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Contributors xix
Seth K. Williams, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public
Health
Madison, Wisconsin
Lee Wolfer, MD
Medical Director
Bay Area Integrative Orthopedics
San Francisco, California
Kuan Wen Wu, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
National Taiwan University Hospital
Taipan, Taiwan
Burt Yaszay, MD
Associate Clinical Professor
Rady Children’s Hospital
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California
Anthony T. Yeung, MD
Associate, Desert Institute for Spine Care
Voluntary Professor, University of New Mexico School of
Medicine
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Christopher A. Yeung, MD
President
Desert Institute for Spine Care
Phoenix, Arizona
Terri A. Zachos, MD, PhD, DVM
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Clinical Research Fellow in Orthopaedic Traumatology
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Geisinger Health Systems
Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine
Danville, Pennsylvania
Jie Zheng, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Allegheny Health Network
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jack E. Zigler, MD
Medical Director
Texas Back Institute
Plano, Texas
Vinko Zlomislic, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California
Preface
As can be seen from the Dedication and Acknowledgment
pages, the Editorial Board for this seventh edition of e Spine
has undergone some changes. With the passing of Harry N.
Herkowitz, MD, and the fact this may be the last edition for
some of the remaining long-term editors, two new editors—
Christopher N. Bono, MD, and Jerey S. Fischgrund, MD—
have stepped in, and up, to help us create this new edition of
Rothman-Simeone and Herkowitz’s e Spine. We hope readers
will nd this edition—as well as future editions—as important
and useful as previous ones.
is edition of e Spine comes 7 years aer the sixth
edition. We have strived to continue the original concepts of
Richard H. Rothman, MD, PhD, and Frederick A. Simeone,
MD, which was to correlate basic science, knowledge of the
natural history, and clinical course of spinal disorders with
current treatments based on established scientic principles
and evidence-based literature. is edition, as in those of the
past, provides a comprehensive look at spinal disorders aecting adults and children. It is directed at clinicians of all levels
and specialties who treat spinal conditions and who need and
appreciate our underlying principles, which ultimately lead to
enhanced quality of care for patients.
Since this may be the last edition for some of the editors,
we feel it is important to briey describe the background for
this seventh edition of e Spine. In our Preface to the sixth
edition, we highlighted each of the previous editions by choosing important wording from the Prefaces. We have followed
the same pattern here so that new readers, as well as long-term
ones, can put this edition in historical perspective.
e forerunner to e Spine was e Intervertebral Disc by
Drs. Rothman and DePalma. In their preface written in 1970,
the authors wrote: “e role of the intervertebral disc in the
production of neck and back pain, with or without radiation
into one of the extremities, has been the subject of much
investigation for many decades…e disc has been attacked
from every conceivable angle, the most important of which is
its biochemical nature and its response to physiologic aging
and trauma. In spite of the exhaustive studies recorded in the
literature, it is alarming to nd how little of this knowledge
has been acquired by those concerned with neck and back disorders…We are sure that much that is recorded in this book
is still very controversial. Yet, we believe that our approach to
this complex problem will be helpful and rewarding to others.”
is comprehensive monograph on the disc totaled 373 pages.
It crystallized concepts of the disc for spine physicians of the
day and served as the forerunner of many books to follow.
In the Preface to the rst edition, Rothman and Simeone
stated, “e Spine had as its genesis a strong feeling on the part
of its editors that a need existed for a comprehensive textbook
to include all aspects of diagnosis and treatment of spinal
disease. Our goals were to lower the traditional disciplinary
barriers and biases and to present a uniform guideline to
problem solving in this area…is book has been designed
to include all facets of disease related to the spine, whether
orthopedic, neurosurgical, or medical in nature… An attempt
has been made to achieve completeness without exhaustive
and burdensome details. e contributing authors have not
merely recorded the possibilities in diagnosis and treatment of
spinal disorders, but have relied on their personal experience
to oer concrete recommendations.” e rst edition of e
Spine, following the dictates of the editors, covered the full
range of knowledge of spinal disorders known at the time and
became an essential component of the libraries of all medical
personnel who dealt with spinal disorders. e authors, one a
neurosurgeon (F.A.S.) and one an orthopedic surgeon (R.H.R.),
combined their eorts to teach the world not only diseases of
the spine, but also the importance of working together in an
attempt to understand and treat the disease processes. eir
spinal fellowship, as well as personal fellowship, was based on
this multidisciplinary yet regimented approach to the spine
and has been the model that we have sought to achieve in our
own clinical and teaching environments.
