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23 Skin Necrosis fromComa Blister
171
cases with characteristic bullous skin lesions and sweat gland necrosis were comatose secondary to an overdosage of drugs [35, 9], carbon monoxide poisoning [10], alcohol toxicity [11], or central nervous system disorders [12] such as hypoglyce­mia [13] or diabetic ketoacidosis [14]. Similar clinical and histopathologic features can also be observed in cases with nondrug-induced coma [6,
15] and, in such cases, can be interpreted as a drug
side effect in the absence of coma [7]. Therefore, local pressure, hypoxia, and/or drug toxicity are contributing factors to the formation of coma blis­ters and sweat gland necrosis [10, 1620]. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Histochemical analysis revealed features similar to those reported in the literature [6, 7, 15,
18]. However, inammatory inltration, often
reported to be observed around the vessels in drug­induced coma [18], was not observed in this case. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that sweat gland degeneration was CK-W positive. This result agrees with Settereld’s report [21]. CK-L is known to be immunopositive in secretory cells, such as eccrine gland [2224]. Degenerated sweat gland was shown to decrease immunoreactivity for CK-L.In addition, CD45RO immunoreactivity might suggest a connection between sweat gland degeneration and inamma­tory inltration participation of monocytes, mac­rophages, and/or granulocytes [25]. CD3 and CD8 immunoreactivities were not observed in sweat gland regions, suggesting less relation to T-cell l­tration [26, 27]. Degenerated epidermis and sweat gland degeneration observed in coma blisters were described as necrosis in almost all previous litera­ture [4, 5, 7, 11], and it was the same even after the apoptosis was dened [28]. However, a coma blis­ter was observed in a case of DNA fragmentation in one report [29]. During epithelial cell apoptosis, intermediate laments are reorganized, and keratin 18 is cleaved by caspases to liberate M30, one of the most specic and earliest detected indications of apoptosis [3032]. The TUNEL method detects single-stranded [33] and double-stranded breaks associated with apoptosis. Drug-induced DNA damage is not identied by the TUNEL assay unless it is coupled to the apoptotic response [34]. In addition, this technique can detect early-stage
apoptosis in systems where chromatin condensa­tion has begun and strand breaks are fewer, even before the nucleus undergoes major morphologi­cal changes [34, 35]. In this study, the apoptosis was detected by M30 but not by the TUNEL method. This result was not contradicted, because the nucleus had undergone severe morphological changes in the degenerated sweat gland, and the skin legions were obtained from drug intoxication cases. Therefore, the apoptosis might be involved in the sweat gland degenerations of coma blisters. In this study, no sweat gland degenerations were observed except the regions of coma blister. And sweat gland degeneration was not observed in other cases, which were suspected in the same PMI.So, the sweat gland degeneration was con­sidered as specic for coma blister. Immunohistochemical staining for CD45RO, CK-L, and M30 might be useful in observing the sweat gland degeneration in coma blisters. There are not so many forensic autopsy cases of the coma blister. Before this study, we found only one case of coma blisters in a case of a female in her 20s with barbiturate intoxication. Prospective studies would be useful to further elucidate the underlying pathogenesis.

23.4 Conclusion

We investigated the characteristic bullous skin lesions without local pressure after overdosage of drugs. Microscopically, sweat gland degenera­tion was observed. Immunohistochemical exami­nation of CD45RO, CK-L, and M30 might be useful for the diagnosis of coma blisters. Further, apoptosis might be involved in coma blisters and sweat gland degenerations [36].Conicts of InterestWe declare that the presenting authors have no conicts of interest.

