Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5203_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
50
93. Flammer J, Neziraj T, Rüegg S, Pröbstel A-K.Immune mechanisms in Epileptogenesis: update
on diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune epilepsy syndromes. Drugs. 2023;83:135–58.
94. Aronica E, Bauer S, Bozzi Y, Caleo M, Dingledine R, Gorter JA, etal. Neuroinammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models. Epilepsia. 2017;58(Suppl
3):27–38.
95. Vezzani A, Ravizza T, Bedner P, Aronica E, Steinhäuser C, Boison D.Astrocytes in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18:707–22.
96. Villasana-Salazar B, Vezzani A.Neuroinammation microenvironment sharpens seizure circuit. Neurobiol Dis. 2023;178:106027.
97. Ding M, Lang Y, Shu H, Shao J, Cui L.Microbiota-gut-brain Axis and epilepsy: a review on
mechanisms and potential therapeutics. Front Immunol. 2021;12:742449.
98. Kundu S, Nayak S, Rakshit D, Singh T, Shukla R, Khatri DK, etal. The microbiome-gutbrain axis in epilepsy: pharmacotherapeutic target from bench evidence for potential bedside
applications. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30:3557–67.
99. Ravizza T, Terrone G, Salamone A, Frigerio F, Balosso S, Antoine DJ, etal. High mobility
group box 1 is a novel pathogenic factor and a mechanistic biomarker for epilepsy. Brain
Behav Immun. 2018;72:14–21.
100. Walker LE, Sills GJ, Jorgensen A, Alapirtti T, Peltola J, Brodie MJ, etal. High-mobility
group box 1 as a predictive biomarker for drug-resistant epilepsy: a proof-of-concept study.
Epilepsia. 2022;63:e1–6.
101. Galovic M, Ferreira-Atuesta C, Abraira L, Döhler N, Sinka L, Brigo F, et al. Seizures
and epilepsy after stroke: epidemiology, biomarkers and management. Drugs Aging.
2021;38:285–99.
102. Heiskanen M, Das Gupta S, Mills JD, van Vliet EA, Manninen E, Ciszek R, etal. Discovery
and validation of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for Epileptogenesis after experimental traumatic brain injury-the EPITARGET cohort. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24
103. Yonas AS, Meschia JF, Feyissa AM.Clinical biomarkers and prediction models for Poststroke
epilepsy: have we settled the scores yet? Neurol Clin Pract. 2023;13:e200146.
104. Golub VM, Reddy DS. Post-traumatic epilepsy and comorbidities: advanced models,
molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and novel therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Rev.
2022;74:387–438.
105. Kotulska K, Kwiatkowski DJ, Curatolo P, Weschke B, Riney K, Jansen F, etal. Prevention
of epilepsy in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex in the EPISTOP trial. Ann Neurol.
2021;89:304–14.
106. Luzzatto L, Hyry HI, Schieppati A, Costa E, Simoens S, Schaefer F, etal. Outrageous prices
of orphan drugs: a call for collaboration. Lancet (London, England). 2018;392:791–4.
107. Crowell JL, Burns TM.Rising drug costs for neurologic diseases. Continuum (Minneap
Minn). 2020;26:1392–406.
108. Kamusheva M, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gierczyński J, Subtirelu M-S, Czech M, Petrova G.Do
advanced therapies have a future in the low- and middle-income countries – the case of
Bulgaria, Romania, and Poland. Front Public Heal. 2021;9:729847.
109. Currie GR, Gerber B, Lorenzetti D, MacDonald K, Benseler SM, Bernier FP, etal. Developing
a framework of cost elements of socioeconomic burden of rare disease: a scoping review.
PharmacoEconomics. 2023;41:803–18.
110. Grone BP, Baraban SC.Animal models in epilepsy research: legacies and new directions. Nat
Neurosci. 2015;18:339–43.
111. Pitkänen L, Montoro Bustos AR, Murphy KE, Winchester MR, Striegel AM.Quantitative
characterization of gold nanoparticles by size-exclusion and hydrodynamic chromatography,
coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and quasi-elastic light scattering.
J Chromatogr A. 2017;1511:59–67.
112. Wang Y, Wei P, Yan F, Luo Y, Zhao G. Animal models of epilepsy: a phenotype-oriented
review. Aging Dis. 2022;13:215–31.
113. Fisher RS.Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1989;14:245–78.
Q. Wang et al.
1 Overview
114. Ferrier D.Experimental researches in cerebral physiology and pathology. J Anat Physiol.
1873;8:152–5.