e Preface to the second edition of e Spine stated,
“Advancements in medicine generally follow broader scientic
and even social trends. e treatment of spine diseases is
no exception. Consequently, increments of new information
have been added to the general body of knowledge in spotty,
but predictable, areas. ese new developments constitute the
raison d’être for this second edition. e dramatic progress
in radiologic imaging stands out as the most useful innovation [at that time, computed tomography]. Each contributor
has demonstrated his commitment to summarizing the most
recent information in a manner useful to students and clinicians alike, and for this the editors are proud and appreciative.”
e Preface to the third edition included the following:
“e current edition has new editorial leadership. ose of us
involved in the direction of this project have tried to follow
the model previously established by Drs. Rothman and
Simeone in nding the best authors for each chapter. We,
hopefully, have emphasized, as in the past editions, the importance of understanding the basic science in a concise manner,
which leads to the ability to make appropriate decisions and
xx
Preface xxi
manage patients with simple or complex spinal problems. We
have attempted to update each section, have eliminated those
areas that are not current, and have separated some components of the basic science from the clinical to aid readers in
locating pertinent information in the ever-increasing body of
knowledge related to the spine.”
e Editorial Board for the fourth edition of Rothman-
Simeone e Spine carried over from the third edition. “It
provided expanded information on magnetic resonance
imaging and laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery. It contained
a comprehensive discussion of disc degeneration and its treatment. is edition also introduces a chapter on outcomes
research and its importance to our assessment of functional
outcome in addition to the more traditional measurements of
success, including radiographic parameters.”
e h edition of e Spine added much new information, along with signicant updates in content and references.
is edition introduced Key Points, which were four or ve
important concepts and facts contained at the end of many of
the clinical chapters. A Key References section was added for
each chapter that highlighted the most signicant references.
Chapters new to the h edition included surgical management of osteopenic fractures, disc and nuclear replacement,
management of at back deformity, use of transforaminal
lumbar interbody fusion, and use of bone gra extenders and
bone morphogenetic protein in the lumbar spine. Other new
chapters included thoracoscopic surgery and its clinical applications and intraoperative monitoring, including motorevoked potentials. A new chapter on genetic application and
its exciting role for future treatments of degenerative disease
was included in the basic science section. Minimally invasive
posterior approaches to the lumbar spine were also introduced
in that edition.
e sixth continued under the same Editorial Board as the
h edition. e editors were charged with ensuring that the
chapters within their sections contained the latest evidencebased information whenever available. New chapters included
those devoted to arthroplasty for cervical and lumbar degenerative disorders. In addition, revision strategies for failed disc
replacements highlighted the potential diculties in dealing
with this complex surgical problem. e sixth edition also
signicantly expanded the discussion of minimally invasive
techniques with six chapters devoted to the rationale for
minimally invasive surgery and the surgical techniques,
results, and complications. A chapter devoted to so stabilization for lumbar xation was also added. Also new to that
edition were a chapter devoted to anulus repair and a chapter
devoted to the basic science of spinal cord injury. As had been
done in previous editions, chapter updates were incorporated
throughout the book whenever appropriate.
is, the seventh edition of e Spine, includes many of the
chapters and authors from the sixth edition. However, all have
been updated to include what is new in the basic and clinical
sciences related to the topic, with relevant references and
updates on clinical outcomes where warranted. In essence, as
in all other editions, these chapters epitomize the newer academic catchphrase of “clinical translational research.”
We have also expanded international authorship, including
adding new contributors. e genetics chapters have been
enhanced with both basic and clinically relevant information.
Even more content on minimally invasive surgery has been
added, with updates on outcomes, approaches, and techniques.
We have eliminated some topics (e.g., facet replacement) that
have fallen out of favor and/or use. We have added discussion
on the sacroiliac joint, since that is one of the newest areas in
spine care. We have updated the current status on motionsparing techniques, including disc replacement with now
longer-term follow-up and experiential updates in complications and their treatment. Although this is specically important to disc replacement, it is the crux of change in most
preexisting chapters.
e current Editorial Board remains committed to the
broad-based appeal of this book. e authors include basic
scientists, neuroradiologists, neurologists, physiatrists, and
rheumatologists, along with orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons. In addition, this book remains unique in providing
comprehensive sections on pediatric disorders and adult
disease. Its comprehensive content ranges from degenerative
disease to deformity to trauma and tumor. Aictions of the
spinal cord, along with detailed discussions of complications
and their management, contribute to this book’s broad appeal.
