ergot B. Nux-vomica C. Brahmi D. Jalap
30. Bundles of acicular crystal of calcium oxalate is
identicationcharacteristicof:
A. Datura stramonium B. Coca C. Urginea maritima D. Alianthus glandulosa
31. Atropa belladonna contain ________ type of calcium oxalate crystal.
A. Prism B. Microsphenoid C. Clusters D. None
32. Rhombohedral crystals are characteristics of:
A. Cinnamon bark B. Cassia bark C. Kurchi bark D. Cinchona bark
33. All are tyrosine-derived alkaloids, except:
A. Ephedrine B. Hordenine C. Mescaline D. Hydrastine
34. Anisocytic stomata are present in:
A. Digitalis B. Senna C. Vasaka D. Belladona
35. Ma Hung is synonym of:
A. Ephedra B. Ergot C. Punarnava D. Ginseng
36. Diacytic stomata are present in:
A. Digitalis B. Senna C. Vasaka D. Belladona
37. Opium contains __________ of morphine.
A. 2.5% B. 9% C. 5% D. 2.2%
38. Nux-vomica is biologically obtained from
A. Seed of strychnos nux-vomica B. Leaf of strychnos nux-vomica C. Fruit of strychnos nux-vomica D. Root of strychnos nux-vomica
 39. WhichofthefollowingdrugisnotfromLiliaceae?
A. Colchicum B. Aloe C. Scillia D. Kurchi
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