Расчёт режимов резания. Курсовое и дипломное проектирование по технологии машиностроения. Учебное пособие
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2. ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɊȿɁɐȺɆɂ
2.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1).
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, ɦɦ – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1).
ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ) ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ). ȿɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɦɦ/ɨɛ (ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ s); ɦɦ/ɦɢɧ (ɦɢɧɭɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ sɦ); ɦɦ/ɡɭɛ (ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɭɛ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ sz).
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ f, ɦɦ2 – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɱɢɫ-
ɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ:
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s t . |
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ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɯɨɞɭ ɪɟɡɰɚ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ H, ɦɦ – ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɟɟ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1). ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ H ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ X, ɦ/ɦɢɧ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦ/ɦɢɧ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɦ/ɫ.
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Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɥɟɡɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1).
ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M1 – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɡɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ.
2.2. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ɍ30Ʉ4 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t = 0,2–0,5 ɦɦ; ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ɍ15Ʉ6 ɢ Ɍ14Ʉ8 t = 0,5–2,0 ɦɦ; ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ɍ5Ʉ10 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t ɞɨ 3,0 ɦɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ ȼɄ2 ɢ ȼɄ3 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t d 2,0 ɦɦ; ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ ȼɄ6 ɢ ȼɄ8 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t ɞɨ 5,0 ɦɦ.
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2.3. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ |
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ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 2.1–2.8. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1 |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ |
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ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɧɟɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ |
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ |
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Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, ɦɦ |
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ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, |
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ɞɨ 5 |
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ɞɨ 8 |
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ɞɨ 12 |
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ɞɨ 30 |
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ɦɦ |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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18 |
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ɞɨ |
0,25 |
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– |
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– |
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– |
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30 |
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0,2 |
– 0,5 |
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– |
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– |
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– |
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50 |
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0,4 |
– 0,8 |
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0,3 |
– 0,6 |
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– |
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– |
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80 |
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0,6 |
– 1,2 |
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0,5 |
– 1,0 |
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– |
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– |
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120 |
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1,0 |
– 1,6 |
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0,7 |
– 1,3 |
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0,5 |
– 1,0 |
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– |
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180 |
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1,4 |
– 2,0 |
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1,1 |
– 1,8 |
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0,8 |
– 1,5 |
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– |
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260 |
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1,8 |
– 2,6 |
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1,5 |
– 2,0 |
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1,1 |
– 2,0 |
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1,0 – 1,5 |
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360 |
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2,0 |
– 3,0 |
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1,8 |
– 2,8 |
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1,5 |
– 2,5 |
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1,3 – 2,0 |
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ɫɜɵɲɟ 360 |
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– |
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2,5 |
– 3,0 |
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2,0 |
– 3,0 |
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1,5 – 2,5 |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2 |
ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ |
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ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ |
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ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ |
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Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, HRC |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ Vɜɪ, ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
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160 |
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49 |
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0,1–0,3 |
180 |
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54 |
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0,07–0,2 |
200 ɢ ɜɵɲɟ |
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58 ɢ ɜɵɲɟ |
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0,05–0,15 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ: |
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1.Ȼóɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ L/D < 6 ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɟ ɫ L/D < 2, ɚ ɦéɧɶɲɢɟ – ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ.
