Расчёт режимов резания. Курсовое и дипломное проектирование по технологии машиностроения. Учебное пособие
.pdf9)ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ (ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɡɭɛɵɯɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫɦɨɞɭɥɟɦɫɜɵɲɟ10 ɦɦ;
10)ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ (ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɤɨɫɵɦ ɡɭɛɨɦ, ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɞɭɝɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ;
11)ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɟ ɮɪɟɡɵ (ɥɟɜɨɡɚɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɡɚɯɨɞɧɵɟ) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɤɨɫɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɰɚɦɢ, ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɷɜɨɥɶɜɟɧɬɟ;
12)ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɲɟɜɟɪɵ (ɩɪɹɦɨɡɭɛɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɨɡɭɛɵɟ) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɫɵɦ ɡɭɛɨɦ;
13)ɪɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɲɟɜɟɪɵ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɡɭɛɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɫɨɡɭɛɵɯ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ;
14)ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɟ ɲɟɜɟɪɵ (ɫ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɦɟɞɨɜɚ ɱɟɪɜɹɤɚ, ɷɜɨɥɶɜɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɜɹɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɜɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ) – ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ;
15)ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɟ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɟ ɮɪɟɡɵ (ɫ ɭɫɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɲɩɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɨɛɤɚɬɤɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɟ [2] ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [3, 4].
13.2. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ.
ɐɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ m 2 ɦɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ m 3 ɦɦ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɫɬɚɧɨɤ-ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ-ɞɟɬɚɥɶ» ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɢ ɛóɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ.
13.3. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s (ɦɦ/ɨɛ ɢɥɢ ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ – ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ) ɩɪɢ ɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 13.1.
101
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.1 |
|
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱ ɩɪɢ ɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s, ɦɦ/ɨɛ ɢɥɢ ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
m < 2 ɦɦ |
2 m < 3 ɦɦ |
3 m < 4 ɦɦ |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɭɛɨɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɛɹɤɨɦ |
ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
0,31 |
|
0,32–0,5 |
|
0,19–0,5 |
ɫ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 75 ɦɦ |
ɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
0,31 |
|
0,31 |
|
0,38 |
Ɂɭɛɨɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɚɯɨɞɧɨɣ |
ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
0,8–1,2 |
|
4–8 |
|
2,7–8 |
ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ |
ɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
0,8–1,2 |
|
1,2 |
|
1,4 |
ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ |
ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
2–4 |
|
– |
|
– |
ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ |
ɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ |
1,5–2,0 |
|
– |
|
– |
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: m – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɦɦ. |
|
|
|
|||
13.4. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ Ɍ (ɦɢɧ) ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ m 8 ɦɦ (ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ:
1)ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ Ɍ = 180 ɦɢɧ;
2)ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ Ɍ = 360 ɦɢɧ.
ɉɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɞɨɥɛɹɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ 120 ɦɢɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 50– 70 %. ɉɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɯ ɮɪɟɡ ɜ ɨɫɟɜɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ 2 ɲɚɝɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɡ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ m = 5–6 ɦɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɪɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɨɞɧɚ – ɞɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɤɢ; ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ m = 1–1,5 ɦɦ – ɨɬ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɤ.
13.5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ X (ɦ/ɦɢɧ) ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɢ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
X |
C zu Kɢ |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
(13.1) |
|
T |
n |
s |
x |
m |
y |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
ɝɞɟ z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɲɬ; T – ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɢɧ; s – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ ɢɥɢ ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ;
m – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɲɥɢɰɚ), ɦɦ; C, Kɢ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ;
u, n, x, y – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ.
ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ u, n, x, y ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13.2, ɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Kɢ – ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13.3.
