Расчёт режимов резания. Курсовое и дипломное проектирование по технологии машиностроения. Учебное пособие

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ7 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ Ʉ7 = 1,1; ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ Ʉ7 = 1,0; ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ Ʉ7 = 0,9.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ8 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ Ʉ8 = 1,0; ɫ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨɣ Ʉ8 = 0,9. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɤɢ Ʉ8 = 1,0; ɫ ɤɨɪɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ < 160 Ʉ8 = 0,7; ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ = 160–200 Ʉ8 = 0,8; ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ > 200 Ʉ8 = 0,9.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ9 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ Ʉ9 = 1,0; ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ Ʉ9 = 1,05; ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɮɚɫɤɨɣ Ʉ9 = 1,15; ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ J = –5 … –10°, O = 5–12° Ʉ9 = 1,20.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ10 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ D ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ d, ɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɤɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ʉ10 = 1,0. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ:

ɝɞɟ h – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɚɡɚ, ɦɦ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ12 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ʉ12 = 1,0; ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɪɟɡɰɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉ12 = 0,6; ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɬɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ Ʉ12 = 0,5.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ13 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɟɝ ɪɟɡɰɚ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ Ʉ13 = 1,18 ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɯɨɞɚɪɟɡɰɚ50 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɟɝɟ 35 ɦɦ, ɞɨ Ʉ13 = 0,87 ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ 500 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɟɝɟ 75 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ 250 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɟɝɟ 55 ɦɦ Ʉ13 = 1,0.

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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ14 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ Ʉ14 = 1,0; ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɰɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉ14 = 0,75; ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɨɬɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ Ʉ14 = 0,6.

ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.17 ɞɚɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.17

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ

1.Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɛɛɢɬɚ, ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ 1500–3000 ɦ/ɦɢɧ.

2.Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ = 160 ɧɚɞɨ ɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 150–180 ɦ/ɦɢɧ.

2.6. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ

ɋɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ (x, y, z), ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.2.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ

33

ɋɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ P ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ: Px, Py, Pz. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ Pz ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɤɪɭɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ Nɷ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ Py ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɬɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɨɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ Px ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ Px, Py, Pz ɜ ɤȽ:

ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ (2.13) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɋ4, ɋ5, ɋ6 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.18); t – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ; s – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ (ɢɥɢ ɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɯɨɞ); HB – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɸ, ɤȽ/ɦɦ2; x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3 – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ(ɬɚɛɥ. 2.19); n1, n2, n3 – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t ɪɚɜɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɡɚ B, ɦɦ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ n1, n2, n3 ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ: n1 = 0,35 ɩɪɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɇȼ d 170 ɢ n1 = 0,75

ɩɪɢɇȼ> 170; n2 = 2,0; n3 = 1,5. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɱɭɝɭɧɚn1 = 0,55; n2 = 1,3; n3 = 1,1.

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ D, J, O ɢ M1 ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 2320, M = 45°, ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ r = 2 ɦɦ (ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ), ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ G = 2 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ G = 0 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ.

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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.19

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɋ4, ɋ5 ɢ ɋ6 ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɋ4, ɋ5 ɢ ɋ6 (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.18) ɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Ʉ15, Ʉ16, Ʉ17, Ʉ18 ɢ Ʉ19.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ15 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɨɣ, ɨɬɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ (ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ) Ʉ15 = 1,0. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɚ Ʉ15 = 0,20. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɚ ɫ Vɜɪ = 16–35 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 (ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ) Ʉ15 = 0,15–0,40; ɫ Vɜɪ > 35 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ15 = 0,55.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ16 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ16 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.20.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.20

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ16

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ17 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ r ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ Pz ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ17 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɦɦ.

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Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ Py ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ17 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ Pz ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ17 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ Py ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ17 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ18 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ J. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮ-

ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ18 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.21.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.21

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ18

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ19 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ G ɪɟɡɰɨɜ. Ɂɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ19 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.22.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.22

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ19

2.7. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Nɷ Pz X , (2.18) 60 102

ɝɞɟ Pz – ɬɚɧɝɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɤȽ; X – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɦɢɧ;

Nɷ – ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɤȼɬ.

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ Nɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ K – ɄɉȾ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ.

2.8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ TɈ (ɦɢɧ) ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ s, ɦɦ; n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ) ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ;

t – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ;

' – ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɦɦ.

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ L ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

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ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ l1 ɪɟɡɰɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ t – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ;

M – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɝɪɚɞ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ l2 ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ:

1)l2 d 3 ɦɦ – ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɟ;

2)l2 = 2–5 ɦɦ – ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɟ, ɩɪɨɪɟɡɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɟ;

3)ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ l2 ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.23.

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɧɚ 25 %.

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ n ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ X – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɦɢɧ; D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɦɦ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ n ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ.

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3.ɋȼȿɊɅȿɇɂȿ

3.1.Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɪɥ

Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɪɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ȽɈɋɌ 2322 ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɥ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɬ 0,25 ɞɨ 80 ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. Ʉ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɪɥ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

1)ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɤɢ Z;

2)ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ J0;

3)ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɡɚɬɨɱɤɢ D;

4)ɭɝɨɥ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ 2M (ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ);

5)ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ 2M0 ɩɪɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɬɨɱɤɟ;

6)ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ \.

ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɜɟɪɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɟ [2] ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [3, 4].

3.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ

Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ t – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ; D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɜɟɪɥɚ, ɦɦ;

d – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɦɦ.

3.3. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ s ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ s – ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ; C – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ;

D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɜɟɪɥɚ, ɦɦ.

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Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C ɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3.1.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1 Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɞɚɱ – ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɯɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ IT 12 ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɞɚɱ – ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɯɢɯ ɢ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ (ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɡɶɛɭ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɤɚɦɢ.

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɞɚɱ – ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɯɢɯ ɢ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɨɣ.

ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɜ 1,5–2,0 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɪɥɭ ɦéɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦéɧɶɲɢɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ K = 0,75–0,9. Ȼóɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ K ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 3–5 ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ; ɦéɧɶɲɢɟ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 7–10 ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ.

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