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X
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Introduction
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1.5 Venous Anatomy
- •1.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.1.1.1 IPDA
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Arterial Anatomy
- •1.3 Portal Venous Anatomy
- •1.4 Biliary Anatomy
- •2.1.1.4 Dorsal Pancreatic Artery (DPA)
- •2.3 Surgical Techniques
- •2.4 Discussion
- •2.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Intrahepatic Biliary Tract
- •3.2.4 Accessory Biliary Ducts
- •3.3 Extrahepatic Biliary Tract
- •3.3.2 Retroduodenopancreatic Portion
- •3.3.3 Intramural Portion
- •3.5 Accessory Biliary Tract
- •3.5.2 Vascularization
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Posthepatectomy Liver Failure (PHLF)
- •4.3.1 Portal Hypertension
- •4.3.3 Blood Chemistry Tests
- •4.3.4 Indocyanine Green (ICG) Clearance Test
- •4.4 M2BPGi
- •4.5 Scintigraphy
- •4.7 Measuring FLR Function
- •4.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •5.1.1 Hemangioma
- •5.1.2 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
- •5.1.3 Simple Hepatic Cyst
- •5.1.4 Hepatic Adenoma
- •5.2.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- •5.2.2 Metastatic Disease
- •5.2.3 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- •5.2.4 Hepatic Angiosarcoma
- •5.3.1 Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
- •5.3.2 Chronic Cholecystitis
- •5.3.3 Acalculous Cholecystitis
- •5.3.4 Biliary Dyskinesia
- •5.3.5 Choledocolithiasis
- •5.3.7 Choledochal Cysts
- •5.3.8 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- •5.3.9 Benign Biliary Stricture
- •5.4.1 Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- •5.4.2 Gall Bladder Cancer
- •5.5.1 Acute Pancreatitis
- •5.5.2 Chronic Pancreatitis
- •5.5.3 Pancreas Neuroendocrine Tumors
- •5.5.4 Pancreas Cystic Neoplasms
- •5.5.4.1 Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
- •5.5.4.2 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
- •5.5.4.3 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
- •5.6.1 Pancreas Adenocarcinoma
- •References
- •6.2.1 Gallbladder
- •6.3.1 Gallbladder Dysfunction
- •6.3.3 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
- •6.4.2 Enterohepatic Circulation
- •6.4.3 Bile Acids
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •BilINs
- •IPNBs
- •7.1.1.2 Imaging Findings
- •BilINs
- •IPNB
- •7.1.2.1 Gross
- •BilIN
- •IPNB
- •Controversial Cases: BilIN or IPNB
- •7.1.2.2 Histologies
- •BilINs
- •IPNB.
- •8.4 Gallbladder Carcinoma
- •8.4.1 Gross Features
- •8.4.2 Microscopic Features
- •8.4.3 Molecular Features
- •References
- •BilIN
- •IPNB
- •7.1.4.1 BilIN
- •7.1.4.2 IPNB
- •7.2 Conclusion
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- •8.2.1 Gross Features
- •8.2.2 Microscopic Features
- •8.2.3 Molecular Features
- •8.3 Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- •8.3.1 Gross Features
- •8.3.2 Microscopic Features
- •8.3.3 Molecular Features
- •References
- •10.1.2 Epidemiology
- •10.1.3 Etiology
- •10.1.4 Clinical Features
- •10.1.5 Radiology
- •10.1.6 Pathology
- •10.1.6.1 Macroscopic Appearance
- •10.1.6.3 Immunohistochemistry
- •10.1.6.4 Grading
- •10.1.6.6 Molecular Pathology
- •10.2.2 Epidemiology
- •10.2.3 Etiology
- •10.2.4 Clinical Features
- •10.2.5 Radiology
- •10.2.6 Pathology
- •10.2.6.1 Macroscopic Appearance
- •10.2.6.2 Microscopic Appearance
- •10.2.6.3 Immunohistochemistry
- •10.2.6.5 Molecular Pathology
- •10.3.2 Epidemiology
- •10.3.3 Etiology
- •10.3.4 Clinical Features
- •10.3.5 Radiology
- •10.3.6 Pathology
- •10.3.6.1 Macroscopic Appearance
- •10.3.6.3 Immunohistochemistry
- •10.3.6.5 Molecular Pathology
- •References
- •11: Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Clinical Aspects
- •11.3 Pathological Findings
- •11.3.1 Macroscopical Features
- •11.3.2 Histological Features
- •11.4 Molecular Abnormalities
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.1.1 General Features