115. Putnam TJ, Merritt HH.Experimental determination of the anticonvulsant properties of some
phenyl derivatives. Science. 1937;85:525–6.
116. Swinyard EA.Laboratory assay of clinically effective antiepileptic drugs. J Am Pharm Assoc
Am Pharm Assoc. 1949;38:201–4.
117. Löscher W. Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the
discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2011;20:359–68.
118. Löscher W, Klitgaard H, Twyman RE, Schmidt D.New avenues for anti-epileptic drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12:757–76.
119. Toman JEP. Neuropharmacologic considerations in psychic seizures. Neurology.
1951;1:444–60.
120. Squires RF, Saederup E, Crawley JN, Skolnick P, Paul SM.Convulsant potencies of tetrazoles are highly correlated with actions on GABA/benzodiazepine/picrotoxin receptor complexes in brain. Life Sci. 1984;35:1439–44.
121. Tourov A, Ferri R, Del Gracco S, Elia M, Musumeci SA, Stefanini MC.Spike morphology
in PTZ-induced generalized and cobalt-induced partial experimental epilepsy. Funct Neurol.
1996;11:237–45.
122. Yuskaitis CJ, Rossitto L-A, Groff KJ, Dhamne SC, Zhang B, Lalani LK, etal. Factors inuencing the acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure paradigm and a literature review. Ann
Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8:1388–97.
123. Arida RM, Passos AA, Graciani AL, Brogin JAF, Ribeiro M de AL, Faber J, etal. The potential role of previous physical exercise program to reduce seizure susceptibility: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Front Neurol. 2021;12:771123.
124. Fisher RS, Prince DA.Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. I
Electroencephalographic features. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1977;42:608–24.
125. Sherdil A, Chabardès S, Guillemain I, Michallat S, Prabhu S, Pernet-Gallay K, etal. An on
demand macaque model of mesial temporal lobe seizures induced by unilateral intra hippocampal injection of penicillin. Epilepsy Res. 2018;142:20–8.
126. Bum EN, Schmutz M, Meyer C, Rakotonirina A, Bopelet M, Portet C, etal. Anticonvulsant
properties of the methanolic extract of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae). J Ethnopharmacol.
2001;76:145–50.
127. Palmer GC, Murray RJ, Cramer CL, Stagnitto ML, Knowles MK, Freedman LR, et al.
[S]-AR-R 15896AR-A novel anticonvulsant: acute safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288:121–32.
128. Lehmann J, Hutchison AJ, McPherson SE, Mondadori C, Schmutz M, Sinton CM, etal. CGS
19755, a selective and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate-type excitatory amino acid receptor
antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;246:65–75.
129. Bernasconi R, Klein M, Martin P, Christen P, Hafner T, Portet C, et al. Gamma-vinyl
GABA: comparison of neurochemical and anticonvulsant effects in mice. J Neural Transm.
1988;72:213–33.
130. Koneval Z, Knox KM, White HS, Barker-Haliski M.Lamotrigine-resistant corneal-kindled
mice: a model of pharmacoresistant partial epilepsy for moderate-throughput drug discovery.
Epilepsia. 2018;59:1245–56.
131. Goddard GV.Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity.
Nature. 1967;214:1020–1.
132. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK.A permanent change in brain function resulting from
daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1969;25:295–330.
133. McNamara JO.Kindling model of epilepsy. Adv Neurol. 1986;44:303–18.
134. Raol YH, Brooks-Kayal AR.Experimental models of seizures and epilepsies. Prog Mol Biol
Transl Sci. 2012;105:57–82.
135. Racine RJ. Modication of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II Motor seizure.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1972;32:281–94.
51
52
136. Goddard GV, Douglas RM.Does the engram of kindling model the engram of normal long
term memory? Can J Neurol Sci Le J Can Des Sci Neurol. 1975;2:385–94.
137. Karler R, Murphy V, Calder LD, Turkanis SA. Pentylenetetrazol kindling in mice.
Neuropharmacology. 1989;28:775–80.
138. Schmidt J.Changes in seizure susceptibility in rats following chronic administration of pentylenetetrazol. Biomed Biochim Acta. 1987;46:267–70.
139. Dhir A. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy. Curr Protoc Neurosci
2012;Chapter 9:Unit9.37.
140. Shimada T, Yamagata K. Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model. J Vis Exp.
2018;136:56573.
