Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5203_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
4 Clinical Application ofAnti-seizure Medication asDrug Therapy
24. Striano P, Soa V, Capovilla G, etal. A pilot trial of levetiracetam in eyelid myoclonia with
absences (Jeavons syndrome). Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):425–30.
25. Smith KM, Youssef PE, Wirrell EC, etal. Jeavons syndrome: clinical features and response
to treatment. Pediatr Neurol. 2018;86:46–51.
26. Baumer FM, Porter BE.Clinical and electrographic features of sunower syndrome. Epilepsy
Res. 2018;142:58–63.
27. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, etal. Denition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus
proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies.
Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):1069–77.
28. Tang F, Hartz AMS, Bauer B.Drug-resistant epilepsy: multiple hypotheses, few answers.
Front Neurol. 2017;8:301.
29. Siddiqui A, Kerb R, Weale ME, etal. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a
polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(15):1442–8.
30. Loscher W, Potschka H.Drug resistance in brain diseases and the role of drug efux transporters. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(8):591–602.
31. French JA.Refractory epilepsy: clinical overview. Epilepsia. 2007;48(Suppl 1):3–7.
32. World Health Organization. Epilepsy: a public health imperative. World Health
Organization; 2019.
33. Group GBDNDC. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during
1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet
Neurol. 2017;16(11):877–97.
34. Wei SH, Lee WT. Comorbidity of childhood epilepsy. J Formos Med Assoc.
2015;114(11):1031–8.
35. Libby AM, Ghushchyan V, McQueen RB, etal. Economic differences in direct and indirect
costs between people with epilepsy and without epilepsy. Med Care. 2012;50(11):928–33.
36. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identication of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med.
2000;342(5):314–9.
37. Xue-Ping W, Hai-Jiao W, Li-Na Z, etal. Risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(30):e16402.
38. Li Z, Cao W, Sun H, etal. Potential clinical and biochemical markers for the prediction of
drug-resistant epilepsy: a literature review. Neurobiol Dis. 2022;174:105872.
39. Bazhanova ED, Kozlov AA, Litovchenko AV.Mechanisms of drug resistance in the pathogenesis of epilepsy: role of Neuroinammation. A literature review. Brain Sci. 2021;11(5)
40. Loscher W, Potschka H, Sisodiya SM, et al. Drug resistance in epilepsy: clinical
impact, potential mechanisms, and new innovative treatment options. Pharmacol Rev.
2020;72(3):606–38.
41. Tishler DM, Weinberg KI, Hinton DR, etal. MDR1 gene expression in brain of patients with
medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(1):1–6.
42. Weidner LD, Kannan P, Mitsios N, etal. The expression of inammatory markers and their
potential inuence on efux transporters in drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy tissue. Epilepsia. 2018;59(8):1507–17.
43. Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R.Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(5):a022392.
44. Fang M, Xi ZQ, Wu Y, etal. A new hypothesis of drug refractory epilepsy: neural network
hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2011;76(6):871–6.
45. Liu X, Ou S, Xu T, etal. New differentially expressed genes and differential DNA methylation underlying refractory epilepsy. Oncotarget. 2016;7(52):87402–16.
46. Morris G, Reschke CR, Henshall DC.Targeting microRNA-134 for seizure control and disease modication in epilepsy. EBioMedicine. 2019;45:646–54.
47. Kwan P, Poon WS, Ng HK, et al. Multidrug resistance in epilepsy and polymorphisms
in the voltage-gated sodium channel genes SCN1A, SCN2A, and SCN3A: correlation among phenotype, genotype, and mRNA expression. Pharmacogenet Genomics.
2008;18(11):989–98.
481
482
48. Friedman A, Heinemann U.Role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in epileptogenesis. In:
Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, etal., editors. Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. Bethesda; 2012.
49. Porter RJ, Kupferberg HJ. The anticonvulsant screening program of the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH: history and contributions to
clinical Care in the Twentieth Century and beyond. Neurochem Res. 2017;42(7):
1889–93.
50. Kwan P, Schachter SC, Brodie MJ. Drug-resistant epilepsy. N Engl J Med.
2011;365(10):919–26.
51. Livingston JH.Management of intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66(12):1454–6.
52. French J.Pseudoseizures in the era of video-electroencephalogram monitoring. Curr Opin
Neurol. 1995;8(2):117–20.
53. Tabarki B, Thabet F. Vitamin-responsive epilepsies: an update. Arch Pediatr.
2013;20(11):1236–41.
54. Commission on Classication and Terminology of the International League Against
Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classication of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia.
1989;30(4):389–99.
55. Sazgar M, Bourgeois BF.Aggravation of epilepsy by antiepileptic drugs. Pediatr Neurol.
2005;33(4):227–34.
56. Smith D, Chadwick D. The management of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
2001;70(Suppl 2):II15–21.