- •12.1.2 Diagnostic Features
- •12.1.3 Clinical Implications
- •12.1.4 Desmoplastic Stroma
- •12.1.5 Venous Invasion
- •12.1.6 Variants
- •12.2 Conclusions
- •References
- •13.2.1 Benign Liver Tumors
- •13.2.2 Malignant Liver Tumors
- •13.2.3.1 Liver Abscess
- •13.4.1 Biliary Tree Tumors
- •13.5.1 Pancreatic Tumors
- •References
- •14.1 MRE Technique
- •14.2 MRE Performance
- •14.4 Technical Limitations
- •14.5 Summary
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •17.1 Intraoperative Cholangiography
- •17.2 Intraoperative Ultrasound
- •17.2.1 Anatomy
- •17.2.2 Diagnosis
- •17.2.3 Resection Guidance
- •17.2.3.2 Resection Guidance
- •17.3 Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging
- •17.4 Navigation Assisted Liver Resection
- •References
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Photon Therapy
- •18.3 Charged Particles Therapy
- •18.4 MRI Guided Therapy
- •18.5 Combination Strategies Using Cytotoxics
- •18.6 Radioimmunotherapy
- •18.8 Summary
- •References
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Systemic Chemotherapy
- •19.2.1 Adjuvant Therapy
- •19.2.2 First-Line Therapy
- •19.2.3 Second-Line Therapy
- •19.3 Targeted Therapy
- •19.4 Immunotherapy
- •19.5 Precision Medicine
- •References
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2.1 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
- •20.2.2 Adjuvant Chemotherapy
- •20.2.3 Palliative Chemotherapy
- •20.3 Immunotherapy
- •20.4 Tumor Microenvironment
- •20.5 Summary
- •References
- •21.1 Background
- •21.5 Combination Strategies
- •21.7 Future Perspectives
- •References
- •22.1 FGFR Alterations
- •22.2 IDH Mutations
- •22.3 BRAF Alterations
- •22.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Adjuvant Systemic Therapy
- •23.3 Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy
- •23.4.3 Second-Line Therapy
- •23.4.4 Targeted Therapy
- •References
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.4 The Various Stents Available
- •24.8 Hilar Strictures (Resectable Cases)
- •24.9 Hilar Stricture: Palliative Cases
- •24.11 Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage
- •24.12 Conclusions
- •References
- •25.1 Introduction
- •25.3 EUS-TD Technique
- •25.4 EN Technique
- •25.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •26.1 Background
- •26.2 Short History
- •26.4.6 Personalized Cancer Treatment
- •References
- •27.1 Introduction
- •27.3.1 Pre-Admission Optimization
- •27.3.3 Carbohydrate Loading
- •27.3.6 Early Feeding
- •27.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •28.1 Introduction
- •28.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •29.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.3 Surgical Indication
- •30.4 Surgical Technique
- •30.4.1 Exposure
- •30.4.4 Parenchymal Transection
- •30.5 Clinical Advantages
- •30.5.1 Technical Advantages
- •30.5.2 Prognostic Advantages
- •30.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Multiple Bilobar CLM
- •31.2.1 Intraoperative Ultrasound
- •31.2.2 Tumor-vessel Detachment
- •31.2.3 Communicating Veins
- •31.3 New Procedures
- •31.3.1.1 Eligibility Criteria
- •31.3.2 Upper Trasversal Hepatectomy (UTH))
- •31.3.2.1 Mini-Upper Transversal Hepatectomy
- •31.3.2.2 Right Upper Transversal Hepatectomy [33]
- •31.3.2.3 Left Upper Transversal Hepatectomy [24]
- •31.3.2.4 Total Upper Transversal Hepatectomy [24, 34]
- •Eligibility Criteria
- •31.3.3 Mini-mesohepatectomy (MMH) [35, 36]
- •31.3.3.1 Eligibility Criteria
- •31.3.4 Liver Tunnel [37, 38]
- •Eligibility Criteria
- •31.4 Discussion
- •31.5 Concerns & Future Directions
- •31.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •32.1 Introduction
- •References
- •33.1 Introduction
- •33.6 Segmentectomy, Cone Unit Resection
- •33.7 Surgical Outcomes
- •References
- •34.1 Introduction
- •34.6 Laparoscopic Parenchymal Sparing Anatomical Hepatectomy (Lap-PSAH)
- •34.7 Surgical Procedures at Ageo Central General Hospital (ACGH)