141. Cela E, McFarlan AR, Chung AJ, Wang T, Chierzi S, Murai KK, etal. An Optogenetic kindling model of neocortical epilepsy. Sci Rep. 2019;9:5236.
142. Cela E, Sjöström PJ.Novel Optogenetic approaches in epilepsy research. Front Neurosci.
2019;13:947.
143. Zhang F, Wang L-P, Brauner M, Liewald JF, Kay K, Watzke N, etal. Multimodal fast optical
interrogation of neural circuitry. Nature. 2007;446:633–9.
144. Chow BY, Han X, Dobry AS, Qian X, Chuong AS, Li M, etal. High-performance genetically
targetable optical neural silencing by light-driven proton pumps. Nature. 2010;463:98–102.
145. Reddy DS, Kuruba R.Experimental models of status epilepticus and neuronal injury for
evaluation of therapeutic interventions. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:18284–318.
146. Sutula TP.Mechanisms of epilepsy progression: current theories and perspectives from neuroplasticity in adulthood and development. Epilepsy Res. 2004;60:161–71.
147. Maguire J.Epileptogenesis: more than just the latent period. Epilepsy Curr. 2016;16:31–3.
148. Pitkänen A, Lukasiuk K, Dudek FE, Staley KJ.Epileptogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect
Med. 2015;5
149. Goldberg EM, Coulter DA.Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit
dysfunction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:337–49.
150. Lillis KP, Wang Z, Mail M, Zhao GQ, Berdichevsky Y, Bacskai B, et al. Evolution of network synchronization during early Epileptogenesis parallels synaptic circuit alterations. J
Neurosci. 2015;35:9920–34.
151. Bragin A, Azizyan A, Almajano J, Wilson CL, Engel JJ.Analysis of chronic seizure onsets
after intrahippocampal kainic acid injection in freely moving rats. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1592–8.
152. Lévesque M, Avoli M.The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav
Rev. 2013;37:2887–99.
153. Medina-Ceja L, Pardo-Peña K, Ventura-Mejía C.Evaluation of behavioral parameters and
mortality in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by intracerebroventricular pilocarpine
administration. Neuroreport. 2014;25:875–9.
154. Kondo Y, Hatayama K, Ishiguro T, Takemoto T, Murakami S.Studies on the constituents
of Chinese drug “kanzui.” 8. KMnO4 oxidation of euphol, tirucallol and beta-euphorbol.
Yakugaku Zasshi. 1967;87:21–5.
155. Rogawski MA, Gryder D, Castaneda D, Yonekawa W, Banks MK, Lia H.GluR5 kainate
receptors, seizures, and the amygdala. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;985:150–62.
156. Curia G, Longo D, Biagini G, Jones RSG, Avoli M.The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe
epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods. 2008;172:143–57.
157. Hamilton SE, Loose MD, Qi M, Levey AI, Hille B, McKnight GS, etal. Disruption of the m1
receptor gene ablates muscarinic receptor-dependent M current regulation and seizure activity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:13311–6.
158. Rusina E, Bernard C, Williamson A. The Kainic acid models of temporal lobe epilepsy.
ENeuro. 2021:8.
159. Thakran S, Guin D, Singh P, Singh P, Kukal S, Rawat C, etal. Genetic landscape of common
epilepsies: advancing towards precision in treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21
160. Wang J, Lin Z-J, Liu L, Xu H-Q, Shi Y-W, Yi Y-H, etal. Epilepsy-associated genes. Seizure.
2017;44:11–20.
Q. Wang et al.
1 Overview
161. Noebels JL, Sidman RL. Inherited epilepsy: spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the
mutant mouse tottering. Science. 1979;204:1334–6.
162. Kostopoulos GK.The tottering mouse: a critical review of its usefulness in the study of the
neuronal mechanisms underlying epilepsy. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1992;35:21–36.
163. Fletcher CF, Lutz CM, O’Sullivan TN, Shaughnessy JDJ, Hawkes R, Frankel WN, etal.
Absence epilepsy in tottering mutant mice is associated with calcium channel defects. Cell.
1996;87:607–17.
164. Kim TY, Maki T, Zhou Y, Sakai K, Mizuno Y, Ishikawa A, et al. Absence-like seizures
and their pharmacological prole in tottering-6j mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
2015;463:148–53.
165. Vergnes M, Marescaux C, Micheletti G, Reis J, Depaulis A, Rumbach L, etal. Spontaneous
paroxysmal electroclinical patterns in rat: a model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy.