We feel this edition of e Spine continues to be the primary
reference resource for all physicians and other clinicians with
an interest in spinal disorders and treatments.
Steven R. Garn
Frank J. Eismont
Gordon R. Bell
Jerey S. Fischgrund
Christopher M. Bono
Acknowledgment
In the past six editions, the editors have always dedicated this book to our mentors Drs. Rothman
and Simeone, our families, and our associates, who have given us the time, support, love, and
energy to pursue our careers as well as to coordinate, write, and edit this tome, which in fact was
a dedication of love toward Drs. Rothman and Simeone. All of this is still true today. is edition,
however, represents our feelings toward Harry N. Herkowitz, MD, our deceased lead editor and
organizer, colleague, and close, close friend (see Dedication). e senior editors would like
to thank and acknowledge our new “junior” editors, Christopher M. Bono, MD, and Jerey S.
Fischgrund, MD, who have accepted this responsibility for now and the future—carrying on the
spine care educational lineage provided by Drs. Rothman, Simeone, and Herkowitz. ey stepped
in as if they had been with us since the rst edition. In addition, the full editorial team would
like to thank all of the authors and contributors, some who have done this many times before
and accepted our request to submit an updated chapter because it was dedicated to Harry, as well
as the new contributors, who did the same thing. It is a monumental eort on everyone’s part.
We truly appreciate all of them and their hard work. We also thank the readers and the publishers,
who have made this one of, if not the, longest-lasting and most-read complete texts on spine care
in the world.
xxii
VOLUME 1
https://t.me/MedicalBooksStore
Contents
Section I
BASIC SCIENCE
1 Development of the Spine .......................................3
Christopher M. Bono, Amandeep Bhalla, Steven R. Garn
2 Applied Anatomy of the Spine ................................17
Christopher M. Bono, Amandeep Bhalla, Steven R. Garn
3 Skeletal Muscle: Architectural Design,
Physiology, and Function
Samuel R. Ward, Anita Vasavada, Scott Delp, Richard L. Lieber
........................................57
4 Spinal Musculature: Anatomy and Function ............65
Anita Vasavada, Samuel R. Ward, Scott Delp, Richard L. Lieber
5 The Intervertebral Disc: Normal, Aging, and
Pathologic
Adam S. Olsen, James D. Kang, Nam Vo, Gwendolyn Sowa
..............................................................79
6 Biomechanics of the Spinal Motion Segment. . . . . . . . . . .91
William S. Marras, Prasath Mageswaran, Safdar N. Khan, Ehud Mendel
7 Nerve Root Pain in Disc Herniation and
Spinal Stenosis
Robert R. Myers, Björn Rydevik, Kjell Olmarker, Shinichi Kikuchi
.....................................................119
8 Basic Concepts in Genetics and Intervertebral
Disc Degeneration and Scoliosis
Jason Pui Yin Cheung, Kenneth M.C. Cheung
............................133
9 Twin Studies: Elucidating Genetic and
Environmental Inuences
Michele C. Battié, Jaakko Kaprio
.....................................145
10 Outcomes Research for Spinal Disorders ................155
Dipak B. Ramkumar, Adam M. Pearson, Kevin Spratt, James N. Weinstein
11 Finite Element Analysis ........................................167
Emily Walsh, M. Saeid Asadollahi, Raj Nangunoori, Jie Zheng, Daniel Cook,
Boyle C. Cheng, Vijay K. Goel
Section II
DIAGNOSIS
12 Patient History and Physical Examination:
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar
Christopher J. Standaert, Stanley A. Herring, J. David Sinclair
..............................183
13 Spine Imaging ......................................................201
Todd M. Emch, Jerey S. Ross, Gordon R. Bell
14 Electrodiagnostic Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Jinny Tavee
15 Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring
of the Spine
Dileep R. Nair, Ajay Gupta
.........................................................257
16 Targeting Pain Generators ....................................265
Richard Derby, Lee Wolfer, Zachary McCormick
17 Discography .........................................................301
Eugene Carragee, Michael Stau
Section III
SURGICAL ANATOMY AND APPROACHES
18 Cervical Spine: Surgical Approaches ......................317
Hamid Hassanzadeh, Varun Puvanesarajah, Howard S. An
19 Anatomy of the Anterior Cervicothoracic Spine ......339