2.ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ 40–60 %.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3 ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ |
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ d, ɦɦ (ɜɵɥɟɬ ɪɟɡɰɚ l = 5d) |
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ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, |
10 |
12 |
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16 |
20 |
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25 |
30 |
40 |
ɦɦ |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ |
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2 |
< 0,08 |
< 0,1 |
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0,08–0,20 |
0,15–0,40 |
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0,25–0,70 |
0,50–1,0 |
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3 |
– |
< 0,08 |
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d 0,12 |
0,10–0,25 |
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0,15–0,40 |
0,20–0,50 |
0,25–0,60 |
5 |
– |
– |
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d 0,08 |
d 0,10 |
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0,08–0,20 |
0,12–0,30 |
0,13–0,40 |
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ɑɭɝɭɧ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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2 |
0,08–0,12 |
0,12–0,20 |
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0,25–0,40 |
0,50–0,80 |
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0,90–1,50 |
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3 |
d 0,08 |
0,08–0,12 |
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0,15–0,25 |
0,30–0,50 |
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0,50–0,80 |
0,90–1,20 |
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5 |
– |
d 0,08 |
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0,08–0,12 |
0,15–0,25 |
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0,25–0,50 |
0,50–0,70 |
0,60–1,0 |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.4 |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ |
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ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ |
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɦɦ |
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Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ |
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ɞɨ 50 |
ɞɨ 150 |
ɫɜ. 150 |
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ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, |
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Ⱦɥɢɧɚ |
ɛɨɪɲɬɚɧɝɢ L ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ |
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ɦɦ |
L < 10d |
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L = (10–20)d |
L < 10d |
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L = (10–20)d |
L = (10–20)d |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ |
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2 |
0,30–0,50 |
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0,30–0,50 |
0,40–0,60 |
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0,40–0,60 |
– |
3 |
0,25–0,40 |
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0,25–0,40 |
0,40–0,55 |
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0,35–0,50 |
0,40–0,60 |
5 |
0,20–0,30 |
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0,15–0,25 |
0,35–0,50 |
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0,30–0,40 |
0,35–0,55 |
8 |
– |
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– |
0,30–0,50 |
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0,25–0,40 |
0,30–0,50 |
10 |
– |
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– |
0,25–0,45 |
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0,20–0,30 |
0,20–0,30 |
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23 |
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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.4
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɦɦ |
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Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ |
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ɞɨ 50 |
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ɞɨ 150 |
ɫɜ. 150 |
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ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, |
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Ⱦɥɢɧɚ |
ɛɨɪɲɬɚɧɝɢ L ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ |
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ɦɦ |
L < 10d |
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L = (10–20)d |
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L < 10d |
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L = (10–20)d |
L = (10–20)d |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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ɑɭɝɭɧ |
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2 |
0,40–0,60 |
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0,40–0,60 |
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0,60–1,0 |
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0,50–0,80 |
– |
3 |
0,40–0,60 |
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0,40–0,50 |
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0,60–1,0 |
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0,45–0,70 |
0,60–1,0 |
5 |
0,35–0,50 |
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0,30–0,40 |
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0,50–0,80 |
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0,40–0,60 |
0,50–0,80 |
8 |
– |
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– |
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0,40–0,80 |
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0,30–0,60 |
0,40–0,80 |
10 |
– |
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– |
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0,40–0,70 |
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0,30–0,50 |
0,40–0,70 |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.5 |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɟ) |
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ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ Q, ɦ/ɦɢɧ |
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Ʉɥɚɫɫ |
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Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɪɢ |
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ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ |
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ |
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ |
ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ |
30–70 |
80 ɢ ɜɵɲɟ |
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ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 2789-73 |
Ra, ɦɤɦ |
Rz, ɦɤɦ |
ɪɟɡɰɚ r, ɦɦ |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
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0,5 |
0,30–0,52 |
0,46–0,55 |
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4 |
6,3–12,5 |
20–50 |
1,0 |
0,44–0,63 |
0,57–0,65 |
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2,0 |
0,57–0,69 |
0,67–0,69 |
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0,5 |
0,17–0,26 |
0,23–0,39 |
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5 |
3,2–6,3 |
15–20 |
1,0 |
0,22–0,37 |
0,30–0,46 |
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2,0 |
0,30–0,52 |
0,44–0,54 |
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0,5 |
0,11–0,14 |
0,11–0,22 |
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6 |
1,6–3,2 |
8–15 |
1,0 |
0,14–0,19 |
0,16–0,30 |
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2,0 |
0,16–0,25 |
0,21–0,38 |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɞɚɱɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.5, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ Vɜɪ = 70–90 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Vɜɪ, ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ks (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.6).