Neurosci Lett. 1982;33:97–101.
166. Marescaux C, Micheletti G, Vergnes M, Depaulis A, Rumbach L, Warter JM.A model of
chronic spontaneous petit mal-like seizures in the rat: comparison with pentylenetetrazolinduced seizures. Epilepsia. 1984;25:326–31.
167. Roebuck AJ, An L, Marks WN, Sun N, Snutch TP, Howland JG.Cognitive impairments in
touchscreen-based visual discrimination and reversal learning in genetic absence epilepsy
rats from Strasbourg. Neuroscience. 2020;430:105–12.
168. Coenen AML, Van Luijtelaar ELJM.Genetic animal models for absence epilepsy: a review
of the WAG/Rij strain of rats. Behav Genet. 2003;33:635–55.
169. van Luijtelaar G, van Oijen G.Establishing drug effects on Electrocorticographic activity
in a genetic absence epilepsy model: advances and pitfalls. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:395.
170. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA. Provoked and reex seizures: surprising or common?
Epilepsia. 2012;53(Suppl 4):105–13.
171. Irmen F, Wehner T, Lemieux L.Do reex seizures and spontaneous seizures form a continuum?– triggering factors and possible common mechanisms. Seizure. 2015;25:72–9. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2014.12.006.
172. Faingold CL. Role of GABA abnormalities in the inferior colliculus pathophysiology –
audiogenic seizures. Hear Res. 2002;168:223–37.
173. Killam KF, Killam EK, Naquet R.Study of responses evoked by intermittent light stimulation
in monkeys presenting paroxysmal responses to this type of stimulation. Rev Neurol (Paris).
1966;115:422–3.
174. Killam KF, Killam EK, Naquet R. An animal model of light sensitive epilepsy.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1967;22:497–513.
175. Löscher W. Genetic animal models of epilepsy BT– genetically dened animal models of
neurobehavioral dysfunctions. In: Driscoll P, editor. . Boston: Birkhäuser Boston; 1992.
p.111–35.
176. Wada JA, Naquet R.Proceedings: examination of neural mechanism involved in photogenic
seizure susceptibility in epileptic Senegalese baboon: Papio papio. Epilepsia. 1972;13:344–5.
177. Gawel K, Langlois M, Martins T, van der Ent W, Tiraboschi E, Jacmin M, etal. Seizing the
moment: zebrash epilepsy models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;116:1–20.
178. Grifn A, Hamling KR, Knupp K, Hong S, Lee LP, Baraban SC.Clemizole and modulators
of serotonin signalling suppress seizures in Dravet syndrome. Brain. 2017;140:669–83.
179. Eimon PM, Ghannad-Rezaie M, De Rienzo G, Allalou A, Wu Y, Gao M, etal. Brain activity
patterns in high-throughput electrophysiology screen predict both drug efcacies and side
effects. Nat Commun. 2018;9:219.
180. Yaksi E, Jamali A, Diaz Verdugo C, Jurisch-Yaksi N.Past, present and future of zebrash in
epilepsy research. FEBS J. 2021;288:7243–55.
181. Baraban SC, Dinday MT, Hortopan GA.Drug screening in Scn1a zebrash mutant identies
clemizole as a potential Dravet syndrome treatment. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2410.
182. Hortopan GA, Dinday MT, Baraban SC.Spontaneous seizures and altered gene expression in
GABA signaling pathways in a mind bomb mutant zebrash. J Neurosci. 2010;30:13718–28.
53
54
183. Ramirez IB-R, Pietka G, Jones DR, Divecha N, Alia A, Baraban SC, etal. Impaired neural
development in a zebrash model for Lowe syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21:1744–59.
184. Perenthaler E, Nikoncuk A, Youse S, Berdowski WM, Alsagob M, Capo I, etal. Loss of
UGP2in brain leads to a severe epileptic encephalopathy, emphasizing that bi-allelic isoformspecic start-loss mutations of essential genes can cause genetic diseases. Acta Neuropathol.
2020;139:415–42.
185. Liao M, Kundap U, Rosch RE, Burrows DRW, Meyer MP, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, etal.
Targeted knockout of GABA-A receptor gamma 2 subunit provokes transient light-induced
reex seizures in zebrash larvae. Dis Model Mech. 2019:12.
186. Becker AJ.Review: animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human
epileptogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2018;44:112–29.