57. Brodie MJ. Diagnosing and predicting refractory epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
2005;181:36–9.
58. Wang XF, Sun HB.Refractory epilepsy. Shanghai Science and Technology Press; 2002.
59. Singh RCK, Baishya J, et al. Management of Refractory Epilepsy. Int J Epidemiol.
2020;6:15–23.
60. Brodie MJ, Barry SJ, Bamagous GA, etal. Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed
epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78(20):1548–54.
61. Schmidt D.Modern management of epilepsy: rational polytherapy. Baillieres Clin Neurol.
1996;5(4):757–63.
62. Keezer MR, Sisodiya SM, Sander JW.Comorbidities of epilepsy: current concepts and future
perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(1):106–15.
63. Lee BI, Park KM, Kim SE, etal. Clinical opinion: earlier employment of polytherapy in
sequential pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2019;156:106165.
64. Charyyeva GTL, Subbotina O.Pharmacoresistance in epilepsy and ways for overcoming it.
Vestnik Saint Petersburg Univ Med. 2020;15(3):184–97.
65. Panayiotopoulos CP.A Clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment. In: Epileptic
encephalopathies in infancy and early childhood; 2010. p.275–326.
66. Karpova VIPOA, Mukhin K, Yu PAC.Valproic acid and its salts-from the history of discovery
to clinical practice. Russkiy Zhurnal Detskoy Nevrologii. 2011;6(3):36–46.
67. Pylaeva OAMKY, Mironov MB.Efcacy and tolerability of lacosamide (vimpat) for treatment of epilepsy in adults. Russ J Child Neurol. 2014;9(4):59–68.
68. Mukhin KYFNV, Glukhova LY, etal. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a focus on the efcacy
of therapy and the rate of relapses according to long long-term follow-up data. Russ J Child
Neurol. 2016;10(4):7–16.
69. N VP.Prospects of application of new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Paroxysmal Conditions.
2015;7(4):40–9.
70. Perucca E, Tomson T.The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in adults. Lancet Neurol.
2011;10(5):446–56.
71. Fattore C, Perucca E.Novel medications for epilepsy. Drugs. 2011;71(16):2151–78.
72. Prunetti P, Perucca E. New and forthcoming anti-epileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol.
2011;24(2):159–64.
73. Plosker GL.Perampanel: as adjunctive therapy in patients with partial-onset seizures. CNS
Drugs. 2012;26(12):1085–96.
L. Zhou and Z. Chen
4 Clinical Application ofAnti-seizure Medication asDrug Therapy
74. Moshe SL, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, etal. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet. 2015;385(9971):
884–98.
75. Abou-Khalil BW. Update on antiepileptic drugs 2019. Continuum (Minneap Minn).
2019;25(2):508–36.
76. Board KESE.Clinical Epileptology. 3rd ed. Seoul: Panmunedu; 2018. p.353–87.
77. Sperling MR, Klein P, Aboumatar S, etal. Cenobamate (YKP3089) as adjunctive treatment
for uncontrolled focal seizures in a large, phase 3, multicenter, open-label safety study.
Epilepsia. 2020;61(6):1099–108.
78. Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efcacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia.
2015;56(12):1890–8.
79. Shin DJSYM, Jung KY, et al. Practical Drug Treatment Recommendations on the Drug
Refractory Epilepsy Patients: 2021 Clinical Guideline Subcommittee for Epilepsy in the
Korean Neurological Association. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2021;39(4):255–69.
80. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, etal. Effect of Cannabidiol on drop seizures in the LennoxGastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(20):1888–97.
81. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, etal. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10125):1085–96.
82. Galanopoulou AS, Moshe SL.In search of epilepsy biomarkers in the immature brain: goals,
challenges and strategies. Biomark Med. 2011;5(5):615–28.
83. Engel J Jr, Pitkanen A, Loeb JA, et al. Epilepsy biomarkers. Epilepsia. 2013;54(Suppl
4):61–9.
84. Galanopoulou AS, Buckmaster PS, Staley KJ, etal. Identication of new epilepsy treatments:
issues in preclinical methodology. Epilepsia. 2012;53(3):571–82.
85. Galanopoulou AS, Gorter JA, Cepeda C.Finding a better drug for epilepsy: the mTOR pathway as an antiepileptogenic target. Epilepsia. 2012;53(7):1119–30.
86. Galanopoulou AS.Developmental patterns in the regulation of chloride homeostasis and
GABA(A) receptor signaling by seizures. Epilepsia. 2007;48(Suppl 5):14–8.
87. Pitkanen A. Therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis–hope on the horizon. Epilepsia.
2010;51(Suppl 3):2–17.
88. D’Ambrosio R, Eastman CL, Fattore C, etal. Novel frontiers in epilepsy treatments: preventing epileptogenesis by targeting inammation. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(6):615–25.