Kenneth A. Hood, Shyam Shridharani
20 Lateral and Posterior Approaches to the
Lumbosacral Spine
Yu-Po Lee, Saif Aldeen Farhan, Nitin N. Bhatia
...............................................357
21 Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion ..........................367
Sina Pourtaheri, R. Todd Allen, John Attenello, Steven R. Garn
22 Anatomy, Nonoperative Results, Preoperative
Injections, and Prescriptions
Jerey L. Chen, Timothy J. Furnish, Mark S. Wallace
.................................383
23 Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Pathophysiology and
Diagnosis
Alexandra Schwartz, Vinko Zlomislic, W. Carlton Reckling, Daniel Cher
.............................................................397
24 Outcomes of Nonsurgical and Surgical
Treatment of Chronic Sacroiliac Joint Pain
Alexandra Schwartz, Vinko Zlomislic, W. Carlton Reckling, Daniel Cher
.............405
Section IV
PEDIATRICS
25 Back Pain in Children and Adolescents ..................417
Lori A. Karol, Lauren LaMont, Megan Mignemi
xxiii
xxiv Contents
26 Congenital Scoliosis ..............................................435
Alexandra Miller Dunham, Paul D. Sponseller
27 Idiopathic Scoliosis ...............................................451
Lawrence G. Lenke, Fernando E. Silva, Ronald A. Lehman Jr
28 Neuromuscular Scoliosis .......................................469
Peter O. Newton, Pawel P. Jankowski, Burt Yaszay, Dennis R. Wenger,
Scott J. Mubarak
29 Thoracoscopic Approach for Spinal Conditions .......509
Peter O. Newton, Kuan Wen Wu, Burt Yaszay
30 Pediatric Kyphosis: Scheuermann Disease and
Congenital Deformity
Steven S. Agabegi, Dinesh P. Thawrani, Alvin H. Crawford
...........................................525
31 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis .....................549
Suken A. Shah
32 Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spinal Trauma
of the Immature Spine
Jesse E. Bible, J. Alex Sielatycki, Joon Yung Lee, Clinton J. Devin
.........................................565
33 The Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries .............589
Jennifer J. Beck, Lyle J. Micheli
34 Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine ...........609
Robert F. Murphy, Daniel J. Hedequist, Michael P. Glotzbecker
35 Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord ...............641
Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr, Kevin T. Huang, R. Michael Scott,
Mark R. Proctor
43 Ossication of the Posterior Longitudinal
Ligament
Bhavuk Garg, Alok Sharan
.............................................................763
44 Cervical Disc Replacement ....................................771
Abhishek Kannan, Wellington K. Hsu, Rick C. Sasso
Section VI
THORACIC AND LUMBAR DISC DISEASE
45 Thoracic Disc Disease ............................................787
Bradford L. Currier, Jason C. Eck, Frank J. Eismont, Barth A. Green
46 Lumbar Disc Disease .............................................807
Makarand V. Risbud, Gunnar B.J. Andersson
47 Lumbar Disc Herniations .......................................839
Amandeep Bhalla, Christopher M. Bono, Andrew J. Schoenfeld,
Steven R. Garn
48 Annular Repair .....................................................869
Gregory Lopez, Gunnar B.J. Andersson
49 Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Anterior Lumbar
Interbody Fusion, Degeneration, and Disc
Replacement
Robert Johnson, Richard D. Guyer
50 Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion .......................891
William J. Molinari III, Nathan H. Lebwohl
........................................................873
Section V
CERVICAL DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
36 Cervical Spinal Disorders Associated With
Skeletal Dysplasias and Metabolic Diseases
Bruce V. Darden II, Christopher O’Boynick, Jose Manuel Casamitjana
37 Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Clinical
Syndromes of Cervical Disc Disease
Sreeharsha V. Nandyala, A. Jay Khanna, Hamid Hassanzadeh
.......................677
38 Medical Myelopathies ...........................................689
Brandon L. Raudenbush, Olga Selioutski, Lawrence Samko, A. Jay Khanna,
Addisu Mesn
39 Nonoperative Management of Disc and
Degenerative Disorders
Daniel Park, Jad G. Khalil, Michael P. Planalp
........................................705
40 Surgical Management of Axial Neck Pain ..............715
Raj Rao, Satyajit Marawar
41 Cervical Radiculopathy: Surgical