187. Kharatishvili I, Immonen R, Gröhn O, Pitkänen A.Quantitative diffusion MRI of hippocampus as a surrogate marker for post-traumatic epileptogenesis. Brain. 2007;130:3155–68.
188. Pitkänen A, Immonen RJ, Gröhn OHJ, Kharatishvili I.From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: what animal models tell us about the process and treatment options.
Epilepsia. 2009;50(Suppl 2):21–9.
189. Mosini AC, Calió ML, Foresti ML, Valeriano RPS, Garzon E, Mello LE.Modeling of posttraumatic epilepsy and experimental research aimed at its prevention. Brazilian J Med Biol
Res = Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas e Biol. 2020;54:e10656.
190. D’Ambrosio R, Fender JS, Fairbanks JP, Simon EA, Born DE, Doyle DL, etal. Progression
from frontal-parietal to mesial-temporal epilepsy after uid percussion injury in the rat.
Brain. 2005;128:174–88.
191. Kharatishvili I, Nissinen JP, McIntosh TK, Pitkänen A.A model of posttraumatic epilepsy
induced by lateral uid-percussion brain injury in rats. Neuroscience. 2006;140:685–97.
192. Keith KA, Huang JH. Animal models of post-traumatic epilepsy. Diagnostics (Basel,
Switzerland). 2019:10.
193. Lighthall JW. Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model. J
Neurotrauma. 1988;5:1–15.
194. Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev
Neurosci. 2013;14:128–42.
195. Leo A, De Caro C, Nesci V, Tallarico M, De Sarro G, Russo E, etal. Modeling poststroke
epilepsy and preclinical development of drugs for poststroke epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.
2020;104:106472.
196. Barker-Haliski ML, Heck TD, Dahle EJ, Vanegas F, Pruess TH, Wilcox KS, etal. Acute treatment with minocycline, but not valproic acid, improves long-term behavioral outcomes in the
Theiler’s virus model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1958–67.
197. Buckingham SC, Ramos TN, Barnum SR.Complement C5-decient mice are protected from
seizures in experimental cerebral malaria. Epilepsia. 2014;55:e139–42.
198. Nilsen KE, Walker MC, Cock HR.Characterization of the tetanus toxin model of refractory
focal neocortical epilepsy in the rat. Epilepsia. 2005;46:179–87.
199. Javaid MS, Tan T, Dvir N, Anderson A, O’Brien JT, Kwan P, etal. Human invitro models of
epilepsy using embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cells. 2022;11:3957.
200. Grainger AI, King MC, Nagel DA, Parri HR, Coleman MD, Hill EJ.In vitro models for
seizure-liability testing using induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:590.
201. Loscher W, Klein P.New approaches for developing multi-targeted drug combinations for
disease modication of complex brain disorders. Does epilepsy prevention become a realistic
goal? Pharmacol Ther. 2021:107934.
202. French JA, Perucca E. Time to start calling things by their own names? The case for
Antiseizure medicines. Epilepsy Curr. 2020;20(2):69–72.
203. Chen Z, etal. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with
established and new antiepileptic drugs: a 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol.
2018;75(3):279–86.
204. Devinsky O, etal. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18024.
Q. Wang et al.
1 Overview
205. Johannessen Landmark C, etal. Pharmacological aspects of antiseizure medications: from
basic mechanisms to clinical considerations of drug interactions and use of therapeutic drug
monitoring. Epileptic Disord. 2023;25(4):454–71.
206. Catterall WA.Forty years of sodium channels: structure, function, pharmacology, and epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 2017;42(9):2495–504.
207. Silva J.Slow inactivation of Na(+) channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2014;221:33–49.
208. Kwan P, etal. Denition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task
force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):1069–77.
209. Pal R, etal. Voltage gated sodium channel inhibitors as anticonvulsant drugs: a systematic
review on recent developments and structure activity relationship studies. Bioorg Chem.
2021;115:105230.
210. Roberti R, et al. Pharmacology of Cenobamate: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
Drug-Drug Interactions and Tolerability. CNS Drugs. 2021;35(6):609–18.
211. Schwarz JR, Grigat G.Phenytoin and carbamazepine: potential- and frequency-dependent
block of Na currents in mammalian myelinated nerve bers. Epilepsia. 1989;30(3):286–94.
212. Macdonald RL, Kelly KM.Antiepileptic drug mechanisms of action. Epilepsia. 1995;36(Suppl
2):S2–12.