- •34.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •35.5 Laparoscopic Segmentectomy V (S5)
- •35.6 Laparoscopic Segmentectomy VI (S6)
- •35.7 Laparoscopic Segmentectomy VII (S7)
- •References
- •36: Modified ALPPS Procedure
- •36.1 Introduction
- •36.2 Discussion
- •36.2.1 Parenchymal Transection
- •36.2.2 Hepatoduodenal Ligament Dissection
- •36.2.4.1 Partial ALPPS
- •36.2.4.2 Hybrid ALPPS
- •36.2.4.3 Mini-ALPPS/ALPTIPS
- •36.2.4.5 Tourniquet ALPPS
- •36.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •37.1 Introduction
- •37.3 Right-Posterior Approach
- •37.4 Right-Uncinate Approach
- •37.5 Mesenteric Approach
- •37.6 Left-Posterior Approach
- •37.7 Anterior Approach
- •37.8 Mesopancreatic Resection
- •37.10 Summary
- •References
- •38: Organ- and Parenchyma-sparing Pancreatic Surgery
- •38.1 Introduction
- •38.2 Organ-Sparing Techniques
- •38.2.1 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
- •38.3 Parenchyma-Sparing Techniques
- •38.3.2 Dorsal Pancreatectomy
- •38.3.4 Middle-Preserving Pancreatectomy
- •38.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •39.1 Introduction
- •39.2.1 Laparotomy
- •39.2.2 Supramesocolic Approach
- •39.2.3 Inframesocolic Approach
- •39.3 Mesenteric Incision
- •39.9 Antithrombogenic PV Catheter Bypass
- •39.13 Discussion
- •References
- •40.1 Introduction
- •40.4 HA Reconstruction
- •40.4.1 Simple Reconstruction Case
- •40.4.2 Complicated Reconstruction Case
- •40.4.3 Concomitant Vein Resection
- •40.4.4 Management after HA Reconstruction
- •40.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •41.1 Introduction
- •41.3.1 Patients
- •41.3.2 Preoperative Treatments
- •41.3.5 Statistical Analyses
- •41.4 Results
- •41.5 Discussion
- •References
- •42.1 Introduction
- •42.1.1 Preoperative Planning
- •42.2 Surgical Technique
- •42.2.1 Basic Preliminary Maneuvers
- •42.3 Postoperative Management
- •42.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •43: Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy
- •43.1 Background
- •43.2 Robotic PD
- •43.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •44: Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection
- •References
- •45.1 Introduction
- •45.2 Surgical Technique
- •45.3 Discussion
- •References
- •46: Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
- •46.1 Introduction
- •46.2 Indications
- •46.4 Technique
- •46.4.1 Warshaw’s Technique
- •46.5 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •References
- •References
- •48.1 Introduction
- •48.10 Surgical Technique Preserving Left Gastric Artery
- •48.12 Conclusions
- •References
- •49: Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy
- •49.1 Surgical Technique
- •49.1.3 Distal Splenopancreatectomy
- •49.1.4 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
- •49.2 Results
- •49.3 Discussion
- •References
- •50: Total Pancreatectomy
- •50.1 Introduction
- •50.2 Indications
- •50.3 Surgical Procedure
- •50.4 Vascular Resection
- •50.5 Comment
- •References
- •References
- •52.1 Introduction
- •52.2.1 Non-Functional PNEN (NF-PNEN)
- •52.2.2 Functional PNEN
- •52.2.4 High-grade PNEN
- •52.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •53.1 Introduction
- •53.1.1 Fukuoka Guidelines 2012 (Revised 2017)
- •53.1.2 European Guidelines 2018 (EG18)
- •53.2 Discussion
- •References
- •54.1 Introduction
- •54.1.1 Developmental Mechanism
- •54.1.2 Designations
- •54.1.3 Incidence
- •54.1.4 Predictive Factors
- •54.1.5 Treatment
- •54.2 Conclusion
- •References
- •55: Benign Biliary Diseases
- •55.1 Introduction
- •55.2 Congenital Anomalies
- •55.2.1 Biliary Atresia
- •55.2.2 Choledochal Cyst
- •55.3 Diagnosis
- •55.4 Complications
- •55.5 Management
- •55.5.1 Gallstones
- •55.6 Pathogenesis
- •55.8 Complications
- •55.9 Bile Duct Stones
- •55.10 Management
- •55.11 Intrahepatic Stones
- •55.13.1 Benign Biliary Strictures (BBS)
- •55.14 Iatrogenic Biliary Injury
- •55.15 Mirizzi Syndrome (MS)
- •55.16 Liver Transplantation Related BBS