89. Burneo JG, Fang J, Saposnik G, etal. Impact of seizures on morbidity and mortality after
stroke: a Canadian multi-centre cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(1):52–8.
90. Huang CW, Saposnik G, Fang J, etal. Inuence of seizures on stroke outcomes: a large multicenter study. Neurology. 2014;82(9):768–76.
91. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, etal. ILAE ofcial report: a practical clinical denition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475–82.
92. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, etal. Is a rst acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy?
Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1102–8.
93. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, etal. Recommendation for a denition of acute symptomatic
seizure. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):671–5.
94. Lin R, Yu Y, Wang Y, etal. Risk of post-stroke epilepsy following stroke-associated acute
symptomatic seizures. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:707732.
95. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, etal. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(11):1617–22.
96. Beghi E, D’Alessandro R, Beretta S, etal. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic
seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011;77(20):1785–93.
97. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group.
Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1581–7.
98. Chang CS, Liao CH, Lin CC, etal. Patients with epilepsy are at an increased risk of subsequent stroke: a population-based cohort study. Seizure. 2014;23(5):377–81.
483
484
99. Larsson D, Farahmand B, Asberg S, etal. Risk of stroke after new-onset seizures. Seizure.
2020;83:76–82.
100. Zelano J, Larsson D, Kumlien E, etal. Pre-stroke seizures: a nationwide register-based investigation. Seizure. 2017;49:25–9.
101. Caramelli P, Mutarelli EG, Caramelli B, etal. Neurological complications after thrombolytic
treatment for acute myocardial infarction: emphasis on unprecedented manifestations. Acta
Neurol Scand. 1992;85(5):331–3.
102. Pawlak R, Melchor JP, Matys T, etal. Ethanol-withdrawal seizures are controlled by tissue
plasminogen activator via modulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA. 2005;102(2):443–8.
103. Qian Z, Gilbert ME, Colicos MA, et al. Tissue-plasminogen activator is induced as
an immediate-early gene during seizure, kindling and long-term potentiation. Nature.
1993;361(6411):453–7.
104. Tsirka SE, Gualandris A, Amaral DG, et al. Excitotoxin-induced neuronal degeneration and seizure are mediated by tissue plasminogen activator. Nature. 1995;377(6547):
340–4.
105. Yepes M, Sandkvist M, Coleman TA, et al. Regulation of seizure spreading by neuroserpin and tissue-type plasminogen activator is plasminogen-independent. J Clin Investig.
2002;109(12):1571–8.
106. Lee SK, Kim DI, Kim SY, etal. Reperfusion cellular injury in an animal model of transient
ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(8):1342–7.
107. Schwartz RB.Hyperperfusion encephalopathies: hypertensive encephalopathy and related
conditions. The Neurologist. 2002;8(1):22–34.
108. Karapanayiotides T, Meuli R, Devuyst G, etal. Postcarotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion or
reperfusion syndrome. Stroke. 2005;36(1):21–6.
109. Seeck M, Vulliemoz S. Seizures during stroke thrombolysis heralding dramatic neurologic
recovery. Neurology. 2007;69(4):409–10.
110. Ferreira-Atuesta C, Dohler N, Erdelyi-Canavese B, etal. Seizures after Ischemic Stroke: A
Matched Multicenter Study. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(5):808–20.
111. Burneo JG, Antaya TC, Allen BN, etal. The risk of new-onset epilepsy and refractory epilepsy in older adult stroke survivors. Neurology. 2019;93(6):e568–77.
112. Galovic M, Dohler N, Erdelyi-Canavese B, et al. Prediction of late seizures after
ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (the SeLECT score): a multivariable prediction model development and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):
143–52.
113. Struck AF, Tabaeizadeh M, Schmitt SE, etal. Assessment of the validity of the 2HELPS2B
score for inpatient seizure risk prediction. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(4):500–7.
114. Bentes C, Martins H, Peralta AR, etal. Early EEG predicts poststroke epilepsy. Epilepsia
Open. 2018;3(2):203–12.
115. Alvarez V, Rossetti AO, Papavasileiou V, etal. Acute seizures in acute ischemic stroke: does
thrombolysis have a role to play? J Neurol. 2013;260(1):55–61.
116. Brigo F, Schneider M, Wagenpfeil G, etal. Intravenous thrombolysis with tPA and cortical
involvement increase the risk of early poststroke seizures: results of a case-control study.
Epilepsy Behav. 2020;104(Pt B):106312.
117. Naylor J, Thevathasan A, Churilov L, etal. Association between different acute stroke therapies and development of post stroke seizures. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):61.
118. De Reuck J, Van Maele G.Acute ischemic stroke treatment and the occurrence of seizures.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):328–31.
119. Chen Z, Churilov L, Chen Z, etal. Association between implementation of a code stroke
system and poststroke epilepsy. Neurology. 2018;90(13):e1126–33.