213. Rogawski MA, etal. Current understanding of the mechanism of action of the antiepileptic
drug lacosamide. Epilepsy Res. 2015;110:189–205.
214. Catterall WA. Voltage-gated calcium channels. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.
2011;3(8):a003947.
215. Sills GJ, Rogawski MA. Mechanisms of action of currently used antiseizure drugs.
Neuropharmacology. 2020;168:107966.
216. Trimmer JS, Rhodes KJ.Localization of voltage-gated ion channels in mammalian brain.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2004;66:477–519.
217. Suzuki S, Rogawski MA.T-type calcium channels mediate the transition between tonic and
phasic ring in thalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(18):7228–32.
218. Myers KA, etal. Contribution of rare genetic variants to drug response in absence epilepsy.
Epilepsy Res. 2021;170:106537.
219. Casillas-Espinosa PM, etal. Effects of the T-type calcium channel Ca(V)3.2 R1584P mutation on absence seizure susceptibility in GAERS and NEC congenic rats models. Neurobiol
Dis. 2023;184:106217.
220. Kim D, etal. Lack of the burst ring of thalamocortical relay neurons and resistance to absence
seizures in mice lacking alpha(1G) T-type Ca(2+) channels. Neuron. 2001;31(1):35–45.
221. Thorpe AJ, Offord J.The alpha2-delta protein: an auxiliary subunit of voltage-dependent
calcium channels as a recognized drug target. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010;11(7):761–70.
222. Dooley DJ, etal. Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmission.
Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(2):75–82.
223. Wang SJ, etal. Presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission by lamotrigine in the
rat amygdalar neurons. Synapse. 1996;24(3):248–55.
224. Wang SJ, etal. Inhibition of N-type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones. Neuroreport. 1996;7(18):3037–40.
225. Stefani A, Spadoni F, Bernardi G.Voltage-activated calcium channels: targets of antiepileptic
drug therapy? Epilepsia. 1997;38(9):959–65.
226. Musella S, etal. Beyond Retigabine: design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization
of a potent and chemically stable neuronal Kv7 channel activator with anticonvulsant activity.
J Med Chem. 2022;65(16):11340–64.
227. Zahra A, etal. Identifying the mechanism of action of the Kv7 channel opener, retigabine in
the treatment of epilepsy. Neurol Sci. 2023;44:3819.
228. Gunthorpe MJ, Large CH, Sankar R.The mechanism of action of retigabine (ezogabine), a
rst-in-class K+ channel opener for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53(3):412–24.
229. Plosker GL.Perampanel: as adjunctive therapy in patients with partial-onset seizures. CNS
Drugs. 2012;26(12):1085–96.
55
56
230. Rogawski MA.Revisiting AMPA receptors as an antiepileptic drug target. Epilepsy Curr.
2011;11(2):56–63.
231. Sobolevsky AI. Structure and gating of tetrameric glutamate receptors. J Physiol.
2015;593(1):29–38.
232. Lerma J, Marques JM.Kainate receptors in health and disease. Neuron. 2013;80(2):292–311.
233. Rodriguez-Moreno A, Herreras O, Lerma J.Kainate receptors presynaptically downregulate
GABAergic inhibition in the rat hippocampus. Neuron. 1997;19(4):893–901.
234. Rheims S, Ryvlin P.Prole of perampanel and its potential in the treatment of partial onset
seizures. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:629–37.
235. Rohracher A, etal. Perampanel in routine clinical use across Europe: pooled, multicenter,
observational data. Epilepsia. 2018;59(9):1727–39.
236. Krauss GL, etal. Final safety, tolerability, and seizure outcomes in patients with focal epilepsy treated with adjunctive perampanel for up to 4 years in an open-label extension of phase
III randomized trials: study 307. Epilepsia. 2018;59(4):866–76.
237. Krauss GL, etal. Long-term safety of perampanel and seizure outcomes in refractory partialonset seizures and secondarily generalized seizures: results from phase III extension study
307. Epilepsia. 2014;55(7):1058–68.
238. Krauss GL, et al. Randomized phase III study 306: adjunctive perampanel for refractory
partial-onset seizures. Neurology. 2012;78(18):1408–15.
239. Yelshanskaya MV, et al. Structural bases of noncompetitive inhibition of AMPA-subtype
ionotropic glutamate receptors by antiepileptic drugs. Neuron. 2016;91(6):1305–15.