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Open Access
NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any non­commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modied the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share adapted material derived from this chapter or parts of it.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
Part IV
Skin Necrosis of Medical Origin
Introduction ofSkin Necrosis ofMedical Origin
VéroniqueDel Marmol andSylvieMeaume
24
It is essential to dene the origin and the thera­peutic attitude according to the origin, location, extent, and type of necrosis. Although the origin of necrosis is generally ischemic, because it is correlated with a lack of tissue oxygenation, the etiology remains very diverse: the cause guides the treatment, especially for the necrosis of medi­cal origin. The goal of this chapter is to review some of the medical causes of necrosis.
Cutaneous and other vasculitis are specic inammations of the blood vessel wall that can take place in any organ system of the body includ­ing the skin. Vasculitis has been traditionally divided according to the size of the vessel involved (small, medium, and large). Vasculitis is more of a reaction pattern rather than a specic disease entity. Therefore, the clinical presenta­tion of vasculitis (most commonly palpable pur­pura on the lower extremities) dictates a thorough history, review of systems, and a meticulous physical examination. The diagnosis of vasculitis
V. Del Marmol (*) Hôpital Erasme—HUB, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium e-mail: veronique.delmarmol@hubruxelles.be;
v.marmol@drvdm.be
S. Meaume Department of Geriatrics, Wound Healing and Dermatology, Hôpital Rothschild, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP HP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France e-mail: sylvie.meaume@aphp.fr
also relies on histopathology and immunouorescence.
The clinical topography, age of the patient, or specic symptoms such as loss of vision or jaw claudication may be essential in the case of giant cell arteritis or Horton’s disease.
Extremely painful ulcers located on the lower part of the legs in women over 60 with uncon­trolled hypertension are important diagnostic fea­tures related to Martorell’s ulcers or necrotic angiodermatitis. In this condition, local therapeu­tic management is essential.
Another ulceration site suggestive of vasculi­tis with a clinically quite specic aspect is live­doid vasculitis. This type of vasculitis is most often found in the lateral areas of the foot or ankle with white atrophy.
In the context of necrosis of inammatory ori­gin, pyoderma gangrenosum does not present any specic localization, but in a large proportion of cases, it occurs in a clinical context (hematologi­cal disease, IBD, etc.). Since anatomopathologi­cal diagnosis is usually noncontributory, the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum is based on all the clinical elements and requires very spe­cic local and systemic immunosuppressive therapy.
Cryoglobulin and calciphylaxis are in a medi­cal context which may determine either the origin of a pathology (in the case of cryoglobulin) or a
© The Author(s) 2024 L. Téot et al. (eds.), Skin Necrosis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60954-1_24
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V. Del Marmol and S. Meaume
much more severe prognosis in the case of calci­phylaxis. The identication of necrosis, particu­larly of calciphylaxis, may lead to very specic medical management (phosphor/calcium balance and parathyroidectomy), as well as surgical debridement.
In conclusion, this chapter does not cover all the medical causes of necrosis but highlights the essential role of identifying necrosis to manage a complex pathology.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial­NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any non­commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modied the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share adapted material derived from this chapter or parts of it.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Rheumatoid andSystemic Collagenosis Vasculitis
MasakiFujioka
25

25.1 Introduction

25.2 How Do Ulcers Develop inPatients withRA andSystemic Collagenosis Diseases?
25.2.1 Vasculitis
179
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M. Fujioka
25.2.2 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
25.2.3 Venous Stasis
Fig. 25.1 Deep ulcer with necrotic eschar was found on
Fig. 25.2 (a) Right-
a b
25 Rheumatoid andSystemic Collagenosis Vasculitis
Fig. 25.3 Venous stasis ulcer located at the lower leg sur-
181
25.2.4 Arterial Disease
25.2.5 Corticosteroid Therapy
Fig. 25.4 Small wound of the hand of SLE patients has
25.3 Ulcers inOther Connective Tissue Diseases
25.3.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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M. Fujioka
25.3.4 Sjögren’s Syndrome
25.3.5 Scleroderma
Fig. 25.5 A patient with SLE had a leg ulcer for 2years
25.3.2 Systemic Sclerosis
25.3.3 Dermatomyositis
25.3.6 Behcet’s Syndrome
25.4 Treatments ofUlcers inPatients withRA andOther Connective Tissue Diseases
25.4.1 Systemic Approach