- •55.17 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
- •55.17.1 Biliary Dyskinesia
- •References
- •56.1 Introduction
- •56.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •56.2.1 Preoperative Biliary Drainage
- •56.2.2 Portal Vein Embolization
- •56.3.2 Hilar No Touch “En-bloc” Technique
- •56.3.3 Vascular Resection
- •56.3.4 Margin Status
- •56.3.5 Lymph Node Dissection
- •56.3.6 Minimally Invasive Surgery
- •56.4 Short-term Results
- •56.5 Long-term Results
- •56.6 Conclusions
- •Bibliography
- •57.1 Introduction
- •57.2 Clinical Presentation
- •57.3 Serum Tumor Markers
- •57.4 Imaging
- •57.5 Treatment
- •57.6 Surgical Management
- •57.6.1 Liver Resection
- •57.11 Surgical Resection Procedure
- •57.13.2 Long-Term Outcomes
- •57.14 Recurrence
- •57.14.1 Liver Transplantation
- •References
- •58.1 Introduction
- •58.1.2 Surgical Techniques
- •58.1.4 Outcomes After HPD
- •58.1.5 Practical Management During Surgery
- •References
- •59: Hepato-biliary Injuries
- •59.1 Etiology
- •59.4 Diagnosis
- •59.4.1 Clinical Presentation
- •59.4.2 Imaging
- •References
- •60.1 Background
- •60.2 Diagnostics
- •60.3 Treatment
- •60.3.1 Nonoperative Management
- •60.3.2 Interventional Treatment
- •60.3.3 Surgery
- •References
- •61.1 Historical Overview
- •61.2.1.1 Acute Liver Failure (ALF)
- •61.2.1.2 Chronic Liver Failure
- •61.2.3 MELD Exceptions
- •61.2.4 Other Standardized MELD Exceptions
- •61.2.4.1 Non-Standardized MELD Exceptions
- •References
- •62.3 Patient Assessment
- •62.4 Prognostic Factors
- •62.6 Extracorporeal Liver Support Systems
- •62.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •63.1 Introduction
- •63.2 Donation After Brain Death
- •63.3 Donors after Circulatory Death
- •63.4.1 Surgical Technique
- •63.4.1.1 Cross-clamping
- •63.4.2 Technical Variants
- •63.4.2.1 Split Liver Retrieval
- •63.4.2.2 En-bloc Liver-pancreas Retrieval
- •63.4.2.3 En-bloc Liver-bowel Retrieval
- •63.4.3 Back-table
- •63.4.3.1 Incidents: Accidents
- •References
- •64.1 Introduction
- •64.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •65: Living Donor Liver Transplantation
- •65.1 Introduction
- •65.2.1 Graft Size
- •65.2.2 Left Liver Graft
- •65.2.3 Right Liver Graft
- •65.2.4 Right Lateral Sector Graft
- •65.2.5 Dual Graft
- •65.2.6 ABO Blood Type Incompatible Graft
- •References

350
ab
MCA
Fig. 45.4 Division of the mesentery of the transverse colon along the
anterior inferior border of the pancreas. The mesentery of the transvers
colon is divided along the anterior inferior border of the pancreatic
body (the full line arrow). Thus, a part of the mesentery covering the
inferior side of the pancreatic body is resected en bloc. The middle colic
artery (MCA) is preserved unless it is involved by the tumor
K. Takaori et al.
artery is extended straight. The adipose tissue in the avascular area on the left side of the left gastric artery is dissected
until a part of the left crus ligament is exposed.
45.2.4 Hanging Maneuver ofthePancreas
The dissection behind the pancreatic body through the Tigen
Den is further developed to the cranial direction until the left
crus is encountered. In case that the tumor invades the posterior tissue, a deep dissection plane, which represents the posterior RAMPS [6, 7], is developed so that the Gerota’s fascia
and left adrenal gland should be resected en bloc. Large
Kelly forceps can be passed from the retroperitoneal space
behind the pancreatic body to the left side of the left gastric
artery (the area marked with #1in Fig.45.5a). Utilizing the
Kelly forceps, a Penrose drain is passed thorough the retroperitoneal space. The pancreatic body including the splenic
artery and vein is lifted upward by the Penrose drain
(Fig.45.5b). After the hanging maneuver of the liver as proposed by Belghiti [8], we call this procedure a hanging
maneuver of the pancreas. By the hanging maneuver, the retroperitoneal space is widely opened and the surgeon can
visualize the anatomical structures in this area through the
Tiger Den.
