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ab
MCA
Fig. 45.4 Division of the mesentery of the transverse colon along the
anterior inferior border of the pancreas. The mesentery of the transvers colon is divided along the anterior inferior border of the pancreatic body (the full line arrow). Thus, a part of the mesentery covering the inferior side of the pancreatic body is resected en bloc. The middle colic artery (MCA) is preserved unless it is involved by the tumor
K. Takaori et al.
artery is extended straight. The adipose tissue in the avascu­lar area on the left side of the left gastric artery is dissected until a part of the left crus ligament is exposed.
45.2.4 Hanging Maneuver ofthePancreas
The dissection behind the pancreatic body through the Tigen Den is further developed to the cranial direction until the left crus is encountered. In case that the tumor invades the poste­rior tissue, a deep dissection plane, which represents the pos­terior RAMPS [6, 7], is developed so that the Gerota’s fascia and left adrenal gland should be resected en bloc. Large Kelly forceps can be passed from the retroperitoneal space behind the pancreatic body to the left side of the left gastric artery (the area marked with #1in Fig.45.5a). Utilizing the Kelly forceps, a Penrose drain is passed thorough the retro­peritoneal space. The pancreatic body including the splenic artery and vein is lifted upward by the Penrose drain (Fig.45.5b). After the hanging maneuver of the liver as pro­posed by Belghiti [8], we call this procedure a hanging maneuver of the pancreas. By the hanging maneuver, the ret­roperitoneal space is widely opened and the surgeon can visualize the anatomical structures in this area through the Tiger Den.
#1
Fig. 45.5 Hanging maneuver. The avascular area on the left side of the
left gastric artery is rst dissected. Large Kelly forceps is passed from the retroperitoneal space behind the pancreatic body to this area
(marked with #1in a). A Penrose drain is passed with the large Kelly’s forceps and hanged upward (b)
45 Artery-First Approaches toDistal Pancreatectomy
351
45.2.5 Dissection Around theSuperior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) andCeliac Artery
Taking advantage of the good exposure of the retroperitoneal space by the hanging maneuver, the surgeon can dissect over the aorta safely and identify the origin of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and that of the celiac artery. Be aware that the left renal artery may be located more anteriorly than antici­pated in some patients. Once the celiac artery is identied, we usually remove the left celiac ganglion in order to expose the left-side wall of the celiac artery for patient with pancre­atic cancer. The surrounding tissue around the celiac artery is dissected from the proximal origin toward distal direction until the takeoff of the splenic artery is exposed (Fig.45.6). For DP, the origin of the splenic artery is occluded with bull­dog clumps if the surgeon is not 100% sure that it is the splenic artery. For DP-CAR, the celiac artery is occluded provisionally with bulldog clumps or with an atraumatic tourniquet. Then the surgeon can measure arterial blood ow in the liver with intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography in order to determine the feasibility of DP-CAR.
45.2.6 Division ofthePancreas andSplenic Vein
The neck of the pancreas is divided, most commonly with a linear stapler. However, if the pancreatic parenchyma is thicker than 12mm or of very hard texture, we prefer divi­sion of the pancreatic parenchyma with a cautery and manual ligation of the main pancreatic duct. The splenic vein is also divided by a vascular stapler. For DP-CAR, once sufcient arterial blood ow is conrmed with Doppler sonography after occlusion of the celiac artery, the common hepatic artery is divided.
45.2.7 Division oftheSplenic Artery andCompletion ofResection
The splenic artery is divided close to its origin after positive identication of the common hepatic artery (Fig.45.7). We prefer Hem-o-lok clips to suture ligations so that we might be able to avoid collapsing the intima completely. Especially, after chemoradiation therapy for the tumor involving the splenic artery, the wall of splenic artery is often fragile. In such a case, we do not use ligations or clips but treat the stump of the splenic artery with a running suture of 6-0
SA
CA
SMA
Fig. 45.6 Dissection around the proximal origin of the splenic artery.
The celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) are well visualized after the hanging maneuver. By dissecting around CA start­ing at its origin from the aorta toward distal direction, the takeoff of the splenic artery (SA) can be identied. SA is taped near the origin from CA
SA
CHA
Fig. 45.7 Division of the splenic artery. While the splenic artery (SA)
is temporally occluded with bulldog clumps after the hanging maneuver of the pancreas, division of SA may be carried out at a later stage of the operation usually after the transection of the pancreas. We recommend to divide SA after positive identication of the common hepatic artery (CHA) in order to prevent misidentication of these vessels
352
K. Takaori et al.
Prolene in order to prevent pseudo-aneurysm and to maxi­mize the surgical margin. The pancreatic body and spleen are dissected free from the posterior tissue and radical resection is completed. For DP-CAR, the celiac artery is divided in the same fashion as that for the splenic artery during DP.The site of division of the celiac artery depends on the extent of the tumor involvement. If the tumor extends close to the aorta, the celiac artery should be divided at the takeoff and the sur­geon may have to stitch the aortic wall around the takeoff of the celiac artery. On the contrary, when the tumor extension is conned to the distal part of the celiac artery, one may be able to preserve the left gastric artery and the proximal part of the celiac artery. For the details of preservation of the left gastric artery, please refer to the “Modied DP-CAR” by Okada and Yamaue in this IASGO Textbook.