Management
Sheeraz A. Qureshi, Steven J. McAnany, Dante Leven
.......................................................727
42 Management of Cervical Myelopathy: Surgical
Treatment
Brett D. Rosenthal, Barrett S. Boody, Wellington K. Hsu, Alpesh A. Patel
............................................................739
...........663
51 Posterolateral and Lateral Corpectomies ...............907
Raghav Badrinath, T. Barrett Sullivan, Steven R. Garn, R. Todd Allen
52 Dynamic Stabilization: What’s Current and
What’s the Potential
Dilip K. Sengupta
.............................................917
VOLUME 2
Section VII
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY
53 Rationale of Minimally Invasive Spine
Surgery
Choll W. Kim, Steven R. Garn
54 Minimally Invasive Posterior Approaches to
the Spine
Choll W. Kim
55 Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar
Instrumentation
Eiman Shafa, James D. Schwender
56 Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar Fusion
Techniques
D. Greg Anderson, Jonathan D. Krystal
57 Posterolateral Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy ......983
Christopher A. Yeung, Anthony T. Yeung
................................................................935
.............................................................945
...................................................959
...........................................................969
Contents xxv
58 Interspinous Process Decompressive Devices .........995
Cliord B. Tribus
59 Minimally Invasive Cervical Spine Techniques .......1001
Scott I. Lee, Vinko Zlomislic
60 Future Directions in Minimally Invasive Spinal
Surgery
Xiaobang Hu, Isador H. Lieberman
...............................................................1011
Section VIII
SPINAL STENOSIS
61 Spinal Stenosis: Pathophysiology, Clinical
Diagnosis, and Dierential Diagnosis
Chetan K. Patel, Eeric Truumees
...................1019
62 Nonoperative Management of Lumbar Spinal
Stenosis
Daniel Mazanec
..............................................................1033
63 Surgical Management of Lumbar Spinal
Stenosis
Peter B. Derman, Jerey Rihn, Todd J. Albert
..............................................................1039
64 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis ...........................1059
Andrew Z. Mo, Gordon R. Bell, Darren R. Lebl
Section IX
SPINAL FUSION AND INSTRUMENTATION
65 Techniques and Complications of Bone Graft
Harvesting
Kenny Kwan, Kenneth M.C. Cheung
..........................................................1077
66 Principles of Bone Fusion .....................................1085
Terri A. Zachos, Nicolas S. Piuzzi, Thomas Mroz, Krzysztof B. Siemionow,
George F. Muschler
67 Bone Substitutes: Basic Science and Clinical
Applications
Jerey C. Wang, Zorica Buser
........................................................1123
68 Electrical Stimulation for Spinal Fusion ................1137
Ilyas S. Aleem, Paul Glazer, Mohit Bhandari
69 Cervical Instrumentation: Anterior and
Posterior
Eeric Truumees
.............................................................1143
70 Thoracic and Lumbar Instrumentation:
Anterior and Posterior
Eeric Truumees
.........................................1187
Section X
ADULT DEFORMITY
72 Adult Scoliosis .....................................................1239
David Nelles, Kamran Majid
73 Fixed Sagittal Imbalance .....................................1261
Evan J. Smith, Christine Piper, Joseph R. O’Brien
Section XI
SPINE TRAUMA
74 Basic Science of Spinal Cord Injury .......................1275
Alexandre Rasouli
75 Injuries of the Upper Cervical Spine .....................1285
Bobby K.-B. Tay, Frank J. Eismont
76 Lower Cervical Spine Injuries ...............................1311
Paul A. Anderson
77 Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Injuries .....................1333
Joseph P. Gjolaj, Seth K. Williams
78 Sacral Fractures ...................................................1365
Carlo Bellabarba, Richard A. Lindtner, Richard J. Bransford
79 Acute Treatment of Patients With Spinal
Cord Injury
Rajiv Saigal, Matthew F. Gary, Allan D. Levi
..........................................................1389
80 Vertebral Artery Injuries Associated With
Cervical Spine Trauma
Adam L. Shimer, Alexander R. Vaccaro
.........................................1399
81 Spinal Orthoses for Traumatic and
Degenerative Disease
Michael J. Vives
