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Contributors
Andrew Beech Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Poolak Bhatt Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, ASoD, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Residency Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jo-Lawrence Martinez Bigcas Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck
Surgery, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
Daniel Boczar, MD Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Hilliard T. Brydges Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York
University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
BrianH.Cameron Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
Steve Cannady Division Chief for Head and Neck Surgery, Department of
Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
SrinivasaR.Chandra Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences
School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, USA
BoChen, MD Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
AllenCheng Head and Neck Surgical Associates, Oral, Head and Neck Cancer
Center Program, Legacy Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
Paulo G. Coelho, MD, DDS, PhD, MBA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
Ricardo Rodriguez Colon Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New
York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
Caitlin M. Coviello Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Bruce Cronstein, MD Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Contributors
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xv
NagiDemian Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Huston, Houston, TX, USA
Neeraja Dharmaraj Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
Tobias Ettl Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical
Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Elda Fisher Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, ASoD, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Residency Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Roberto L. Flores, MD Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
AbigailFrazier Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, ASoD, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Residency Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Joseph Geiger Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family
Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
YohaannAliGhosh School of Medicine and Dentistry, Grifth University, Gold
Coast, Australia
Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Matthew R. Greives Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery,
McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
ShawnGroth Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E.DeBakey Department of
Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Jeffrey T.Gu Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon
Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
DanielHammer Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Naval Medical
Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Issa Hanna Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UTHealth Houston,
Houston, TX, USA
Jeffrey Hartgerink Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University,
Houston, TX, USA
Undergraduate Studies, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Contributors
StevenHengen Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UTHealth Houston,
Houston, TX, USA
Tang Ho Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of
Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
Andrew T. Huang Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Mohammad S. Jafferji Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey
Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Jonathon Jundt Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Philipp Jürgens Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Leading Medical
Center (LMC) Munich, Munich, Germany
Arshad Kaleem Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry
Family Department of Surgery, Section of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Head and Neck Oncology/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, High Desert Oral and Facial Surgery, El Paso, TX, USA
Ryan Keyho Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern
Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
RoderickY.Kim Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, John Peter Smith
Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
NatalieA.Krane Division Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department
of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
CheukSunEdwinLai Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
KevinC.Lee Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University at Buffalo,
New York, NY, USA
AlexisM.Linnebur Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
Stanley Yung-Chuan Liu Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Contributors
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xvii
Garren Michael Iida Low Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck
Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Myriam Loyo Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon
Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Victoria A. Manon Bernard and Gloria P. Katz Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
MichaelR.Markiewicz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University
at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
JeffreyS.Marschall Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of
Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
Robert E. Marx Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of
Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA
JamesC.Melville, DDS Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Justine Moe Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Marta Morawska Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Advanced
Osteotomy Tools (AOT) AG, Basel, Switzerland
Anthony B. Morlandt, MD, DDS, FACS Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, MSci, PhD Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
AnnieNguyen Department of Orthodontics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill
University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada
PhuongD.Nguyen Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern
Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Justin Odette Dental Department, USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71), San
Diego, CA, USA
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Contributors
AshishPatel Oral, Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Surgical Associates,
Portland, OR, USA
NeelPatel Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family
Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Zachary S. Peacock Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General
Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA
Daniel Petrisor Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Reconstructive
Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
MatthewJ.Recker Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and
Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
RenéeM.Reynolds Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and
Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
EduardoD.Rodriguez Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York
University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
Dominik Rudecki Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UTHealth
Houston, Houston, TX, USA
ChristopherM.Runyan, MD, PhD Department of Plastic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Kunal R. Shetty Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of
Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Jonathan Shum Maxillofacial Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive
Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Raymond P. Shupak Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Geisinger
Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
ParulSinha Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of
Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Allison Slijepcevic Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
Atrium Wake Forest Baptist, Wake Forest, NC, USA
Contributors
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xix
EmilioSupsupin Jr, MD Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville,Jacksonville, FL, USA
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
MariAlina Timoshchuk Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School
of Dentistry, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
AndreaTorroni, MD, PhD Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
HuyQ.Tran Bernard and Gloria P. Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Ramzey Tursun Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry
Family Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship, Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Clinical Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Oral, Head & Neck Oncologic, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Security Forces Hospital, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
Chi T. Viet Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma
Linda, CA, USA
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
JasonWahidi Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery,
UT Southwestern/Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
RayY.Wang Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Mark K. Wax Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon
Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
FayetteC.Williams Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, John Peter
Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
Lukasz Witek, MSci, PhD Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Contributors
Mark E. Wong Bernard & Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas School of Dentistry Houston, Houston, TX, USA
SarahAnneWong Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of
Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
Simon Young Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
WaleedZaid Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry,
Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Site Director Baton Rouge LSUHSC Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Our Lady of Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
John R. Zuniga Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of
Surgery and Neurology, UT Southwestern/Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
Chapter 1
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Innovations inCraniofacial Surgery
MatthewJ.Recker, KevinC.Lee, RenéeM.Reynolds, AnnieNguyen, andMichaelR.Markiewicz
Introduction
The history of craniofacial surgery speaks to the rapid evolution of the eld. The origins of modern craniofacial surgery date back to the 1960s with the work of Paul Tessier [1, 2]. The concept of autogenous bone grafting and his techniques for tran­scranial and subcranial osteotomies were revolutionary at the time. In the 1980s, the advent of rigid xation allowed surgeons to perform more extensive and aggressive osteotomies with greater condence in the stability of their work. In the 1990s, Joseph McCarthy introduced the concept of mandibular distraction allowing for movements of the signicantly underdeveloped mandible and soft tissues [3]. Many proponents of distraction soon applied the same concept to other parts of the skull and face. Over the last 15years, computer-aided surgery has gained popularity and wide acceptance within the surgical community. Each innovation and breakthrough in craniofacial surgery builds on the principles that came before. The works of
M. J. Recker · R. M. Reynolds Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA e-mail: mrecker@ubns.com; rreynolds@ubns.com
K. C. Lee · M. R. Markiewicz (*) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA e-mail: kcl2136@cumc.columbia.edu; mrm25@buffalo.edu
A. Nguyen Department of Orthodontics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada e-mail: annie.nguyen@muhc.mcgill.ca
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 J. C. Melville et al. (eds.), Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and Facial Plastic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32099-6_1
1
2
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Tessier and others before and after him have not been rendered obsolete in the mod­ern era. Rather, today’s technology optimizes the results and carries forward the vision of those original pioneers.
M. J. Recker et al.
Craniosynostosis
Introduction
Craniosynostosis is dened as the premature closure of cranial sutures and can result in abnormal skull development and morphology with sequelae. For centuries, anatomists have recognized a range of skull-shape abnormalities and postulated an association with abnormal cranial sutures [4, 5]. In Virchow’s seminal work pub­lished in 1851, he dened skull growth patterns related to the fusion of specic cranial sutures and explained that these patterns were due to restriction of skull growth perpendicular to the fused suture [6] (Fig.1.1). Subsequent work expanded upon Virchow’s Law to form our contemporary knowledge of craniosynostosis. We now understand that early sutural fusion initiates compensatory growth in adjacent sutures and within the skull base [7]. In addition to optimizing the cosmetic out­come, the surgical treatment of craniosynostosis is intended to facilitate normal cranial volume expansion and reduce the risk of increased intracranial pressure and subsequent neurodevelopmental delay.
Fig. 1.1 Sagittal synostosis showing arrested growth perpendicular to the fused suture (blue arrows) with compensatory overgrowth parallel to the suture (green arrow)
1 Innovations inCraniofacial Surgery
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3
Epidemiology andEtiology
The incidence of craniosynostosis is estimated to be between 1:2000 and 1:2500 with a male predominance reported between 2:1 and 3:1 [8]. Craniosynostosis can be categorized in several different ways including single versus multi­suture, syndromic versus non-syndromic, and by the specic suture affected. Single suture craniosynostosis is more common with the sagittal suture being the most often affected suture. This accounts for over half of cases. This is fol­lowed by unilateral coronal (20–25%), metopic (10%), and lambdoid (2%) cra­niosynostosis. Non- syndromic cases are typically sporadic events, with no identiable etiology; however, various risk factors have been implicated such as advanced paternal age and maternal history of smoking [9]. Syndromic cases are related to specic genetic abnormalities and associated syndromes, such as Apert Syndrome (FGFR-2), Crouzon Syndrome (FGFR-2, FGFR-3), Pfeiffer Syndrome (FGFR-1, FGFR-2), Muenke Syndrome (FGFR-3), among others. Syndromic craniosynostosis is more likely to present with multi-suture involve­ment [8].
Traditional Repair
The treatment of craniosynostosis has undergone a series of trends over decades of evolution. In the late 1800s to mid-1900s, strip craniectomy was used to release the fused suture, but this technique was marred by surgical morbidity and variable cosmetic outcomes due to refusion at craniectomy sites [10, 11]. The evolution of current strategies in management is credited to Tessier after developing cranial vault remodeling in the 1970s, which is the foundation for open techniques used today [12]. Modern open cranial vault expansion encom­passes a number of procedures, which are carried out via a coronal incision where portions of the cranium are either removed, remodeled, and replaced with fixation, or remodeled without bony removal. Variations of open cranial vault expansion are tailored to the specific sutures involved and the deformity of the patient. Included in this group are fronto- orbital advancement and poste­rior vault expansion. These techniques can be carried out with or without the use of distraction osteogenesis. These procedures require consideration of patient age as considerable blood loss can be expected, and operative time and optimal bone thickness to withstand surgical remodeling are pertinent factors. Additionally, the rate of revision surgery is potentially higher in extremely younger patients.
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