45.3 Discussion

We have used the technique of artery-rst approaches to DP routinely in patients with pancreatic cancer since 2010 and Takaori published the details of the technique in Japanese language in 2014 [5] and for the rst time in the English lit­erature to our knowledge in 2016 [3]. Although this tech­nique is useful especially in the setting of laparoscopic surgery, it is practiced only in a limited number of special­ized centers of excellence to date. In contrast, artery-rst approaches to PD has become popular among expert pancreatic surgeons partly because the surgeons are impelled to practice artery-rst approaches or similar approaches when they have to resect portal vein and/or SMV.One of the reasons why some surgeons, even those who practice artery­rst approaches to PD, are reluctant to perform artery-rst approaches to DP is that they are not familiar with surgical anatomy behind the pancreas especially when they see it from the caudal side. It is true that unfamiliar view of surgi­cal anatomy may potentially lead to misidentication of the splenic artery, accidental injury of the left renal artery and other adverse events. However, by utilizing the techniques including knack and pitfalls described in the present chapter,
one can avoid such adverse events and carry out artery-rst approaches to DP safely and securely.
DP-CAR is another challenging operation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer which involves the celiac artery. It is imperative to determine the resectability before the “point of no return” in such cases. By applying the artery rst approaches to DP-CAR, one can evaluate the extent of the tumor along the celiac artery before the transection of the pancreas.
In conclusion, by paying attention to knack and pitfalls including the Tiger Den approach and hanging maneuver of the pancreas described herein, artery-rst approaches to DP and DP-CAR are feasible and safe in all settings of open, laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
Conict of Interest The authors have no conicts of interest to disclose.

References

1. Kamisawa T, Wood LD, Itoi T, Takaori K.Pancreatic cancer. Lancet.
2016;388:73–85.
2. Sanjay P, Takaori K, Govil S, Shrikhande SV, Windsor JA.
‘Artery-rst’ approaches to pancreatoduodenectomy. Br J Surg.
2012;99:1027–35.
3. Takaori K, Uemoto S.Artery-rst distal pancreatectomy. Dig Surg.
2016;33(4):314–9.
4. Nagai K, Kiguchi G, Yogo A, Anazawa T, Yagi S, Taura K, Takaori
K, Masui T. Left-posterior approach for artery-rst en bloc resec-
tion in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic
cancer. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2020;405:1251–8.
5. Takaori K, Masui T, Kawaguchi M, Iwanaga Y, Mizumoto M,
Uemoto S. Distal pancreatectomy with celiac artery resection by
artery-rst approach. Shujutsu. 2014;68:581–68. (In Japanese)
6. Strasberg SM, Drebin JA, Linehan D.Radical antegrade modular
pancreatosplenectomy. Surgery. 2003;133:521–7.
7. Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG, etal. Radical antegrade
modular pancreatosplenectomy procedure for adenocarcinoma of
the body and tail of the pancreas: ability to obtain negative tangen-
tial margins. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:244–9.
8. Belghiti J, Guevara OA, Noun R, Saldinger PF, Kianmanesh
R.Liver hanging maneuver: a safe approach to right hepatectomy
without liver mobilization. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;193:109–11.

Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy

KoheiNakata andMasafumiNakamura
46
Abstract
Concomitant splenectomy has traditionally been per­formed during conventional distal pancreatectomy because of the anatomic proximity of the pancreas and splenic vessels. Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy has been proposed however, subsequent to a more detailed understanding of the function of the spleen and various complications after splenectomy, including severe post­splenectomy infections, thrombocytosis, and increased cancer risk (Di Sabatino et al., The Lancet 378:86–97, 2011; Mellemkjoer et al., Cancer 75:577–583, 1995). Splenic preservation can be performed with splenic vessel preservation (Kimura etal., Surgery 120:885–890, 1996) or Warshaw’s technique (Warshaw, Arch Surg 123:550– 553, 1988). Indications, technical methods, and potential pitfalls of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy are introduced in this chapter.

46.1 Introduction

Traditionally, concomitant splenectomy has been performed during conventional distal pancreatectomy because of the anatomic proximity of the pancreas and splenic vessels. Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) has been proposed however, following a more detailed understanding of the function of the spleen and various complications after splenectomy, including overwhelming post-splenectomy infections (OPSI), thrombocytosis, and increased risk of cancer [1, 2]. Splenic preservation can be performed with splenic vessel preservation [3] or Warshaw’s technique [4]. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy has become increas-
K. Nakata · M. Nakamura (*) Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan e-mail: nakamura.masafumi.861@m.kyushuu.ac.jp
ingly popular since it was rst reported in 1996 [57], and it is currently used to treat lesions in the distal pancreas. We have previously reported that laparoscopic SPDP yields sig­nicantly better outcomes than DPS for laparoscopic procedures [8]. Notably however, spleen preservation in lap­aroscopic procedures is technically difcult. In this chapter, indications, technical methods, and potential pitfalls of lapa­roscopic SPDP are introduced.

46.2 Indications

Laparoscopic SPDP is indicated for benign tumors located in the body or the tail of the pancreas. We perform a splenic vessel preservation procedure and if the tumor is substan­tially adhered to the splenic vein or artery, and Warshaw’s technique may be considered before the operation.
46.3 Patient Positioning andSetup
The positions of the equipment and surgical team for laparo­scopic SPDP are shown in Fig.46.1a. The patient is placed in a supine position with their legs apart and both arms spread. The surgeon stands to the right of the patient, the camera operator stands between the legs, and the assistant stands to the left of the patient. Two visual display units are used, one placed near each of the patient’s shoulders. We usually use the “open Hasson” technique to safely insert the rst cannula through the umbilicus. If the width between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus is short, the camera port is placed under the umbilicus. Ports are then placed in the fol­lowing order: right lower abdominal region (12mm), right abdominal region (5 mm), left lower abdominal region (12mm), left abdominal region (5mm). If the patient is large and instruments inserted from the right side would not reach the splenic hilum, the ports placed on the right side are inserted toward the left side (Fig.46.1a).
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 M. Makuuchi et al. (eds.), The IASGO Textbook of Multi-Disciplinary Management of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0063-1_46
353
354
pancreas is dissected
handling is difficult
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
a
b
monitor
operator
monitor
assistant
position of the equipment and surgical team for laparoscopic spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy. (filled circle; for obesity patients)
cameraassistant
3
1
2
4
After complete mobilization of pancreas,
Fig. 46.1 (a) Positions of the equipment and surgical team for laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (lled circle; for obese
patients). (b) Operation procedure. Transection of the pancreas is performed after the completion of mobilization