240. Rogawski MA.AMPA receptors as a molecular target in epilepsy therapy. Acta Neurol Scand
Suppl. 2013;197:9–18.
241. Kleckner NW, et al. Subtype-selective antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by felbamate: insights into the mechanism of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
1999;289(2):886–94.
242. Hanrahan B, Carson RP.Felbamate. In: StatPearls; 2023. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible
companies. Disclosure: Robert Carson declares no relevant nancial relationships with ineligible companies.
243. Gibbs JW 3rd, etal. Cellular actions of topiramate: blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsia. 2000;41(S1):10–6.
244. Pearl NZ, etal. Narrative review of Topiramate: clinical uses and pharmacological considerations. Adv Ther. 2023;40(9):3626–38.
245. Meehan AL, etal. A new mechanism for antiepileptic drug action: vesicular entry may mediate the effects of levetiracetam. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106(3):1227–39.
246. Yang XF, Weisenfeld A, Rothman SM.Prolonged exposure to levetiracetam reveals a presynaptic effect on neurotransmission. Epilepsia. 2007;48(10):1861–9.
247. Meehan AL, etal. Levetiracetam has an activity-dependent effect on inhibitory transmission.
Epilepsia. 2012;53(3):469–76.
248. Yang XF, Rothman SM.Levetiracetam has a time- and stimulation-dependent effect on synaptic transmission. Seizure. 2009;18(9):615–9.
249. Birnstiel S, Wulfert E, Beck SG.Levetiracetam (ucb LO59) affects invitro models of epilepsy in CA3 pyramidal neurons without altering normal synaptic transmission. Naunyn
Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 1997;356(5):611–8.
250. Yang X, etal. Brivaracetam augments short-term depression and slows vesicle recycling.
Epilepsia. 2015;56(12):1899–909.
251. Klitgaard H, etal. Brivaracetam: rationale for discovery and preclinical prole of a selective
SV2A ligand for epilepsy treatment. Epilepsia. 2016;57(4):538–48.
252. Deng Y, etal. A comparison of extracellular excitatory amino acids release inhibition of acute
lamotrigine and topiramate treatment in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled epileptic rats. J
Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9(6):1123–8.
253. Sigel E, Steinmann ME.Structure, function, and modulation of GABA(a) receptors. J Biol
Chem. 2012;287(48):40224–31.
Q. Wang et al.
1 Overview
254. Chebib M, Johnston GA.The 'ABC' of GABA receptors: a brief review. Clin Exp Pharmacol
Physiol. 1999;26(11):937–40.
255. Belelli D, et al. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors: form, pharmacology, and function. J
Neurosci. 2009;29(41):12757–63.
256. Mott DD, Lewis DV.The pharmacology and function of central GABAB receptors. Int Rev
Neurobiol. 1994;36:97–223.
257. Bhagat K, etal. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their
clinical progression. Mol Divers. 2021;25(1):551–601.
258. Kowalczyk P, Kulig K. GABA system as a target for new drugs. Curr Med Chem.
2014;21(28):3294–309.
259. Liu R, etal. Role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in epilepsy: from expression to function. Front
Neurol. 2019;10:1407.
260. Rho JM, Donevan SD, Rogawski MA.Direct activation of GABAA receptors by barbiturates
in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J Physiol. 1996;497(Pt 2):509–22.
261. Twyman RE, Rogers CJ, Macdonald RL.Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric
acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(3):213–20.
262. Ticku MK, Davis WC.Effect of valproic acid on [3H]diazepam and [3H]dihydropicrotoxinin binding sites at the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex. Brain Res.
1981;223(1):218–22.
263. Loscher W.Effects of the antiepileptic drug valproate on metabolism and function of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids in the brain. Neurochem Res. 1993;18(4):485–502.
264. Grant SM, Heel RC, Vigabatrin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy and disorders of motor control. Drugs.
1991;41(6):889–926.
265. Borden LA, etal. Tiagabine, SK&F 89976-a, CI-966, and NNC-711 are selective for the
cloned GABA transporter GAT-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994;269(2):219–24.
266. Meldrum BS, Chapman AG.Basic mechanisms of gabitril (tiagabine) and future potential
developments. Epilepsia. 1999;40(Suppl 9):S2–6.
267. Suzdak PD, Jansen JA.A review of the preclinical pharmacology of tiagabine: a potent and
selective anticonvulsant GABA uptake inhibitor. Epilepsia. 1995;36(6):612–26.