..........................................1409
82 Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation .........................1431
Andrew L. Sherman, Kevin L. Dalal
Section XII
AFFLICTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAE
83 Arthritic Disorders ...............................................1449
David G. Borenstein
84 Surgical Management of Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Shari Cui, Scott D. Daner, Sanford E. Emery
85 Ankylosing Spondylitis ........................................1487
Dheera Ananthakrishnan, Serena S. Hu
86 Tumors of the Spine ............................................1503
Umesh Metkar, Swamy Kurra, William F. Lavelle
87 Infections of the Spine .......................................1525
Jason C. Eck, Choll W. Kim, Bradford L. Currier, Frank J. Eismont
88 Metabolic Bone Disorders of the Spine .................1585
Joseph M. Lane, Matthew R. Cohn, Tyler Kreitz, Mark F. Kurd
..............................................................1467
71 Adult Isthmic Spondylolisthesis ...........................1229
Brian Kwon, Neel Shah, David H. Kim
89 Osteoporosis: Surgical Strategies .........................1611
Frank M. Phillips, Mark F. Kurd, Gregory D. Schroeder, Tyler Kreitz
xxvi Contents
Section XIII
SPINAL CORD
90 Intradural Tumors ...............................................1627
Ashish H. Shah, Jeremiah N. Johnson, Barth A. Green
91 Spinal Intradural Infections .................................1641
Walter J. Jermakowicz, Samuel H. Cass, Allan D. Levi
92 Vascular Malformations of the Spinal Cord ...........1659
John E. O’Toole, Paul C. McCormick
93 Vascular Anatomy of the Spine, Imaging, and
Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Vascular
Diseases
J. Diego Lozano, Ajit S. Puri, Ajay K. Wakhloo
..............................................................1673
94 Syringomyelia .....................................................1709
David M. Benglis Jr, Andrew Jea, Steve Vanni, Ashish H. Shah,
Barth A. Green
Section XIV
COMPLICATIONS OF SPINAL SURGERY
95 Intraoperative Spinal Cord and Nerve Root
Injuries
Theodore D. Koreckij
96 Spinal Dural Injuries ............................................1739
Arya G. Varthi, Glenn Russo, Peter G. Whang
97 Vascular Complications in Spinal Surgery .............1747
Matthew L. Webb, Jonathan N. Grauer
98 Instrumentation Complications ...........................1783
Eeric Truumees
99 Postoperative Spinal Infections ...........................1807
Sohrab Pahlavan, Yu-Po Lee, Nitin N. Bhatia
100 Pseudarthrosis ....................................................1827
Neil N. Patel, Martin H. Pham, Andre M. Jakoi, Jerey C. Wang
101 Adjacent-Segment Disease ..................................1839
David M. Montgomery
...............................................................1727
102 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: Historical
Perspective
Richard W. Easton
.........................................................1851
Section XV
FAILED SURGERY
103 Revision Spine Surgery ........................................1867
Michael J. Vives, Spencer Hauser, Saad B. Chaudhary
104 Failed Total Disc Arthroplasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1889
Andrew K. Simpson, Jack E. Zigler
105 Postoperative Deformity of the Cervical Spine .....1903
Andrew J. Pugely, Comron Sai, K. Daniel Riew
106 Arachnoiditis and Epidural Fibrosis ......................1935
Robert F. Heary, Antonios Mammis
Section XVI
CHRONIC PAIN AND REHABILITATION
107 Chronic Pain: Basic Science ..................................1943
Aldric Hama, Shyam Gajavelli, Elizabeth A. Dugan, Jacqueline Sagen
108 Psychological Strategies for Chronic Pain .............1961
Sara Davin, Xavier F. Jimenez, Edward C. Covington, Judith Scheman
109 Pharmacologic Strategies in Back Pain and
Radiculopathy
Yashar Eshraghi, Nagy A. Mekhail
110 Physical Therapy: Art and Science of
Practice
Eric A.K. Mayer, Ryan A. Tauzell
111 Functional Restoration in Chronic Spinal Pain ......1993
Tom G. Mayer, Randy Neblett, Peter B. Polatin
112 Surgical Procedures for the Control of Chronic
....................................................................2023
Pain
F. Todd Wetzel, Charles N. Munyon, Michael Saulino
.....................................................1973
...............................................................1983
I
SECTION
BASIC SCIENCE
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