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Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ks |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.6 |
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Vɜɪ, |
ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
ɞɨ 50 |
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ɞɨ 70 |
ɞɨ 90 |
ɞɨ 120 |
ks |
– |
0,7 |
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0,75 |
1,0 |
1,25 |
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24 |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.7
ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ
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ɋɬɚɥɶ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ |
ɑɭɝɭɧ |
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ |
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ |
Vɜɪ < 50 |
Vɜɪ = 50–80 |
Vɜɪ > 80 |
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ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, |
ɪɟɡɰɚ, |
ɇȼ d 180 |
ɇȼ > 180 |
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ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
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ɦɦ |
ɦɦ |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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ɞɨ 18 |
2 |
0,07–0,09 |
0,05–0,07 |
0,04–0,06 |
0,09–0,12 |
0,07–0,10 |
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ɞɨ 30 |
3 |
0,09–0,11 |
0,07–0,09 |
0,06–0,07 |
0,12–0,15 |
0,10–0,12 |
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ɞɨ 50 |
3–4 |
0,11–0,13 |
0,09–0,11 |
0,07–0,09 |
0,15–0,18 |
0,12–0,15 |
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ɞɨ 80 |
4–5 |
0,13–0,16 |
0,11–0,13 |
0,09–0,11 |
0,18–0,22 |
0,15–0,18 |
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ɞɨ 120 |
5–7 |
0,16–0,18 |
0,13–0,15 |
0,11–0,13 |
0,22–0,25 |
0,18–0,20 |
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ɞɨ 180 |
7–8 |
0,18–0,22 |
0,15–0,18 |
0,13–0,15 |
0,25–0,30 |
0,20–0,25 |
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ɞɨ 260 |
8–10 |
0,22–0,25 |
0,18–0,20 |
0,15–0,17 |
0,30–0,35 |
0,25–0,28 |
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ɞɨ 360 |
10–12 |
0,25–0,30 |
0,20–0,25 |
0,17–0,20 |
0,35–0,40 |
0,28–0,32 |
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ɫɜɵɲɟ 360 |
12–15 |
0,30–0,35 |
0,25–0,28 |
0,20–0,22 |
0,40–0,45 |
0,32–0,38 |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ: |
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1.Ȼóɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛóɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɦéɧɶɲɢɟ – ɞɥɹ ɦéɧɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
2.ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 4–6 ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɧɚ 30–40 %.
3.Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɠɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.8 ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
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Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ N, ɤȼɬ |
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Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ |
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Ⱦɥɢɧɚ |
ɞɨ 5 |
ɞɨ 8 |
ɞɨ 12 |
ɫɜ. 12 |
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ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, |
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ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ L, |
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Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ |
t, ɦɦ |
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ɦɦ |
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ɦɦ |
1,0–2,0 |
2,1–4,0 |
1,0–2,0 |
2,1–5,0 |
1,0–2,0 |
2,1–5,0 |
ɫɜ. 5,0 |
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ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
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ɞɨ 40 |
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Ⱦɨ 300 |
1,8–2,5 |
1,1–2,0 |
2,2–3,0 |
1,3–2,2 |
– |
– |
– |
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Ⱦɨ 400 |
1,2–2,0 |
0,8–1,4 |
1,2–2,0 |
0,8–1,4 |
– |
– |
– |
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ɞɨ 60 |
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Ⱦɨ 500 |
1,8–3,0 |
1,1–2,0 |
2,5–3,2 |
1,6–2,5 |
2,5–3,2 |
1,6–2,5 |
– |
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Ⱦɨ 600 |
1,8–2,5 |
1,1–2,0 |
1,8–2,5 |
1,2–2,2 |
1,8–2,5 |
1,2–2,2 |
– |
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ɞɨ 75 |
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Ⱦɨ 600 |
1,8–3,0 |
1,1–2,0 |
2,5–3,2 |
1,6–2,5 |
2,5–3,5 |
1,8–2,5 |
2,0–5,0 |
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Ⱦɨ 750 |
1,8–2,5 |
1,1–2,0 |
2,0–2,5 |
1,3–2,2 |
2,2–3,0 |
1,5–2,3 |
1,8–4,5 |
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ɫɜɵɲɟ 75 |
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– |
1,8–3,0 |
1,1–2,0 |
2,5–3,6 |
1,6–2,5 |
3,0–4,0 |
2,0–3,5 |
2,5–5,0 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ: |
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1.ɉɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M = 45°.
2.Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫ M = 90° ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 1,0–1,5 ɦɦ/ɨɛ.
3.Ȼóɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɦéɧɶɲɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ «ɋɉɂȾ».
25
2.4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ
ɉɨɞ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ Ɍ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɤɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɤɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɚɯ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɪɟɡɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ [1].