#1
Fig. 45.5 Hanging maneuver. The avascular area on the left side of the
left gastric artery is rst dissected. Large Kelly forceps is passed from
the retroperitoneal space behind the pancreatic body to this area
(marked with #1in a). A Penrose drain is passed with the large Kelly’s
forceps and hanged upward (b)

45 Artery-First Approaches toDistal Pancreatectomy
351
45.2.5 Dissection Around theSuperior
Mesenteric Artery (SMA) andCeliac
Artery
Taking advantage of the good exposure of the retroperitoneal
space by the hanging maneuver, the surgeon can dissect over
the aorta safely and identify the origin of superior mesenteric
artery (SMA) and that of the celiac artery. Be aware that the
left renal artery may be located more anteriorly than anticipated in some patients. Once the celiac artery is identied,
we usually remove the left celiac ganglion in order to expose
the left-side wall of the celiac artery for patient with pancreatic cancer. The surrounding tissue around the celiac artery is
dissected from the proximal origin toward distal direction
until the takeoff of the splenic artery is exposed (Fig.45.6).
For DP, the origin of the splenic artery is occluded with bulldog clumps if the surgeon is not 100% sure that it is the
splenic artery. For DP-CAR, the celiac artery is occluded
provisionally with bulldog clumps or with an atraumatic
tourniquet. Then the surgeon can measure arterial blood ow
in the liver with intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography in
order to determine the feasibility of DP-CAR.
45.2.6 Division ofthePancreas andSplenic
Vein
The neck of the pancreas is divided, most commonly with a
linear stapler. However, if the pancreatic parenchyma is
thicker than 12mm or of very hard texture, we prefer division of the pancreatic parenchyma with a cautery and manual
ligation of the main pancreatic duct. The splenic vein is also
divided by a vascular stapler. For DP-CAR, once sufcient
arterial blood ow is conrmed with Doppler sonography
after occlusion of the celiac artery, the common hepatic
artery is divided.
45.2.7 Division oftheSplenic Artery
andCompletion ofResection
The splenic artery is divided close to its origin after positive
identication of the common hepatic artery (Fig.45.7). We
prefer Hem-o-lok clips to suture ligations so that we might
be able to avoid collapsing the intima completely. Especially,
after chemoradiation therapy for the tumor involving the
splenic artery, the wall of splenic artery is often fragile. In
such a case, we do not use ligations or clips but treat the
stump of the splenic artery with a running suture of 6-0
SA
CA
SMA
Fig. 45.6 Dissection around the proximal origin of the splenic artery.
The celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) are well
visualized after the hanging maneuver. By dissecting around CA starting at its origin from the aorta toward distal direction, the takeoff of the
splenic artery (SA) can be identied. SA is taped near the origin from
CA
SA
CHA
Fig. 45.7 Division of the splenic artery. While the splenic artery (SA)
is temporally occluded with bulldog clumps after the hanging maneuver
of the pancreas, division of SA may be carried out at a later stage of the
operation usually after the transection of the pancreas. We recommend
to divide SA after positive identication of the common hepatic artery
(CHA) in order to prevent misidentication of these vessels

352
K. Takaori et al.
Prolene in order to prevent pseudo-aneurysm and to maximize the surgical margin. The pancreatic body and spleen are
dissected free from the posterior tissue and radical resection
is completed. For DP-CAR, the celiac artery is divided in the
same fashion as that for the splenic artery during DP.The site
of division of the celiac artery depends on the extent of the
tumor involvement. If the tumor extends close to the aorta,
the celiac artery should be divided at the takeoff and the surgeon may have to stitch the aortic wall around the takeoff of
the celiac artery. On the contrary, when the tumor extension
is conned to the distal part of the celiac artery, one may be
able to preserve the left gastric artery and the proximal part
of the celiac artery. For the details of preservation of the left
gastric artery, please refer to the “Modied DP-CAR” by
Okada and Yamaue in this IASGO Textbook.
45.3 Discussion
We have used the technique of artery-rst approaches to DP
routinely in patients with pancreatic cancer since 2010 and
Takaori published the details of the technique in Japanese
language in 2014 [5] and for the rst time in the English literature to our knowledge in 2016 [3]. Although this technique is useful especially in the setting of laparoscopic
surgery, it is practiced only in a limited number of specialized centers of excellence to date. In contrast, artery-rst
approaches to PD has become popular among expert
pancreatic surgeons partly because the surgeons are impelled
to practice artery-rst approaches or similar approaches
when they have to resect portal vein and/or SMV.One of the
reasons why some surgeons, even those who practice arteryrst approaches to PD, are reluctant to perform artery-rst
approaches to DP is that they are not familiar with surgical
anatomy behind the pancreas especially when they see it
from the caudal side. It is true that unfamiliar view of surgical anatomy may potentially lead to misidentication of the
splenic artery, accidental injury of the left renal artery and
other adverse events. However, by utilizing the techniques
including knack and pitfalls described in the present chapter,
one can avoid such adverse events and carry out artery-rst
approaches to DP safely and securely.
