Перевод, аннотирование и реферирование английских текстов по техническим направлениям. Учебное пособие

to apply – применять; intermediate – промежуточный; oxide film – оксидная пленка; annealing – отжиг, отпуск; cracking – растрескивание.

METHODS OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.

Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications and is also brittle. Tempering, that is reheating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering temperatures depend on the composition of the steel but are frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.

Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking).

All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for certain needs.

2.Find the key sentence in each paragraph.

3.Write down the ending of the sentence.

1.Quenching is a …

2.Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is

too …

3.Temperatures usually give …

4.After cooling the metal again …

5.All these methods of steel …

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4. Make up 5 questions to the text, using the words:

Small, heat, mechanical, treatment, properties, temperature, high, grains.

Сделайте реферирование текста, используя слова:

ACTIVE VOCABULARY: feature – черта, особенность; to provide – обеспечивать; improvement – улучшение; property – свойство;

eliminate – ликвидировать, исключать; porosity – пористость;

directional – направленный; to segregate – разделять; casting – отливка; elongated – удлиненный;

to weaken – ослабевать, ослаблять; transverse – поперечный;

flow – течение, поток; finished – отделанный; thinning – утончение; fracture – разрушение;

strain hardening – деформационное упрочнение; brass – латунь;

beverage – напиток;

can – консервная банка; to exhibit – проявлять; inner – внутренний;

flaws – недостатки, дефекты кристаллической решетки; inclusion – включение;

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trapped – заключенный; refining – очищать, очистка; to avoid – избегать;

to undergo – подвергаться.

UNIT 5. METALWORKING AND METAL PROPERTIES

Text

METALWORKING AND METAL PROPERTIES

An important feature of hot working is that it pro-vides the improvement of mechanical properties of metals. Hot-working (hot-rolling or hot-forging) eliminates porosity, directionality, and segregation that are usually present in metals. Hot-worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworked casting. During the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatly elongated in the direction of flow. As a result, the toughness of the metal is greatly improved in this direction and weakened in directions transverse to the flow. Good forging makes the flow lines in the finished part oriented so as to lie in the direction of maximum stress when the part is placed in service.

The ability of a metal to resist thinning and fracture during coldworking operations plays an important role in alloy selection. In operations that involve stretching, the best alloys are those which grow stronger with strain (are strain hardening) – for example, the copperzinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the aluminum-magnesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening.

Fracture of the work piece during forming can result from inner flaws in the metal. These flaws often consist of nonmetallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides that are trapped in the metal during refining. Such inclusions can be avoided by proper manufacturing procedures.

The ability of different metals to undergo strain varies. The change of the shape after one forming operation is often limited by the tensile

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ductility of the metal. Metals such as copper and aluminum are more ductile in such operations than other metals.

1.Find the key sentence in each paragraph.

2.Write down the ending of the sentence.

1.Hot-worked products have …

2.The toughness of the metal is greatly improved …

3.Good forging makes …

4.In operations that involve stretching …

5.Such inclusions can be avoided by …

3.Make up 5 questions to the text.

Hot, flow, strain,lines, casting, working , unworked, hardening

Сделайте реферирование текста.

UNIT 6. A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS

Text

ACTIVE VOCABULARY: accuracy – точность; machine tool – станок; alloy – сплав;

main – главный; condition – условие;

to mount – помещать, устанавливать; multipurpose – многоцелевой;

to direct – управлять;

outline – очертание, конфигурация; to drill – сверлить;

part – деталь;

to equip – оснащать; precise – точный;

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to produce – производить; flexible – гибкий;

similar – подобный; to handle – управлять;

switch – переключать;

to thread – делать нарезку резьбы; to house – вмещать;

tool – резец;

to improve – улучшать; to turn – точить; increase – увеличивать; workshop – цех;

lathe – токарный станок.

A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS

The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a workbench1 but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.

There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine2 with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts an¬other metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.

Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of 3 machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves – machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements them-

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selves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.

Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automation is one of the main factors of engineering progress.

Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production4 and will serve to encrease the productivity.

Notes on the text:

1)work-bench – верстак;

2)power-drivenmachine – станок с механическим приводом;

3)numberof – ряд, несколько;

4)small-batchproduction – производство маленьких партий продукции.

1. Find the key sentence in each paragraph.

2. Write down if the sentences are true to the text or false.

1. There are some basic operations at any workshop.

2. The variety and combinations of machine tools today are lim-

ited.

3. The tool itself is very big in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.

4. Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops.

3. Make up 5 questions to the text.

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UNIT 7. SPECIFICITY OF THE RELIABILITY ISSUES

Text

ACTIVE VOCABULARY: production – производство; welding— сварка;

drilling – сверление; milling – фрезерование;

electric drives – электроприводы;

hydraulic drives – гидравлические приводы; robots – робототехника;

machine-tools – станки;

foundry work- литейные работы.

SPECIFICITY OF THE RELIABILITY ISSUES

Large-lot production of industrial robots was launched in our country in the late sixties, their output having been steadily increased since that period.

The fields of application of robots have been continuously widening, too. They are employed nowadays for handling workpieces and finished parts, e. g. for positioning workpieсes in machine-tools and removing them after machining.

There are also the broad prospects of their employment in processes with the environment hazardous to the human health, such as welding, painting, foundry work, etc. The consistently improving positioning accuracy has been opening ways for employing robots for assembling and metal working operations. Thus, robots of the D-1000 Series manufactured by Elac Ingenieurtechnik (the FRG) feature high rigidity and the capability of withstanding external loads, fixing the shafts after the positioning by mechanical brakes, which makes the robots usable for operation with drilling and milling devices.

Electric drives have been replacing hydraulic actuators in robots of capacities to 20 kg, the obvious advantages being the elimination of

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oil leaks, shorter pre-operation periods (with no heating of oil to the working temperatures needed) and simpler manufacture. Pneumatic actuation is mostly associated with robots whose motions are expected to be rigidly defined, typically with the aid of adjustable abutments or stops (with cyclic control systems).

Hydraulic drives prevail in robots of considerable load capacities. The major trends in robotics are development of modular structures both of entire robots and their assembly units, the growing output of electromechanical robots with wave type gearings, positive elimination of play and backsash in their joints.

Robots are profitably incorporated in flexible automated complexes introducing automation into smalland large-lot production. Such complexes integrate process equipment (machine-tools, presses, transfer robots, positioning robots, and the like), transport systems (conveyers, transport robots, etc. ) and automated storage facilities with stacker cranes. The systems enable one to manage twoand three shift daily operation of the equipment with minimized number of the personnel and high utilization of the machine time. This, quite evidently, implies the requirement of high reliability of the robots between their maintenance periods.

To summarize, the present-day robotics are characterized by the growing outputs accompanied by the ever more stringent requirements of accuracy, rigidity and reliability of the robots employed.

1.Translate into Russian the third paragraph of the text.

2.Write down the ending of the sentence.

1.The major trends….

2.Robots….

3.Hydraulic drives….

4.The systems enable….

3. Make up 5 questions to the text.

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UNIT 8. TITANIUM

Text

ACTIVE VOCABULARY: milling – фрезерование;

machining – механическая обработка; cutting force – сила резания;

surface roughness – шероховатость поверхности; titanium alloy – титановый сплав;

tool wear – износ инструмента.

Titanium is one of the most interesting and difficult for metal processing. Its unique properties are widely used in various industries. Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace engineering. The use of titanium in medicine is increasing every year. For example, along with stainless steels and cobalt alloys, titanium and its alloys are used for prosthetics.

Mechanical processing of titanium, in comparison with conventional steel, is more than five times more difficult, so special techniques and equipment are used to create products from it. This paper presents a literature review on mechanical milling processes for titanium. It discusses cutting force and capacity, cutting temperature, tool wear and tool life, surface roughness, and chip type when milling of titanium using these processes.

1.Make up 5 questions to the text.

2.Write a summary of the article.

3.Find the key sentence in each paragraph.

Text

MILLING AND ENGRAVING MACHINE

ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

milling and engraving machines – фрезерно-гравировальные станки;

quality of components and assembly – качество комплектую-

щих и сборка;

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