46.4 Technique

Mobility of pancreas is increased and
sealing device. Although the arcade of gastroepiploic vessels should be preserved, the omentum is divided near the arcade
The procedure is divided into three parts; (1) dissecting the omentum and exposing the entire pancreas; (2) isolating the common hepatic artery (CHA) and splenic artery (SPA); and (3) mobilizing the pancreas and isolating the splenic vein (SPV). We prefer to dissect the pancreas after the completion of mobilization, because if there is too much mobility of the pancreas it makes it difcult to handle during operation, and we prefer to dissect it from the medial side to the lateral side (Fig.46.1b).
On the surface of the pancreas the gastrocolic ligament is
divided using an ultrasonic coagulating system or a vessel-
along the greater curvature to prevent the omentum from hanging down from the stomach side during the procedure (Fig.46.2a). The lesser sac is accessed via the outside of the gastroepiploic arcade. The omentum is rst dissected toward to the left side of the patient, the dissection is stopped before the left gastroepiploic vessels, and the vessels should be pre­served to the greatest extent possible. The omentum is then dissected toward the right side and the dissection should reach the duodenum to facilitate a wide clear view of the entire surface of the pancreas. Usually the posterior wall of the stomach is adhered to the surface of the pancreas due to
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46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
355
GDA
LGA
CHA
LGA
CHA
SPA
CHA
SPA
SPA
CHA
Fig. 46.2 (a) The omentum is divided near the arcade along the greater
curvature. (b) The posterior wall of the antrum is adhered to the head of the pancreas and dissected to identify the gastroduodenal artery. (c) A liver retractor is used to push up the stomach, and the pancreas is pulled down with gauze by the assistant to facilitate a clear view of the supra­pancreatic region (arrow). (d) The root of the splenic artery is covered
concomitant pancreatitis, and the stomach is separated from the pancreas via sharp and blunt dissection to move the pos­terior gastric wall away from the pancreas. The region of the antrum is also adhered to the head of the pancreas, and it is
by the pancreas and difcult to isolate. The common hepatic artery (white circle) is retracted after a wide space is created around it, then it is retracted and the root of splenic artery is bluntly dissected (arrow) to expose it clearly. (e, f) The root of the SPA is adequately dissected for isolation. CHA common hepatic artery, SPA splenic artery, SPV splenic vein
dissected to enable identication of the gastroduodenal artery (Fig.46.2b). After exposure of the entire surface of the pancreas the tumor location is conrmed via intraoperative ultrasonography.
356
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
A liver retractor is used to push up the stomach, and the pancreas is pulled down with gauze by an assistant to facili­tate a clear view of the supra-pancreatic region (Fig.46.2c). We usually isolate the common hepatic artery (CHA). Identifying the CHA can be easy, but it is sometimes difcult if it is covered by the pancreas or lymph nodes, especially in obese patients. Therefore, we routinely identify the gastro­duodenal artery and dissect the surface of that artery toward its root, then identify the CHA (Fig.46.2b, c). To isolate the CHA the tissues between it and the cranial edge of the pan­creas should be widely dissected to prevent injury during isolation. After isolating the CHA with tape, it is retracted with tape and dissection is continued toward the root of the SPA (Fig.46.2d).
Isolating the root of the SPA is an important step during laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and the root of the SPA is sometimes buried behind the pancreas. We classify the root of the SPA as either “buried” or “non-buried” based on its relationship with the pancreas. If the root of the SPA is buried and covered by the pancreas it can be difcult to iden­tify, therefore a wide space between the CHA and pancreas should be created (Fig.46.2d). The root of the SPA and the pancreas are then dissected bluntly and the root of the SPA is exposed. After the creation of a wide space, the root of the SPA can be identied and dissected from the pancreas to ensure sufcient space to isolate the root of the SPA (Fig.46.2e, f).
The next step is preservation of the SPA. The SPA runs along the cranial side of the pancreas and is usually covered by the pancreas, but it is also usually free from the pancreas on the distal side. Therefore, we prefer to isolate it with tape and retract tape on both the proximal and distal sides to straighten the SPA, which makes it easier to dissect the SPA from the pancreas (Fig.46.3a). There are several branches to the pancreas, including the dorsal pancreatic artery, and the SPA should be dissected in the center of the artery to prevent injury to these branches (Fig. 46.3b). We dissect the SPA from surrounding tissues with forceps, and create space and dissect tissues with an ultrasonic coagulation system or ves­sel sealing system to prevent injury to the adventitia by these devices. After exposure of the SPA, several branches to the pancreas are detected, tied, and cut (Fig.46.3c, d). The SPA has branches to the pancreatic tail, and these branches should be carefully dissected and ligated. The SPA is then completely freed from the pancreas (Fig.46.3e). Although the SPV runs to the center of the pancreas, at the pancreatic tail it runs
around the cranial side of it, therefore we usually isolate and tape it from the cranial side (Fig.46.3f).
The transverse mesocolon is appropriately retracted toward the inferior side by the assistant to make the meso­colon form a plane, and the inferior border of the pancreas is clearly identied (Fig.46.4a). The anterior surface of the mesocolon is then cut and moved behind the retropancre­atic fascia (the anterior side of Toldt’s fusion fascia). This layer is easily divided via blunt dissection, and the pancre­atic body and tail are smoothly mobilized (Fig. 46.4b). Although only a few blood vessels are encountered in this procedure, the inferior mesenteric vein and duodenum should be identied. After complete mobilization of the body to tail of the pancreas, the body to tail is ipped to the ventral side and the SPV covered by the retropancreatic fascia is visualized (Fig. 46.4b). The retroperitoneum is dissected at the center of the SPV to avoid injury to the branches from the pancreas (Fig. 46.4c). The SPV is exposed and the small branches are tied and cut (Fig.46.4d). Retracting the tape isolating the SPV at the tail of the pan­creas is useful for isolating the SPV.After sufcient surgi­cal margins are attained the pancreas is transected with a 60-mm stapler via the prolonged peri-ring compression method [9] (Fig.46.4e). If bleeding occurs after stapling at the stump, hemostasis is achieved via clipping, not by coagulation. Lastly, a pancreatic specimen is recovered in the bag and pulled out through an extended umbilical port site incision (Fig.46.4f).