102
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ C ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ u, n, x, y |
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.2 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɬɚɥɶ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑɭɝɭɧ, |
|
|
|
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ |
|
|
|
|
20ɏ |
|
|
40ɏ |
45 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
G, ɦɦ |
|
|
ɢ 12ɏɇ3, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20ɏ, 40ɏ ɢ 45 |
|
|
|
|
ɇȼ = 180–200 |
|
||||||||||||
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
Ɇɂ |
|
ɇȼ 180 |
ɇȼ 240 |
ɇȼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
ɤɨɥɟɫ |
|
|
|
|
ɇȼ 215 |
|
|
200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
|
|
C |
C |
C |
|
u |
|
n |
|
x |
|
y |
|
|
|
C |
u |
|
n |
x |
y |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɭɛɨɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ |
0,4 |
|
|
|
93 |
|
138 |
52,5 |
137 |
|
0 |
|
0,37 |
|
0,65 |
|
0,67 |
|
|
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
||||
|
0,8 |
|
|
Ɋ18, |
41,6 |
|
47 |
– |
49,5 |
|
0,03 |
|
0,22 |
|
0,47 |
|
0,29 |
|
|
53,9 |
0,03 |
0,11 |
0,26 |
0,15 |
||||||
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ |
0,04 |
|
|
Ɋ9 |
176 |
|
200 |
– |
208 |
|
0 |
|
0,37 |
|
0 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
||
|
0,10 |
|
|
|
127 |
|
148 |
– |
153 |
|
0 |
|
0,25 |
|
0 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
||
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɭɛɨɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɚɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ ɩɪɢ m < 8 ɦɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ |
0,8 |
|
|
Ɋ18, |
388 |
|
494 |
– |
524 |
|
0 |
|
0,5 |
|
0,85 |
|
–0,59 |
|
99,8 |
0 |
0,23 |
0,38 |
–0,52 |
|||||||
|
1,2 |
|
|
Ɋ9 |
445 |
|
565 |
– |
598 |
|
0 |
|
0,47 |
|
0,88 |
|
–0,52 |
|
89,5 |
0 |
0,21 |
0,36 |
–0,58 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ |
Ɂɭɛɨɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɚɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ ɩɪɢ m 8 ɦɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
1-ɣɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ |
1,2 |
|
|
|
217 |
|
|
242 |
– |
256 |
|
0 |
|
0,25 |
|
0,25 |
|
0,17 |
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
|||||
ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
ɧɚɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ1,4 m |
|
|
|
Ɋ18, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɋ9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2-ɣɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ |
1,2 |
|
|
3050 |
|
|
3440 |
– |
3600 |
|
0 |
|
0,53 |
|
0,53 |
|
0,35 |
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
||||||
ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
ɧɚɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ0,7 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ ɫ ɭɫɢɤɚɦɢ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Ɉɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ |
1,0 |
|
|
Ɋ18, |
78 |
|
|
90 |
– |
120 |
|
0,37 |
|
0 |
|
0,5 |
|
1,28 |
|
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
|||||
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ |
|
|
Ɋ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
G – ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɦ; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Ɇɂ – ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
97
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Kɢ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.3 |
|
|
||
|
|
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ |
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ |
|
ȼɢɞ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ |
ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ |
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ |
|
|
Kɢ |
Ⱦɨɥɛɹɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɯ ɮɪɟɡ, |
Ɋ9, Ɋ18 |
1,0 |
|
||
ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɋ18 |
1,0 |
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɟɡɵ |
ɍ12 |
0,6 |
|
||
ɋɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɦ ɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ 10%-ɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ 3. ɉɪɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɦ – 20%-ɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɨɥɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ 4 % ɦɵɥɚ.
13.6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ T0 (ɦɢɧ) ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13.4–13.6. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɜɢɞɚɯɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɹɢɲɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɹɭɤɚɡɚɧɵɜɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ13.7 ɢ13.8.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.4
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ T0 (ɦɢɧ) ɩɪɢ ɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ
ȼɢɞ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ |
|
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ |
|
|
|
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s – ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚɹɩɨɞɚɱɚɧɚ1 ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣɯɨɞ, ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ; |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s |
c |
– |
, |
0,1–0,35 s, |
/ ; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɩɨɞɚɱɚɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ |
|
ɦɦ ɯɨɞ |
|
|
|
T0 |
S z m i |
|
h |
n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɯɨɞ/ɦɢɧ; |
||||||||||
|
|
h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɦɦ; |
||||||||||||||
Ⱦɨɥɛɹɤɢ |
|
|
|
c |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
s n |
|
|
n |
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ; |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
s |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɦɦ; |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ. |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sɦ – ɦɢɧɭɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɦɢɧ; |
|
||||
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɟ |
|
|
2 L z |
|
|
|
|
|
W – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɭɛ (W | 0,5 ɦɢɧ); |
|||||||
ɮɪɟɡɵ ɧɚɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
( |
- |
T0 |
|
sɦ |
W z |
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ; |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɫ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ |
|||||||
ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɦɦ. |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Ɋɟɡɰɵ ɢ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ |
|
|
T0 |
|
tɦ z |
|
|
|
|
tɦ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɭɛ (ɬɚɛɥ. 13.5, 13.6), ɫ; |
||||||
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ |
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
|
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ. |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 13.4
ȼɢɞ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ |
|
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ |
|
|
|
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ |
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɦɦ; |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h z i |
|
|
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ; |
, |
/ |
|
; |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
T0 |
|
|
|
n – |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɲɟɜɟɪɚ |
|
ɨɛ ɦɢɧ |
||||||||||
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɲɟɜɟɪɵ |
|
n s z1 |
|
|
s – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ; |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
z1 – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɲɟɜɟɪɚ (ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ); |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɥɚ. |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
ɑɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɟ ɮɪɟɡɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɪɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ, ɦɦ; |
|||||||||||
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
|
T0 |
|
L z |
|
|
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɲɥɢɰɟɜ; |
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɟɡɵ, ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ; |
|||||||||||
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
|
|
n s q |
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɦɦ/ɨɛ; |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
ɢ ɲɥɢɰɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
q – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɯɨɞɨɜ ɮɪɟɡɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.5 |
|||
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ (ɱɟɪɧɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ |
|
|
ɋɬɚɥɶ 20ɏ ɢ 12ɏɇ3 |
|
ɑɭɝɭɧ, ɇȼ = 190–225 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ |
|
|
|
|
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ z ɭ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ |
|
|
|||||||||||
ɋɬɚɧɨɤ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ |
|
|
z > 10 |
|
|
|
z 10 |
|
z > 10 |
|
|
|
z 10 |
|||||
|
|
ɤɨɥɟɫ m, ɦɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
ȼɪɟɦɹ tɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɫ |
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
3// |
|
2–2,25 |
|
4,2 |
|
|
|
|
5,1 |
|
3,5 |
|
|
|
4,2 |
|
||||
(// – ɞɸɣɦ) |
2,5–2,75 |
|
6,4 |
|
|
|
|
7,6 |
|
4,2 |
|
|
|
5,1 |
|
|||||
16// |
|
3 |
|
|
|
5,5 |
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
5,5 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
||
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
5,5 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
||
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
||
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
|
17,5 |
|
9 |
|
|
|
15 |
|
||
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
32 |
|
16 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
||
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
|
60 |
|
24 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.6 |
|||
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ (ɱɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ |
|
|
ɋɬɚɥɶ 20ɏ ɢ 12ɏɇ3 |
|
|
ɑɭɝɭɧ, ɇȼ = 190–225 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
|
|||||||||||||
ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ |
|
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
|
|||||||||||||||||
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɡɭɛɚ (ɜɟɞɨɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
ɤɨɥɟɫ m, ɦɦ |
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ |
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
ɧɚɱɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ |
|
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ |
|
ɧɚɱɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ |
|
|
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ |
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
2 |
|
|
17,8 |
|
|
|
|
14,6 |
|
|
14,6 |
|
|
|
14,6 |
|
||||
2,5 |
|
|
20,6 |
|
|
|
|
20,6 |
|
|
17,8 |
|
|
|
14,6 |
|
||||
3 |
|
|
28,2 |
|
|
|
|
24,7 |
|
|
20,6 |
|
|
|
14,6 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
105 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 13.6 |
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ |
ɋɬɚɥɶ 20ɏ ɢ 12ɏɇ3 |
ɑɭɝɭɧ, ɇȼ = 190–225 ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
||
ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ |
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
|||
ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ |
ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɡɭɛɚ (ɜɟɞɨɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ) |
|
||
ɤɨɥɟɫ m, ɦɦ |
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ |
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ |
|
ɧɚɱɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ |
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ |
ɧɚɱɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ |
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ |
|
|
|
|
|
3,5 |
36,9 |
24,7 |
24,7 |
17,8 |
4 |
– |
32,3 |
32,3 |
17,8 |
5 |
– |
32,3 |
36,9 |
20,6 |
6 |
– |
36,9 |
– |
24,7 |
7 |
– |
42,2 |
– |
32,3 |
8 |
– |
71,5 |
– |
42,2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.7 |
||||
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɡɭɛɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ X, ɦ/ɦɢɧ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ |
|
|
|
ɋɬɚɥɶ |
|
ɑɭɝɭɧ, |
|
ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ |
ɂɡɧɨɫ |
|||
|
Ɇɂ |
|
|
|
|
ɇȼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɏ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
|
20 , |
40ɏ, |
45, |
160–180 |
|
T, |
ɦɢɧ |
|
G, |
ɦɦ |
|
|
|
12 |
ɏɇ |
Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
3, |
ɇȼ 180 |
ɇȼ 200 |
ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɇȼ 215 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Ɂɭɛɨɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɪɟɡɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
Ɋ9 |
|
22 |
30 |
32 |
25 |
40 |
130 |
|