120. Brigo F, Schneider M, Wagenpfeil G, etal. Early poststroke seizures following thrombolysis
and/or thrombectomy for acute stroke: Clinical and stroke characteristics. Epilepsy Behav.
2020;104(Pt B):106353.
L. Zhou and Z. Chen
4 Clinical Application ofAnti-seizure Medication asDrug Therapy
121. Hamidou B, Aboa-Eboule C, Durier J, etal. Prognostic value of early epileptic seizures on
mortality and functional disability in acute stroke: the Dijon Stroke Registry (1985–2010). J
Neurol. 2013;260(4):1043–51.
122. Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J, Padro L, etal. Gabapentin in late-onset poststroke seizures.
Neurology. 2002;59(12):1991–3.
123. Brigo F, Lattanzi S, Zelano J, etal. Randomized controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs for the
treatment of post-stroke seizures: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Seizure.
2018;61:57–62.
124. Rosenow F, Brandt C, Bozorg A, etal. Lacosamide in patients with epilepsy of cerebrovascular etiology. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;141(6):473–82.
125. Berghuis B, van der Palen J, de Haan GJ, etal. Carbamazepine- and oxcarbazepine-induced
hyponatremia in people with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2017;58(7):1227–33.
126. Pickelsimer EE, Selassie AW, Gu JK, etal. A population-based outcomes study of persons
hospitalized with traumatic brain injury: operations of the South Carolina Traumatic Brain
Injury Follow-up Registry. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(6):491–504.
127. Agrawal A, Timothy J, Pandit L, etal. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview. Clin Neurol
Neurosurg. 2006;108(5):433–9.
128. Frey LC. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia.
2003;44(s10):11–7.
129. Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, etal. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain
injury. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(4):1080–97.
130. Bruns J Jr, Hauser WA.The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia.
2003;44(s10):2–10.
131. Annegers JF, Grabow JD, Kurland LT, etal. The incidence, causes, and secular trends of head
trauma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935–1974. Neurology. 1980;30(9):912–9.
132. Annegers JF, Rocca WA, Hauser WA.Causes of epilepsy: contributions of the Rochester
epidemiology project. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71(6):570–5.
133. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Rocca WA.Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: contributions of
population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71(6):576–86.
134. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT.Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in
Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia. 1993;34(3):453–68.
135. Wang XP, Zhong J, Lei T, etal. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury-associated epilepsy in
western China: an analysis of multicenter data. Epilepsy Res. 2020;164:106354.
136. Kuhl DA, Boucher BA, Muhlbauer MS. Prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures.
DICP. 1990;24(3):277–85.
137. Annegers JF, Grabow JD, Groover RV, etal. Seizures after head trauma: a population study.
Neurology. 1980;30(7 Pt 1):683–9.
138. Bushnik T, Englander J, Wright J, etal. Traumatic brain injury with and without late posttraumatic seizures: what are the impacts in the post-acute phase: a NIDRR Traumatic Brain
Injury Model Systems study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2012;27(6):E36–44.
139. Walker AE, Erculei F.Post-traumatic epilepsy 15 years later. Epilepsia. 1970;11(1):17–26.
140. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, etal. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic
brain injuries. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(1):20–4.
141. Salazar AM, Jabbari B, Vance SC, etal. Epilepsy after penetrating head injury. I.Clinical correlates: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology. 1985;35(10):1406–14.
142. Shekh-Ahmad T, Lieb A, Kovac S, etal. Combination antioxidant therapy prevents epileptogenesis and modies chronic epilepsy. Redox Biol. 2019;26:101278.
143. Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB, et al. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet.
2009;373(9669):1105–10.
144. Olson S. Review of the role of anticonvulsant prophylaxis following brain injury. J Clin
Neurosci. 2004;11(1):1–3.
145. Miller JD.Head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(5):440–7.
485
486
146. Povlishock JT.Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol. 1992;2(1):1–12.
147. Sharma R, Leung WL, Zamani A, et al. Neuroinammation in post-traumatic epilepsy:
pathophysiology and tractable therapeutic targets. Brain Sci. 2019;9(11)
148. Xu S, Sun Q, Fan J, et al. Role of astrocytes in post-traumatic epilepsy. Front Neurol.
2019;10:1149.
149. Dadas A, Janigro D.Breakdown of blood brain barrier as a mechanism of post-traumatic
epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;123:20–6.
150. Koenig JB, Dulla CG.Dysregulated glucose metabolism as a therapeutic target to reduce
post-traumatic epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12:350.
151. Ye Y, Mauro M, Bovenzi M, et al. Association between vasoconstriction during and
following exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health.
2014;87(1):41–9.
152. Pedrazzi M, Patrone M, Passalacqua M, etal. Selective proinammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box 1 protein signaling. J Immunol. 2007;179(12):8525–32.