268. Ozsoy HZ. Anticonvulsant effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the enigmatic
link between carbonic anhydrases and electrical activity of the brain. Neurochem Res.
2021;46(11):2783–99.
269. Ciccone L, etal. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and epilepsy: state of the art and future perspectives. Molecules. 2021;26(21)
270. Shukralla AA, Dolan E, Delanty N.Acetazolamide: old drug, new evidence? Epilepsia Open.
2022;7(3):378–92.
271. Reiss WG, Oles KS. Acetazolamide in the treatment of seizures. Ann Pharmacother.
1996;30(5):514–9.
272. Villanueva V, Serrano-Castro PJ. Zonisamide in the epilepsy treatment: a literature review
from add-on therapy to monotherapy. Rev Neurol. 2013;56(8):429–38.
273. Supuran CT.An update on drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic
anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16(4):297–307.
274. Lechuga L, Franz DN.Everolimus as adjunctive therapy for tuberous sclerosis complexassociated partial-onset seizures. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019;19(10):913–25.
275. Krueger DA, etal. Everolimus treatment of refractory epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex.
Ann Neurol. 2013;74(5):679–87.
276. Menezes CEG, etal. Everolimus as a therapeutic option in refractory epilepsy in children
with tuberous sclerosis: a systematic review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2023;81(4):392–8.
277. Moloney PB, etal. Everolimus precision therapy for the GATOR1-related epilepsies: a case
series. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(10):3341–6.
278. Lattanzi S, et al. Efcacy and safety of adjunctive Cannabidiol in patients with LennoxGastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(10):905–16.
57
58
279. Kuhne F, etal. Real-world data on cannabidiol treatment of various epilepsy subtypes: a
retrospective, multicenter study. Epilepsia Open. 2023;8(2):360–70.
280. Devi N, etal. Short-term and long-term efcacy and safety of antiseizure medications in
Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a network meta-analysis. Seizure. 2022;99:164–75.
281. Abu-Sawwa R, etal. Effects of Epidiolex(R) (Cannabidiol) on seizure-related emergency
department visits and hospital admissions: a retrospective cohort study. Epilepsy Behav.
2022;127:108538.
282. Mirlohi S, etal. Inhibition of human recombinant T-type calcium channels by phytocannabinoids invitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(15):4031–43.
283. Ji X, Zeng Y, Wu J.The CB(2) receptor as a novel therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16)
284. Nakamura M, et al. Effects of cenobamate (YKP3089), a newly developed anti-epileptic
drug, on voltage-gated sodium channels in rat hippocampal CA3 neurons. Eur J Pharmacol.
2019;855:175–82.
285. Sharma R, etal. Positive allosteric modulation of GABA(a) receptors by a novel antiepileptic
drug cenobamate. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;879:173117.
286. Barbieri MA, etal. Cenobamate: a review of its pharmacological properties, clinical efcacy and tolerability prole in the treatment of epilepsy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets.
2023;22(3):394–403.
287. Lamb YN.Ganaxolone: rst approval. Drugs. 2022;82(8):933–40.
288. Nohria V, Giller E.Ganaxolone. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4(1):102–5.
289. Perucca E, etal. 30 years of second-generation antiseizure medications: impact and future
perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(6):544–56.
290. Glauser T, etal. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efcacy and effectiveness
as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):551–63.
291. Baulac M, et al. Efcacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus
controlled- release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(1):43–54.
292. Galanopoulou AS, etal. Antiepileptogenesis and disease modication: Progress, challenges,
and the path forward-report of the preclinical working group of the 2018 NINDS-sponsored
antiepileptogenesis and disease modication workshop. Epilepsia Open. 2021;6(2):276–96.
293. Galanopoulou AS, etal. Joint AES/ILAE translational workshop to optimize preclinical epilepsy research. Epilepsia. 2013;54(Suppl 4):1–2.
Q. Wang et al.
Chapter 2
Antiseizure Medications
WeiJing, MeizhenSun, andChaoYan
2.1 Commonly Used Antiseizure Medications
2.1.1 First-Generation Antiseizure Medications (ASMs)
2.1.1.1 Carbamazepine
Drug Characteristics
[Chemical name] 5H-Dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-formamide
[Chemical structure formula]
W. Jing (*)
Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi
Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
M. Sun
Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,
Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
C. Yan
Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology,
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Ltd. 2025
X. Wang, L. Zhou (eds.), Pharmacological Treatment of Epileptic Seizures,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8520-2_2
59© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte