Основы российской государственности для иностранных студентов, обучающихся по программам на английском языке. The foundations of Russian statehood for

code - basic values and the Russian language, the native speaker of which is the Russian people. The large space of the Earth also formed the large space of the Russian soul.

The famous Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev defined the essence of the Russian person next once: "In him there is no narrowness of a European person who concentrates his energy in a small space of the soul, there is no this prudence, saving space and time, the intensity of culture."

Russian philosophers K. S. Aksakov, N. O. Lossky, I. A. Ilyin, highlighting this factor in the formation of Russian civilizational identity, explained its difference from Western European culture with the complex historical conditions of the existence of Russian statehood and the characteristics of the Russian nature, both positive and negative. Low level of development of material culture, carelessness, unwillingness to act according to a pre-de- veloped plan (I. A. Ilyin), the undisciplines of will and thinking (N.O. Losky), opposite to European calculation, orderliness, was compensated by the care of the soul, eternal spiritual dissatisfaction in the search for goodness and truth, and “the ability to absorb all -kind features of any national Type ”, which V. G. Belinsky and F. M.Dostoevsky was considered the lack of his own national guise, always created opportunities for the development and enrichment of Russian culture. Even the Russian laziness noted by foreigners who visited Russia, repeatedly ridiculed and in Russian folklore, described by I. A. Goncharov as Oblomovshchin, is a consequence of the non -treasured of a Russian person.

In the essay "On the Russian character" N.O. Lossky considers the main feature of the character of the Russian people his religiosity and the search for absolute goodness associated with it. Kindness is the primary main property of the Russian people.

Domestic science, considering Russia as civilization, evaluated it from the point of view of the relationship with other civilizations, the interaction of individual ethnic groups living in the space of high length, climatic and geographical conditions, historical dynamics and cultural and religious affiliation. In relation to other peoples, N. M. Karamzin wrote: “Everywhere we wanted peace or acquisitions without war, preparing only for the defensive; They did not believe the well -wishes of those who were inexplicable with ours, and did not miss the opportunity to harm them without a clear violation of contracts ”.

51

Russia did not turn to military force when expanding its own territory; the use of power tools to retain the territory already included in its composition was not a systemic nature. Peasant uprisings in the history of the country were, but the practices of the genocide or segregation on an ethno-national basis were practically not noted. Problem cases here, of course, form a “settled man” or deportation of the 20th century, but they may be presented precisely in the context of the deviation from the general rule, which deviation formed a sharp rejection of both in modern Russian culture.

The characteristic features of Russia have been formed throughout the contradictory and intermittent development of Russian history, creating general, fundamental features, the main of which is self -identification, belonging to Russia.

N. A. Berdyaev called the betrayal of her to himself, his historical purpose – to play a decisive role in world history. But for this, the state -owned state must combine with the great power of the spiritual culture of Russia.

Opponents of Russia's recognition by civilization based their position on the fact that the country was inhabited by the ethnic and confessional planes that are incapable of integration. However, this is precisely the indicator of civilization as a complex phenomenon of the balance of various social and cultural interactions, which is united by the phenomenon of supranationality, community, by the fact that the Russian literary critic V. G. Belinsky called the “folk spirit” in relation to Russian literature.In the comparison of Russian and Western civilizations, Russian philosophy assigned the role of a spiritual Orthodox center to Russian, which retains the integrity of Christian culture. K. S. Aksakov called the “earth” and “state” key principles of Russian life, affirming

“The without a state of the Russian people”, which looked at the authorities, the government “as a secondary matter, considering the belief of faith and the salvation of the soul.”

Civilization identity is the main factor integrating the large spaces of Russia. This unity is based on symbols, ideological attitudes and language, rules, customs and norms, institutions and rituals, and is also steadily transmitted from one generation to another. That is how - on the basis of continuity, tradition, historical experience - Russia and Russian statehood are developing for centuries. The state acts as a way of organizing civilizational diversity in our system of spiritual and moral values.

52

The concepts of "state" and "statehood" are close, but not identical. With a wide approach to determining the term

In addition to the state (state system), “statehood” as its key characteristics also the economic system and social organization of society, the spiritual and cultural organization of society, the legal and information system.