153. Viviani B, Bartesaghi S, Gardoni F, et al. Interleukin-1beta enhances NMDA receptormediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J
Neurosci. 2003;23(25):8692–700.
154. Asikainen I, Kaste M, Sarna S.Early and late posttraumatic seizures in traumatic brain injury
rehabilitation patients: brain injury factors causing late seizures and inuence of seizures on
long-term outcome. Epilepsia. 1999;40(5):584–9.
155. Pitkanen A, Immonen RJ, Grohn OH, etal. From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic
epilepsy: what animal models tell us about the process and treatment options. Epilepsia.
2009;50(Suppl 2):21–9.
156. Prince DA, Parada I, Scalise K, etal. Epilepsy following cortical injury: cellular and molecular mechanisms as targets for potential prophylaxis. Epilepsia. 2009;50(Suppl 2):30–40.
157. Hunt RF, Boychuk JA, Smith BN.Neural circuit mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:89.
158. Willmore LJ, Ueda Y.Posttraumatic epilepsy: hemorrhage, free radicals and the molecular
regulation of glutamate. Neurochem Res. 2009;34(4):688–97.
159. Pitkanen A, Paananen T, Kyyriainen J, etal. Biomarkers for posttraumatic epilepsy. Epilepsy
Behav. 2021;121(Pt B):107080.
160. Henshall DC, Hamer HM, Pasterkamp RJ, etal. MicroRNAs in epilepsy: pathophysiology
and clinical utility. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(13):1368–76.
161. McIntosh TK, Vink R, Noble L, etal. Traumatic brain injury in the rat: characterization of a
lateral uid-percussion model. Neuroscience. 1989;28(1):233–44.
162. Hicks RR, Li C, Zhang L, etal. Alterations in BDNF and trkB mRNA levels in the cerebral
cortex following experimental brain trauma in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16(6):501–10.
163. Keith KA, Huang JH. Animal models of post-traumatic epilepsy. Diagnostics (Basel).
2019;10(1):4.
164. Shandra O, Robel S.Inducing post-traumatic epilepsy in a mouse model of repetitive diffuse
traumatic brain injury. J Vis Exp. 2020;156
165. Santhakumar V, Bender R, Frotscher M, et al. Granule cell hyperexcitability in the early
post-traumatic rat dentate gyrus: the ‘irritable mossy cell’ hypothesis. J Physiol. 2000;524(Pt
1):117–34.
166. D’Ambrosio R, Fairbanks JP, Fender JS, etal. Post-traumatic epilepsy following uid percussion injury in the rat. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 2):304–14.
167. D’Ambrosio R, Fender JS, Fairbanks JP, et al. Progression from frontal-parietal to mesialtemporal epilepsy after uid percussion injury in the rat. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 1):174–88.
168. Kharatishvili I, Nissinen JP, McIntosh TK, etal. A model of posttraumatic epilepsy induced
by lateral uid-percussion brain injury in rats. Neuroscience. 2006;140(2):685–97.
169. Bolkvadze T, Pitkanen A. Development of post-traumatic epilepsy after controlled cortical impact and lateral uid-percussion-induced brain injury in the mouse. J Neurotrauma.
2012;29(5):789–812.
L. Zhou and Z. Chen
4 Clinical Application ofAnti-seizure Medication asDrug Therapy
170. Hunt RF, Scheff SW, Smith BN.Posttraumatic epilepsy after controlled cortical impact injury
in mice. Exp Neurol. 2009;215(2):243–52.
171. Salin P, Tseng GF, Hoffman S, etal. Axonal sprouting in layer V pyramidal neurons of chronically injured cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 1995;15(12):8234–45.
172. Ma Y, Prince DA.Functional alterations in GABAergic fast-spiking interneurons in chronically injured epileptogenic neocortex. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;47(1):102–13.
173. Graber KD, Prince DA.Tetrodotoxin prevents posttraumatic epileptogenesis in rats. Ann
Neurol. 1999;46(2):234–42.
174. Graber KD, Prince DA.A critical period for prevention of posttraumatic neocortical hyperexcitability in rats. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(6):860–70.
175. Xu T, Yu X, Ou S, etal. Risk factors for posttraumatic epilepsy: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;67:1–6.
176. Suri P, Stolzmann K, Iverson KM, etal. Associations between traumatic Brain injury history and future headache severity in veterans: a longitudinal study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
2017;98(11):2118–2125 e2111.
177. Cotter D, Kelso A, Neligan A.Genetic biomarkers of posttraumatic epilepsy: a systematic
review. Seizure. 2017;46:53–8.
178. Schierhout G, Roberts I.Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD000173.
179. Haltiner AM, Newell DW, Temkin NR, et al. Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. J Neurosurg.
1999;91(4):588–92.
180. Chang BS, Lowenstein DH, Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of
N.Practice parameter: antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: report
of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology.
2003;60(1):10–6.
181. Hung C, Chen JW. Treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol.
2012;14(4):293–306.
182. Jones KE, Puccio AM, Harshman KJ, etal. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(4):E3.
183. Young B, Rapp RP, Norton JA, etal. Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to
prevent early posttraumatic seizures. J Neurosurg. 1983;58(2):231–5.
184. Lewis RJ, Yee L, Inkelis SH, etal. Clinical predictors of post-traumatic seizures in children
with head trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(7):1114–8.
185. Tilford JM, Simpson PM, Yeh TS, etal. Variation in therapy and outcome for pediatric head
trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(5):1056–61.
186. Watson NF, Barber JK, Doherty MJ, etal. Does glucocorticoid administration prevent late
seizures after head injury? Epilepsia. 2004;45(6):690–4.
187. 李敏;李立宏;江基尧.颅脑创伤后癫痫防治中国专家共识. 中华神经外科杂志. 2017;
33(07):652–54.
188. Servit Z, Musil F.Prophylactic treatment of posttraumatic epilepsy: results of a long-term
follow-up in Czechoslovakia. Epilepsia. 1981;22(3):315–20.
189. Rapport RL 2nd, Penry JK.A survey of attitudes toward the pharmacological prophylaxis of
posttraumatic epilepsy. J Neurosurg. 1973;38(2):159–66.
190. McQueen JK, Blackwood DH, Harris P, et al. Low risk of late post-traumatic seizures following severe head injury: implications for clinical trials of prophylaxis. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry. 1983;46(10):899–904.
191. Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Anderson GD, etal. Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(4):593–600.
192. Jennett B. Epilepsy and acute traumatic intracranial haematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry. 1975;38(4):378–81.
193. MacDonald BK, Cockerell OC, Sander JW, et al. The incidence and lifetime prevalence
of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain.
2000;123(Pt 4):665–76.
487
488
194. Haltiner AM, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS.Risk of seizure recurrence after the rst late posttraumatic seizure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):835–40.
195. Nissinen J, Andrade P, Natunen T, etal. Disease-modifying effect of atipamezole in a model
of post-traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2017;136:18–34.
196. Chrzaszcz M, Venkatesan C, Dragisic T, etal. Minozac treatment prevents increased seizure
susceptibility in a mouse “two-hit” model of closed skull traumatic brain injury and electroconvulsive shock-induced seizures. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(7):1283–95.
197. Eastman CL, Fender JS, Klein P, etal. Therapeutic effects of time-limited treatment with
Brivaracetam on posttraumatic epilepsy after uid percussion injury in the rat. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther. 2021;379(3):310–23.
198. Ostrom QT, Patil N, Ciof G, etal. Corrigendum to: CBTRUS statistical report: primary
Brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013–2017.
Neuro-Oncology. 2022;24(7):1214.
199. Miller KD, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, etal. Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(5):381–406.
200. Vecht CJ, Kerkhof M, Duran-Pena A.Seizure prognosis in brain tumors: new insights and
evidence-based management. Oncologist. 2014;19(7):751–9.
201. Seidel S, Wehner T, Miller D, et al. Brain tumor related epilepsy: pathophysiological approaches and rational management of antiseizure medication. Neurol Res Pract.
2022;4(1):45.
202. Shamji MF, Fric-Shamji EC, Benoit BG.Brain tumors and epilepsy: pathophysiology of
peritumoral changes. Neurosurg Rev. 2009;32(3):275–84; discussion 284-276.
203. Chen DY, Chen CC, Crawford JR, etal. Tumor-related epilepsy: epidemiology, pathogenesis
and management. J Neuro-Oncol. 2018;139(1):13–21.
204. McGonigal A, Bartolomei F, Chauvel P. On seizure semiology. Epilepsia.
2021;62(9):2019–35.
205. Pallud J, Capelle L, Huberfeld G.Tumoral epileptogenicity: how does it happen? Epilepsia.
2013;54(Suppl 9):30–4.
206. Venkataramani V, Tanev DI, Strahle C, etal. Glutamatergic synaptic input to glioma cells
drives brain tumour progression. Nature. 2019;573(7775):532–8.
207. Venkatesh HS, Morishita W, Geraghty AC, etal. Electrical and synaptic integration of glioma
into neural circuits. Nature. 2019;573(7775):539–45.
208. Venkataramani V, Tanev DI, Kuner T, etal. Synaptic input to brain tumors: clinical implications. Neuro-Oncology. 2021;23(1):23–33.
209. Zhang J, Yao L, Peng S, etal. Correlation between glioma location and preoperative seizures:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2019;42(3):603–18.
210. Lamba N, Catalano PJ, Cagney DN, etal. Seizures among patients with Brain metastases: a
population- and institutional-level analysis. Neurology. 2021;96(8):e1237–50.
211. van Opijnen MP, Tesileanu CMS, Dirven L, etal. IDH1/2 wildtype gliomas grade 2 and
3 with molecular glioblastoma-like prole have a distinct course of epilepsy compared to
IDH1/2 wildtype glioblastomas. Neuro-Oncology. 2023;25(4):701–9.
212. Walbert T, Harrison RA, Schiff D, etal. SNO and EANO practice guideline update: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neuro-Oncology.
2021;23(11):1835–44.
213. Maschio M, Aguglia U, Avanzini G, etal. Management of epilepsy in brain tumors. Neurol
Sci. 2019;40(10):2217–34.
214. Happold C, Gorlia T, Chinot O, etal. Does Valproic acid or Levetiracetam improve survival
in glioblastoma? A pooled analysis of prospective clinical trials in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(7):731–9.
215. Tabaee Damavandi P, Pasini F, Fanella G, etal. Perampanel in Brain tumor-related epilepsy:
a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2023;13(2)
216. van der Meer PB, Dirven L, Fiocco M, etal. First-line antiepileptic drug treatment in glioma
patients with epilepsy: Levetiracetam vs valproic acid. Epilepsia. 2021;62(5):1119–29.
L. Zhou and Z. Chen
4 Clinical Application ofAnti-seizure Medication asDrug Therapy
217. Mo F, Meletti S, Belcastro V, etal. Lacosamide in monotherapy in BTRE (brain tumorrelated epilepsy): results from an Italian multicenter retrospective study. J Neuro-Oncol.
2022;157(3):551–9.
218. Maschio M, Maialetti A, Mocellini C, etal. Effect of Brivaracetam on efcacy and tolerability in patients with Brain tumor-related epilepsy: a retrospective multicenter study. Front
Neurol. 2020;11:813.
219. Lange F, Hornschemeyer J, Kirschstein T.Glutamatergic mechanisms in glioblastoma and
tumor-associated epilepsy. Cells. 2021;10(5)
220. Vecht CJ, van Breemen M.Optimizing therapy of seizures in patients with brain tumors.
Neurology. 2006;67(12 Suppl 4):S10–3.
221. Mastall M, Wolpert F, Gramatzki D, etal. Survival of brain tumour patients with epilepsy.
Brain. 2021;144(11):3322–7.
222. Lamberink HJ, Otte WM, Geerts AT, et al. Individualised prediction model of seizure
recurrence and long-term outcomes after withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free
patients: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol.
2017;16(7):523–31.
223. Jiang H, Deng G, Liu B, etal. Analysis of the short-term outcomes and risk factors of seizure relapse in patients with gliomas after antiepileptic drugs withdrawal. J Clin Neurosci.
2020;82(Pt A):20–5.
224. Guerrini R, Barba C.Focal cortical dysplasia: an update on diagnosis and treatment. J Expert
Rev Neurother. 2021;21(11):1213–24.
225. Najm IM, Tassi L, Sarnat HB, et al. Epilepsies associated with focal cortical dysplasias
(FCDs). J Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(1):5–19.
226. Crome L.Infantile cerebral gliosis with giant nerve cells. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1957;20(2):117–24.
227. Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CJ, etal. Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971;34(4):369–87.
228. Palmini A, Najm I, Avanzini G, etal. Terminology and classication of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology. 2004;62(6 Suppl 3):S2–8.
229. Blumcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, etal. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classication proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic
Methods Commission. Epilepsia. 2011;52(1):158–74.
230. Najm IM, Sarnat HB, Blumcke I.Review: the international consensus classication of focal
cortical dysplasia– a critical update 2018. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2018;44(1):18–31.
231. Blumcke I, Cendes F, Miyata H, etal. Toward a rened genotype-phenotype classication
scheme for the international consensus classication of Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Brain
Pathol. 2021;31(4):e12956.
232. Najm I, Lal D, Alonso VM, etal. The ILAE consensus classication of focal cortical dysplasia: an update proposed by an ad hoc task force of the ILAE diagnostic methods commission.
Epilepsia. 2022;63(8):1899–919.
233. Orlova KA, Tsai V, Baybis M, etal. Early progenitor cell marker expression distinguishes
type II from type I focal cortical dysplasias. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010;69(8):850–63.
234. Crino PB, Trojanowski JQ, Eberwine J.Internexin, MAP1B, and nestin in cortical dysplasia
as markers of developmental maturity. Acta Neuropathol. 1997;93(6):619–27.
235. Cohen NT, Chang P, You X, etal. Prevalence and risk factors for Pharmacoresistance in
children with focal cortical dysplasia-related epilepsy. Neurology. 2022;99(18):e2006–13.
236. Bast T, Ramantani G, Seitz A, etal. Focal cortical dysplasia: prevalence, clinical presentation
and epilepsy in children and adults. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113(2):72–81.
237. Blumcke I, Spreaco R, Haaker G, etal. Histopathological ndings in Brain tissue obtained
during epilepsy surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(17):1648–56.
238. Widdess-Walsh P, Kellinghaus C, Jeha L, etal. Electro-clinical and imaging characteristics of focal cortical dysplasia: correlation with pathological subtypes. Epilepsy Res.
2005;67(1–2):25–33.
489
490
239. Krsek P, Pieper T, Karlmeier A, etal. Different presurgical characteristics and seizure outcomes in children with focal cortical dysplasia type I or II.Epilepsia. 2009;50(1):125–37.
240. Chassoux F, Landre E, Mellerio C, etal. Type II focal cortical dysplasia: electroclinical phenotype and surgical outcome related to imaging. Epilepsia. 2012;53(2):349–58.
241. Crino PB.Focal cortical dysplasia. Semin Neurol. 2015;35(3):201–8.
242. Guerrini R, Duchowny M, Jayakar P, et al. Diagnostic methods and treatment options for
focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia. 2015;56(11):1669–86.
243. Sharma D, Dixit AB, Dey S, etal. Increased levels of alpha4-containing GABA(A) receptors
in focal cortical dysplasia: a possible cause of benzodiazepine resistance. Neurochem Int.
2021;148:105084.
244. Puskarjov M, Kahle KT, Ruusuvuori E, et al. Pharmacotherapeutic targeting of cationchloride cotransporters in neonatal seizures. Epilepsia. 2014;55(6):806–18.
245. Finardi A, Colciaghi F, Castana L, et al. Long-duration epilepsy affects cell morphology and glutamatergic synapses in type IIB focal cortical dysplasia. Acta Neuropathol.
2013;126(2):219–35.
246. Moddel G, Jacobson B, Ying Z, etal. The NMDA receptor NR2B subunit contributes to epileptogenesis in human cortical dysplasia. Brain Res. 2005;1046(1–2):10–23.
247. Wong M, Crino PB. Tuberous sclerosis and epilepsy: role of astrocytes. Glia.
2012;60(8):1244–50.
248. Zvi IB, Enright N, D’Arco F, etal. Children with seizures and radiological diagnosis of
focal cortical dysplasia: can drug-resistant epilepsy be predicted earlier? Epileptic Disord.
2022;24(1):111–22.
249. Bjellvi J, Olsson I, Malmgren K, etal. Epilepsy duration and seizure outcome in epilepsy
surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2019;93(2):e159–66.
250. Ak H, Ay B, Tanriverdi T, etal. Expression and cellular distribution of multidrug resistancerelated proteins in patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Seizure. 2007;16(6):493–503.
251. Chen W, Jin B, Aung T, et al. Response to antiseizure medications in epileptic patients with malformation of cortical development. Ther Adv Neurol Disord.
2021;14:17562864211050027.
252. Fois C, Rassu AL, Mandia D, etal. Paradoxical effect of Levetiracetam in newly diagnosed
type II focal cortical dysplasia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016;39(5):265–8.
253. Cvetkovska E, Kuzmanovski I, Babunovska M, etal. Levetiracetam-induced seizure aggravation in patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2018;41(6):218–21.
254. Nguyen LH, Mahadeo T, Bordey A. mTOR hyperactivity levels inuence the severity of epilepsy and associated neuropathology in an experimental model of tuberous sclerosis complex
and focal cortical dysplasia. J Neurosci. 2019;39(14):2762–73.
255. Marsan E, Baulac S.Review: mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2018;44(1):6–17.
256. Cepeda C, Levinson S, Yazon VW, etal. Cellular antiseizure mechanisms of everolimus in
pediatric tuberous sclerosis complex, cortical dysplasia, and non-mTOR-mediated etiologies.
Epilepsia Open. 2018;3(Suppl 2):180–90.
257. French JA, Lawson JA, Yapici Z, etal. Adjunctive everolimus therapy for treatment-resistant
focal-onset seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis (EXIST-3): a phase 3, randomised,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2153–63.
258. Curatolo P, Franz DN, Lawson JA, etal. Adjunctive everolimus for children and adolescents
with treatment-refractory seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex: post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 EXIST-3 trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(7):495–504.
259. Lim JS, Kim WI, Kang HC, etal. Brain somatic mutations in MTOR cause focal cortical
dysplasia type II leading to intractable epilepsy. J Nat Med. 2015;21(4):395–400.
260. Kato M, Kada A, Shiraishi H, etal. Sirolimus for epileptic seizures associated with focal
cortical dysplasia type II.Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(2):181–92.
261. Al AF, Dudley R, Bello-Espinosa LE, etal. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a treatment for
intractable epilepsy secondary to focal cortical dysplasia: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Neurol.
2017;76:79–81.
L. Zhou and Z. Chen