DP-CAR is another challenging operation for locally
advanced pancreatic cancer which involves the celiac artery.
It is imperative to determine the resectability before the
“point of no return” in such cases. By applying the artery
rst approaches to DP-CAR, one can evaluate the extent of
the tumor along the celiac artery before the transection of the
pancreas.
In conclusion, by paying attention to knack and pitfalls
including the Tiger Den approach and hanging maneuver of
the pancreas described herein, artery-rst approaches to DP
and DP-CAR are feasible and safe in all settings of open,
laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
Conict of Interest The authors have no conicts of interest to
disclose.
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2016;33(4):314–9.
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K, Masui T. Left-posterior approach for artery-rst en bloc resec-
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Uemoto S. Distal pancreatectomy with celiac artery resection by
artery-rst approach. Shujutsu. 2014;68:581–68. (In Japanese)
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Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
KoheiNakata andMasafumiNakamura
46
Abstract
Concomitant splenectomy has traditionally been performed during conventional distal pancreatectomy
because of the anatomic proximity of the pancreas and
splenic vessels. Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy
has been proposed however, subsequent to a more detailed
understanding of the function of the spleen and various
complications after splenectomy, including severe postsplenectomy infections, thrombocytosis, and increased
cancer risk (Di Sabatino et al., The Lancet 378:86–97,
2011; Mellemkjoer et al., Cancer 75:577–583, 1995).
Splenic preservation can be performed with splenic vessel
preservation (Kimura etal., Surgery 120:885–890, 1996)
or Warshaw’s technique (Warshaw, Arch Surg 123:550–
553, 1988). Indications, technical methods, and potential
pitfalls of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy are
introduced in this chapter.
46.1 Introduction
Traditionally, concomitant splenectomy has been performed
during conventional distal pancreatectomy because of the
anatomic proximity of the pancreas and splenic vessels.
Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) has been
proposed however, following a more detailed understanding
of the function of the spleen and various complications after
splenectomy, including overwhelming post-splenectomy
infections (OPSI), thrombocytosis, and increased risk of
cancer [1, 2]. Splenic preservation can be performed with
splenic vessel preservation [3] or Warshaw’s technique [4].
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy has become increas-
K. Nakata · M. Nakamura (*)
Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical
Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
e-mail: nakamura.masafumi.861@m.kyushuu.ac.jp
ingly popular since it was rst reported in 1996 [5–7], and it
is currently used to treat lesions in the distal pancreas. We
have previously reported that laparoscopic SPDP yields signicantly better outcomes than DPS for laparoscopic
procedures [8]. Notably however, spleen preservation in laparoscopic procedures is technically difcult. In this chapter,
indications, technical methods, and potential pitfalls of laparoscopic SPDP are introduced.
46.2 Indications
Laparoscopic SPDP is indicated for benign tumors located in
the body or the tail of the pancreas. We perform a splenic
vessel preservation procedure and if the tumor is substantially adhered to the splenic vein or artery, and Warshaw’s
technique may be considered before the operation.
46.3 Patient Positioning andSetup
The positions of the equipment and surgical team for laparoscopic SPDP are shown in Fig.46.1a. The patient is placed
in a supine position with their legs apart and both arms
spread. The surgeon stands to the right of the patient, the
camera operator stands between the legs, and the assistant
stands to the left of the patient. Two visual display units are
used, one placed near each of the patient’s shoulders. We
usually use the “open Hasson” technique to safely insert the
rst cannula through the umbilicus. If the width between the
xiphoid process and the umbilicus is short, the camera port is
placed under the umbilicus. Ports are then placed in the following order: right lower abdominal region (12mm), right
abdominal region (5 mm), left lower abdominal region
(12mm), left abdominal region (5mm). If the patient is large
and instruments inserted from the right side would not reach
the splenic hilum, the ports placed on the right side are
inserted toward the left side (Fig.46.1a).
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
M. Makuuchi et al. (eds.), The IASGO Textbook of Multi-Disciplinary Management of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0063-1_46
353

354
pancreas is dissected
handling is difficult
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
a
b
monitor
operator
monitor
assistant
position of the equipment and surgical
team for laparoscopic spleen preserving
distal pancreatectomy.