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 30–90 ɦɢɧ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1], ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.9.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.9 |
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ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ |
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ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ Ɍ, ɦɦ |
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Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ |
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ |
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Ɍɢɩ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ |
ɪɟɡɰɨɜ, ɦɦ |
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ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ |
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ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ |
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ɩɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ |
ɩɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɭ |
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ɩɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɭ |
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10×16 |
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ɉɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ |
16×25 |
30–50 |
40–60 |
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(ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ) |
20×30 |
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ɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
25×40 |
35–60 |
50–75 |
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40–75 |
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10×16 |
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16×25 |
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Ɉɬɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
20×30 |
15–25 |
25–45 |
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ɢ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
25×40 |
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2.5. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ X ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.10.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.10 |
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ |
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ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ |
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ Q, ɦ/ɦɢɧ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ |
X |
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C1 |
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ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ, |
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ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ |
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T |
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m |
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§ HB |
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ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹɢɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɹ |
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© 200 ¹ |
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ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ |
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ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ- |
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ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ |
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ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ |
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ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ |
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X |
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C2 |
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ɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ |
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§ HB ·n |
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ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ |
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T |
m |
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ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɧɚ 10 % |
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ɩɪɨɪɟɡɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ |
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¨ |
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© |
200 ¹ |
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26 |
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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.10 |
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ |
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Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ Q, ɦ/ɦɢɧ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ |
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Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ |
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɹ |
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C3 |
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ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. |
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ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ- |
X |
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n |
ɉɪɢɪɚɛɨɬɟɪɟɡɰɚɦɢɫɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ |
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m |
x |
y |
§ HB · |
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ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ |
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T |
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s |
¨ |
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¸ |
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ɢɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɹɧɚɞɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɯ |
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ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ |
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© |
200 ¹ |
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ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵɞɥɹɬɨɱɟɧɢɹɫɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ |
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ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ |
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ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,85 |
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Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
T – ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɢɧ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 2.9); m – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.11);
t – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ; s – |
ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ |
(ɢɥɢ |
ɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɯɨɞ); |
HB – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɸ, |
ɤȽ/ɦɦ2; ɋ1, ɋ2, |
ɋ3 – |
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.12–2.14); |
x ɢ y – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.12–2.14); n – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ HB d 130, n = 1,0; ɫ HB > 130, n = 1,75; ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ n = 1,5).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.11
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ m ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ
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Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ |
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ɪɟɡɰɚ |
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Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ |
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Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ |
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ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ |
ȼɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ |
-Ɍɢɬɚɧɨ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ |
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Ɍɢɩ ɪɟɡɰɚ |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
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ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ m |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ |
ɉɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ |
0,125 |
0,15 |
0,125 |
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0,1 |
0,15 |
0,125 |
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ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɤɨɜɤɢɣ |
ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ |
Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
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ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ |
0,25 |
0,15 |
– |
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ɱɭɝɭɧ |
ɉɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
0,20 |
0,15 |
– |
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ɉɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
0,1 |
0,2 |
– |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɫɟɪɵɣ |
ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ |
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ɉɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
0,15 |
0,2 |
– |
Ɇɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
Ɋɟɡɰɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ |
ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, |
0,15 |
0,2 |
– |
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ɛɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
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Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
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ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, |
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0,3 |
0,3 |
– |
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ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
Ɍɨ ɠɟ |
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ɛɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
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ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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27
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C1 ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ x, y |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.12 |
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Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ |
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ |
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ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ |
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ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ |
Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
C1 |
x |
y |
C1 |
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ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ, |
s d 0,25 |
96,2 |
0,25 |
0,33 |
52,5 |
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0,25 |
0,50 |
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ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ, |
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s > 0,25 |
60,8 |
0,25 |
0,66 |
42,0 |
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0,25 |
0,66 |
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ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
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ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
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ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ |
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s d 0,25 |
55,4 |
0,20 |
0,25 |
42,6 |
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0,20 |
0,40 |
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ɫɬɚɥɶ |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ |
s > 0,25 |
47,4 |
0,20 |
0,50 |
24,5 |
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0,20 |
0,40 |
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ɉɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ, |
– |
– |
– |
34,2 |
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0,15 |
0,30 |
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ɑɭɝɭɧ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɢ |
G = 2 ɦɦ |
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ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚɹ, |
– |
– |
– |
32,6 |
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0,15 |
0,40 |
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G = 4 ɦɦ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ, |
s d 0,30 |
257 |
0,18 |
0,20 |
242 |
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0,18 |
0,20 |
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ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ, |
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Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ |
s = 0,3–0,75 |
294 |
0,18 |
0,35 |
267 |
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0,18 |
0,35 |
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Ɍ15Ʉ6 |
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
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s > 0,75 |
285 |
0,18 |
0,45 |
259 |
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0,18 |
0,45 |
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ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ |
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ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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s d 0,30 |
133 |
0,22 |
0,40 |
126 |
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0,22 |
0,40 |
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ |
s > 0,30 |
123 |
0,22 |
0,50 |
112 |
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0,22 |
0,50 |
ȼɄ8 |
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ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
s d 0,40 |
– |
– |
– |
166 |
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0,13 |
0,20 |
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s > 0,40 |
– |
– |
– |
147 |
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0,20 |
0,40 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C1 ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɞɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ = 190–210 ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 20×30 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ, ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ D, J, O ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 2320, ɩɪɢ M = 45°, M1 = 10° (ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ) ɢ M1 = 15° (ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɵɟ), ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟr = 2 ɦɦ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɢɡɧɨɫɟG ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ[2].
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C2 ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ y |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.13 |
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Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ |
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ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ |
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ɋ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ |
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Ȼɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
C2 |
y |
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C2 |
y |
ɪɟɡɰɚ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ, |
21,8 |
0,66 |
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– |
– |
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ |
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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ɫɬɚɥɶ Ɋ18 |
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ɑɭɝɭɧ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ |
22,5 |
0,50 |
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– |
– |
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ɑɭɝɭɧ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
– |
– |
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20,3 |
0,40 |
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ |
ɋɬɚɥɶ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ, |
72,8 |
0,35 |
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54,2 |
0,35 |
ɫɩɥɚɜ Ɍ15Ʉ6 |
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ |
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
66,0 |
0,50 |
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59,8 |
0,50 |
ɫɩɥɚɜ ȼɄ8 |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
– |
– |
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36,9 |
0,40 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ C2 ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ = 190–210 ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ, ɭɝɥɚɦɢ D, J, O ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 2320 ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ [2].
28
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.14
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C3 ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ x, y
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ |
C3 |
x |
y |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ɋɬɚɥɶ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
43,2 |
0,25 |
0,50 |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ |
34,8 |
0,20 |
0,40 |
ɑɭɝɭɧ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
31,7 |
0,15 |
0,40 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C3 ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɞɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɇȼ = 190–210, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɤɟ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ Ɋ18 ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ, ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 20×30 ɦɦ, ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ D, J, O ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 2320, ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɚɯ M = 45°, M1 = 10° (ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ), M = 45° (ɞɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɟ), ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ r = 2 ɦɦ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ[2]. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɛɟɡɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɛɟɝɪɟɡɰɚ60 ɦɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚɯɨɞɚɪɟɡɰɚ200 ɦɦ.
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 2.12–2.14. ɋ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɋ1, ɋ2, ɋ3 ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ:
1)ɋ1 – ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Ʉ1, Ʉ2, Ʉ3, Ʉ4, Ʉ5, Ʉ6, Ʉ7, Ʉ8, Ʉ9;
2)ɋ2 – ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Ʉ1, Ʉ5, Ʉ6, Ʉ7, Ʉ10, Ʉ11, Ʉ12;
3)ɋ3 – ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Ʉ1, Ʉ2, Ʉ3, Ʉ4, Ʉ5, Ʉ6, Ʉ7, Ʉ8, Ʉ9, Ʉ13, Ʉ14.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ1 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ:
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§ |
q |
· |
0,08 |
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Ʉ |
¨ |
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¸ |
, |
(2.2) |
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20 30 |
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1 |
© |
¹ |
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ɝɞɟ q – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɦɦ2.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ:
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§ |
q |
· |
0,04 |
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Ʉ |
¨ |
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¸ |
. |
(2.3) |
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20 30 |
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1 |
© |
¹ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ2 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ:
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§ |
45 |
· |
0,6 |
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Ʉ |
2 |
¨ |
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¸ |
, |
(2.4) |
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¨ |
M |
¸ |
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© |
¹ |
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ɝɞɟ M – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ.
29
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
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§ |
45 |
· |
0,3 |
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Ʉ |
2 |
¨ |
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¸ |
. |
(2.5) |
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¨ |
M |
¸ |
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© |
¹ |
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ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
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§ |
45 |
· |
0,45 |
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Ʉ |
2 |
¨ |
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¸ |
. |
(2.6) |
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¨ |
M |
¸ |
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© |
¹ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ3 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ M1.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ:
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§ |
10 |
·0,09 |
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Ʉ3 |
¨ |
¸ |
, |
(2.7) |
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¨M |
¸ |
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© |
1 |
¹ |
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ɝɞɟ M1 – ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ:
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§ |
15 |
·0,09 |
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Ʉ3 |
¨ |
¸ |
. |
(2.8) |
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¨M |
¸ |
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© |
1 |
¹ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ4 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ r ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
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§ r |
· |
0,1 |
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Ʉ4 |
¨ |
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¸ |
, |
(2.9) |
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2 |
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© |
¹ |
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ɝɞɟ r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɦɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
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§ r |
· |
0,2 |
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Ʉ4 |
¨ |
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¸ |
. |
(2.10) |
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2 |
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© |
¹ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
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§ r |
· |
0,08 |
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Ʉ4 |
¨ |
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¸ |
. |
(2.11) |
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2 |
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© |
¹ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ5 ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ʉ5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.15.
30