0,8 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
Ɋ18 |
|
28 |
38 |
40 |
30 |
60 |
180 |
|
0,3 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɭɛɨɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɣɮɪɟɡɨɣɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɟɫɧɚɬɪɟɯɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɫɬɚɧɤɟ
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ |
|
Ɋ9 |
30 |
30 |
32 |
40 |
|
– |
|
480 |
1,0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɡɭɛɵɯ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɡɭɛɨɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ |
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
Ɋ9 |
14 |
18 |
20 |
20 |
|
– |
|
180 |
1,0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
Ɋ18 |
16 |
20 |
22 |
22 |
|
– |
|
240 |
0,25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
Ɋ9 |
30 |
34 |
36 |
30 |
|
– |
|
540 |
0,7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ |
|
Ɋ18 |
40 |
40 |
40 |
34 |
|
– |
|
500 |
0,15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɂɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɪɟɡɚɦɢ |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ |
|
Ɋ18 |
45 |
50 |
60 |
45 |
|
– |
|
30 |
0,5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: Ɇɂ – ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
106
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13.8 Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɲɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɲɟɜɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 7//
|
|
|
|
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ |
ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɲɟɜɟɪɚ T, ɱɚɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ |
|
|
|
Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɲɟɜɟɪɚ, ɦ/ɦɢɧ |
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ |
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɦɦ/ɯɨɞ |
i ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ |
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɟɤ ɲɟɜɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ |
||
|
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ |
||||||
|
ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɟ |
||||||
|
|
|
|||||
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ |
0,1 ɦɦ |
0,2 ɦɦ |
|||||
|
|||||||
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɬɚɥɶ 40ɏ |
130 |
0,15 |
0,02 |
5–6 |
8–10 |
20–30 |
6–8 |
ɋɬɚɥɶ 12ɏɇ3 |
130 |
0,15 |
0,04 |
5–6 |
8–10 |
20–30 |
6–8 |
ɋɬɚɥɶ 45 |
145 |
0,25 |
0,05 |
4 |
6–8 |
20–30 |
6–8 |
ɑɭɝɭɧ |
145 |
0,40 |
0,08 |
4 |
6–8 |
10–15 |
6–8 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ T ɲɟɜɟɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 400 ɞɨ 600 ɲɬɭɤ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ – ɨɬ 800 ɞɨ 1500 ɲɬɭɤ.
107
14. ɍɑȿɌ ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂɃ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɆȺɒɂɇɈɋɌɊɈȿɇɂə ɉɊɂ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȿ ɊȿɀɂɆɈȼ ɊȿɁȺɇɂə
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ». ȿɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɚ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɲɬɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɲɬɭɱɧɨ-ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɫɬɚɧɨɤ- ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ-ɞɟɬɚɥɶ». ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ – ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ.
108
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ». ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɫɬɚɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɡɚɠɢɦɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɡɚɠɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɟ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ Ƚɚɭɫɫɚ (ɤȽ ɢɥɢ ɤɝɫ), ɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɚɯ – ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɢɥɵ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɂ).
ɍɫɩɟɯ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɢɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ, ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ,
ɢɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 151001 «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ» ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ XXI ɜɟɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɱ- ɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɜɢɞɟɨɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ.
1.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɧ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ – ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
109
2.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ (ɩɪɢ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ – ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɟɡɞɟ) ɪɟɠɭɳɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬ ɰɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɨɦɛɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ
ɢɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɤɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɡɟɰ ɡɚɬɭɩɢɥɫɹ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɬɨɱɢɬɶ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɠɭɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɚɬɨɱɤɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɪɟɠɭɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ, ɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. Ⱥ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɬɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɨɛɟ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ.
3.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɥɨɦɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɣ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. ɋɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ «ɡɚɜɢɬɭɲɟɤ», ɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 2–5 ɦɦ ɢ ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɣ.
4.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ: ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɑɉɍ).
5.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸ- ɳɟ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɋɈɀ), ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ, ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ.
6.ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɋɉɂȾ». Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɋɉɂȾ». ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ, ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
7.ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ «ɛɟɡɥɸɞɧɵɟ», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨ-
110