(filled circle; for obesity patients)
cameraassistant
3
1
2
4
After complete mobilization of pancreas,
Fig. 46.1 (a) Positions of the equipment and surgical team for laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (lled circle; for obese
patients). (b) Operation procedure. Transection of the pancreas is performed after the completion of mobilization
46.4 Technique
Mobility of pancreas is increased and
sealing device. Although the arcade of gastroepiploic vessels
should be preserved, the omentum is divided near the arcade
The procedure is divided into three parts; (1) dissecting the
omentum and exposing the entire pancreas; (2) isolating the
common hepatic artery (CHA) and splenic artery (SPA); and
(3) mobilizing the pancreas and isolating the splenic vein
(SPV). We prefer to dissect the pancreas after the completion
of mobilization, because if there is too much mobility of the
pancreas it makes it difcult to handle during operation, and
we prefer to dissect it from the medial side to the lateral side
(Fig.46.1b).
On the surface of the pancreas the gastrocolic ligament is
divided using an ultrasonic coagulating system or a vessel-
along the greater curvature to prevent the omentum from
hanging down from the stomach side during the procedure
(Fig.46.2a). The lesser sac is accessed via the outside of the
gastroepiploic arcade. The omentum is rst dissected toward
to the left side of the patient, the dissection is stopped before
the left gastroepiploic vessels, and the vessels should be preserved to the greatest extent possible. The omentum is then
dissected toward the right side and the dissection should
reach the duodenum to facilitate a wide clear view of the
entire surface of the pancreas. Usually the posterior wall of
the stomach is adhered to the surface of the pancreas due to

ab
cd
ef
46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
355
GDA
LGA
CHA
LGA
CHA
SPA
CHA
SPA
SPA
CHA
Fig. 46.2 (a) The omentum is divided near the arcade along the greater
curvature. (b) The posterior wall of the antrum is adhered to the head of
the pancreas and dissected to identify the gastroduodenal artery. (c) A
liver retractor is used to push up the stomach, and the pancreas is pulled
down with gauze by the assistant to facilitate a clear view of the suprapancreatic region (arrow). (d) The root of the splenic artery is covered
concomitant pancreatitis, and the stomach is separated from
the pancreas via sharp and blunt dissection to move the posterior gastric wall away from the pancreas. The region of the
antrum is also adhered to the head of the pancreas, and it is
by the pancreas and difcult to isolate. The common hepatic artery
(white circle) is retracted after a wide space is created around it, then it
is retracted and the root of splenic artery is bluntly dissected (arrow) to
expose it clearly. (e, f) The root of the SPA is adequately dissected for
isolation. CHA common hepatic artery, SPA splenic artery, SPV splenic
vein
dissected to enable identication of the gastroduodenal
artery (Fig.46.2b). After exposure of the entire surface of the
pancreas the tumor location is conrmed via intraoperative
ultrasonography.

356
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
A liver retractor is used to push up the stomach, and the
pancreas is pulled down with gauze by an assistant to facilitate a clear view of the supra-pancreatic region (Fig.46.2c).
We usually isolate the common hepatic artery (CHA).
Identifying the CHA can be easy, but it is sometimes difcult
if it is covered by the pancreas or lymph nodes, especially in
obese patients. Therefore, we routinely identify the gastroduodenal artery and dissect the surface of that artery toward
its root, then identify the CHA (Fig.46.2b, c). To isolate the
CHA the tissues between it and the cranial edge of the pancreas should be widely dissected to prevent injury during
isolation. After isolating the CHA with tape, it is retracted
with tape and dissection is continued toward the root of the
SPA (Fig.46.2d).
Isolating the root of the SPA is an important step during
laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and the root of the SPA
is sometimes buried behind the pancreas. We classify the
root of the SPA as either “buried” or “non-buried” based on
its relationship with the pancreas. If the root of the SPA is
buried and covered by the pancreas it can be difcult to identify, therefore a wide space between the CHA and pancreas
should be created (Fig.46.2d). The root of the SPA and the
pancreas are then dissected bluntly and the root of the SPA is
exposed. After the creation of a wide space, the root of the
SPA can be identied and dissected from the pancreas to
ensure sufcient space to isolate the root of the SPA
(Fig.46.2e, f).