46.4.1 Warshaw’s Technique

When using Warshaw’s technique most of the procedure is the same as that for SPDP.The root of the SPA is triply tran­sected with transxing suturing. Before ligating the SPA, the clump test should be performed to conrm blood ow of the CHA after ligation of the SPA.At the tail of the pancreas the SPA and SPV are branched, therefore the distal sides of the SPA and SPV are double-ligated. The left gastroepiploic ves­sels should denitely be preserved.

46.5 Postoperative Follow-Up

Postoperative computed tomography is performed 7 days after the operation to conrm blood ow to the spleen.
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46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
357
PGA
SPA
(proximal side)
SPA
(distal side)
PGA
SPA
*
*
e
DPA
Fig. 46.3 (a) The splenic artery (SPA) runs along the cranial side of
the pancreas and is covered by the pancreas (dotted line). The proximal and distal sides of the SPA that are free of the pancreas are taped. (b) The SPA is dissected at its center to prevent injury to the branches. (c) The SPA is completely exposed and several branches to the pancreas
(cut)
f
are detected (*). (d) Branches to the pancreas are tied (white arrow). (e) The SPA is completely freed from the pancreas. (f) The splenic vein runs around the cranial side of the pancreas at its tail side. SPA splenic artery, SPV splenic vein
358
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Duodenum
Duodenum
K. Nakata and M. Nakamura
SPV
Fig. 46.4 (a) The mesocolon is appropriately retracted by the surgeon
(yellow arrow) and the assistant (white arrow). The inferior border of the pancreas is clearly identied (dotted line). (b) The anterior side of Toldt’s fusion fascia is dissected (yellow), and the splenic vein (SPV) covered by the retropancreatic fascia (blue) is identied. Retraction is appropriately performed by the surgeon (yellow arrow) and the assis-
tant (white arrow). (c) The retroperitoneum is dissected at the center of the SPV to avoid injury to the branches from the pancreas (dotted line). (d) The SPV is exposed and the small branches are identied. (e) After complete mobilization of the pancreas with sufcient surgical margins, it is transected with a 60-mm stapler. (f) Surgical view after resection. SPV splenic vein
46 Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy
359

References

1. Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):86–97.
2. Mellemkjoer L, Olsen JH, Linet MS, Gridley G, McLaughlin JK.Cancer risk after splenectomy. Cancer. 1995;75(2):577–83.
3. Kimura W, Inoue T, Futakawa N, Shinkai H, Han I, Muto T.Spleen­preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein. Surgery. 1996;120(5):885–90.
4. Warshaw AL. Conservation of the spleen with distal pancreatec­tomy. Arch Surg. 1988;123(5):550–3.
5. Cuschieri A, Jakimowicz JJ, van Spreeuwel J.Laparoscopic distal 70% pancreatectomy and splenectomy for chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 1996;223(3):280–5.
6. Gagner M, Pomp A, Herrera MF. Early experience with laparo­scopic resections of islet cell tumors. Surgery. 1996;120(6):1051–4.
7. Shiroshita H, Inomata M, Bandoh T, Uchida H, Akira S, Hashizume M, et al. Endoscopic surgery in Japan: the 13th national survey (2014-2015) by the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2019;12(1):7–18.
8. Nakata K, Shikata S, Ohtsuka T, Ukai T, Miyasaka Y, Mori Y, et al. Minimally invasive preservation versus splenectomy during distal pancreatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25(11):476–88.
9. Nakamura M, Ueda J, Kohno H, Aly MY, Takahata S, Shimizu S, etal. Prolonged peri-ring compression with a linear stapler pre­vents pancreatic stula in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(3):867–71.