The next step is preservation of the SPA. The SPA runs
along the cranial side of the pancreas and is usually covered
by the pancreas, but it is also usually free from the pancreas
on the distal side. Therefore, we prefer to isolate it with tape
and retract tape on both the proximal and distal sides to
straighten the SPA, which makes it easier to dissect the SPA
from the pancreas (Fig.46.3a). There are several branches to
the pancreas, including the dorsal pancreatic artery, and the
SPA should be dissected in the center of the artery to prevent
injury to these branches (Fig. 46.3b). We dissect the SPA
from surrounding tissues with forceps, and create space and
dissect tissues with an ultrasonic coagulation system or vessel sealing system to prevent injury to the adventitia by these
devices. After exposure of the SPA, several branches to the
pancreas are detected, tied, and cut (Fig.46.3c, d). The SPA
has branches to the pancreatic tail, and these branches should
be carefully dissected and ligated. The SPA is then completely
freed from the pancreas (Fig.46.3e). Although the SPV runs
to the center of the pancreas, at the pancreatic tail it runs
around the cranial side of it, therefore we usually isolate and
tape it from the cranial side (Fig.46.3f).
The transverse mesocolon is appropriately retracted
toward the inferior side by the assistant to make the mesocolon form a plane, and the inferior border of the pancreas
is clearly identied (Fig.46.4a). The anterior surface of the
mesocolon is then cut and moved behind the retropancreatic fascia (the anterior side of Toldt’s fusion fascia). This
layer is easily divided via blunt dissection, and the pancreatic body and tail are smoothly mobilized (Fig. 46.4b).
Although only a few blood vessels are encountered in this
procedure, the inferior mesenteric vein and duodenum
should be identied. After complete mobilization of the
body to tail of the pancreas, the body to tail is ipped to the
ventral side and the SPV covered by the retropancreatic
fascia is visualized (Fig. 46.4b). The retroperitoneum is
dissected at the center of the SPV to avoid injury to the
branches from the pancreas (Fig. 46.4c). The SPV is
exposed and the small branches are tied and cut (Fig.46.4d).
Retracting the tape isolating the SPV at the tail of the pancreas is useful for isolating the SPV.After sufcient surgical margins are attained the pancreas is transected with a
60-mm stapler via the prolonged peri-ring compression
method [9] (Fig.46.4e). If bleeding occurs after stapling at
the stump, hemostasis is achieved via clipping, not by
coagulation. Lastly, a pancreatic specimen is recovered in
the bag and pulled out through an extended umbilical port
site incision (Fig.46.4f).
46.4.1 Warshaw’s Technique
When using Warshaw’s technique most of the procedure is
the same as that for SPDP.The root of the SPA is triply transected with transxing suturing. Before ligating the SPA, the
clump test should be performed to conrm blood ow of the
CHA after ligation of the SPA.At the tail of the pancreas the
SPA and SPV are branched, therefore the distal sides of the
SPA and SPV are double-ligated. The left gastroepiploic vessels should denitely be preserved.
46.5 Postoperative Follow-Up
Postoperative computed tomography is performed 7 days
after the operation to conrm blood ow to the spleen.

ab
cd
46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
357
PGA
SPA
(proximal side)
SPA
(distal side)
PGA
SPA
*
*
e
DPA
Fig. 46.3 (a) The splenic artery (SPA) runs along the cranial side of
the pancreas and is covered by the pancreas (dotted line). The proximal
and distal sides of the SPA that are free of the pancreas are taped. (b)
The SPA is dissected at its center to prevent injury to the branches. (c)
The SPA is completely exposed and several branches to the pancreas
(cut)
f
are detected (*). (d) Branches to the pancreas are tied (white arrow). (e)
The SPA is completely freed from the pancreas. (f) The splenic vein
runs around the cranial side of the pancreas at its tail side. SPA splenic
artery, SPV splenic vein

358
ab
cd
ef
Duodenum
Duodenum
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
SPV
Fig. 46.4 (a) The mesocolon is appropriately retracted by the surgeon
(yellow arrow) and the assistant (white arrow). The inferior border of
the pancreas is clearly identied (dotted line). (b) The anterior side of
Toldt’s fusion fascia is dissected (yellow), and the splenic vein (SPV)
covered by the retropancreatic fascia (blue) is identied. Retraction is
appropriately performed by the surgeon (yellow arrow) and the assis-
tant (white arrow). (c) The retroperitoneum is dissected at the center of
the SPV to avoid injury to the branches from the pancreas (dotted line).
(d) The SPV is exposed and the small branches are identied. (e) After
complete mobilization of the pancreas with sufcient surgical margins,
it is transected with a 60-mm stapler. (f) Surgical view after resection.
SPV splenic vein

46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
359
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