Stateness expresses the state, property, quality of society at a specific historical stage of its development. And the state, in turn, becomes a historical expression, a form of statehood. Stateness is considered as a state of development of public education (ethnic group, nation, groups of nationalities, people), which created its own state, the national legal system or managed to restore these institutions lost in the past. In the concept

“Stateness” includes ways to manage, maintaining order and security, community reproduction and resolving relationships with other formations.

The state can arise without statehood, in a formal legal way, as can be seen from the history of a number of states (for example, modern Bosnia and Herzegovina). And at the same time, even large nations expressing the intention to realize their own potential of statehood (Kurds, etc.), do not always have their own states or rapidly formed them during the 20th century. (Israel). Today, Russia is one of the states with the longest continuous independent statehood.Russia is an example of a stable centuries-old statehood, historically embodied in various specific forms and recognized at the international level.

The Russian state developed unevenly, spasmodic, through revolutionary faults, step -shaped. These processes went in the direction of overcoming fragmentation, counteracting external hostile forces, protecting borders. Russian history is a complex process of strengthening the state, the formation of a prosperous political elite, the formation of Russian nationality as state education.

In the history of Russian statehood, the following stages can be distinguished:

Ancient Rus'. The formation of ancient Russian statehood and the specific period. The beginning of the formation of a Russian centralized state. This period should be considered as a single one, since neither the great Vladimir princes in the 13th century, nor the Moscow princes in the XV century. did not create a fundamentally new model of statehood;

53

Russian statehood in the XVI–XVII centuries. The crisis and the restoration of statehood during the Time of Troubles of the beginning of the XVII century. Estate-representative (cathedral) monarchy;

Russian Empire in 1721–1917: from absolute to the Duma monarchy;

Transformation of statehood in 1917–1991. USSR (1922–1991);

Statehood of the Russian Federation at the present stage.

The formation and strengthening of a national character took place throughout Russian history, combined with the idea of historical purpose and moral responsibility to the Fatherland.

Despite the different, often contradictory characteristics of the Russian people, most authors agree that only the great people could create a great state. With great power and faith in his greatness, I. S. Turgenev said: “In the days of doubt, in the days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland - you are the only support and support to me, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Do not be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is committed at home? But one cannot believe that such a language is not given to the great people! ”

The strengthening of civilizational identity took place during the transformation of Russia into a strong centralized state-on a difficult way of overcoming the spiritual, moral, territorial, political separation of the people during the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The victory over the Mongols and the transformation of the country into the Moscow Great Russian Principality not only created a new political organization in Russia, but also formed the consciousness of the population of cities annexed to Moscow, their gradual awareness of belonging to a single state and the need for their unification and unity.

The main goal of the Russian state today is to unite the population in the process of solving strategic problems of the development of Russia. In achieving this goal, the development of joint decisions in the process of social dialogue between state power, political elite, and scientific community becomes especially significant.This is necessary:

•the consolidation cultural and value position of the Russian political elite, both in the upper echelons of power and in the regions;

•System idea of the image of the country and its future

•organization of public administration processes in such a way that, relying on the rational and ideal beginning of politics, to activate and stimulate the activities of the population aimed at the development of the country.

54

A. Berdyaev associated the future of Russian statehood with a change in attitude to the state and culture: “The state should become the inner strength of the Russian people, its own positive power, its instrument, and not the external beginning of it, not its Lord. The culture should become more intense, actively mastering the subsoil of the Federal Property Management Agency and developing them with Russian energy. Without such an internal move, the Russian people cannot have the future, cannot go into the new phase of their historical being, truly historical being, and the Russian state itself is subjected

The key features of Russia as a state-owned state are the presence of a border zone and interaction simultaneously with the West and East (geographical factor), the scale of state space (one sixth in the twentieth century, one seventh part of the land at present), national and confessional diversity with a request for integration. The civilizational foundations of Russia depended on the characteristics of nature - severe conditions, low productivity and insufficiency of reproduction to launch market mechanisms, and a high role of the mobilization mechanism with significant seasonal fluctuations in agricultural production. Hence the significant role of the state, community, the arrival in Russian civilization. External challenges also played an important role as a factor in the formation of Russian civilization - the eastern hordes and aggression of the West have been in the center of state policy for centuries.

The West is individualistic, the East lives in large groups, clans. Russia has its own model of the development of statehood and various concrete historical models of the state. Russia, the West, the East for centuries influenced each other, studied from each other, and not just conflict. The recognition of the uniqueness and features of a particular civilization does not exclude, but, on the contrary, emphasizes the recognition and role of world culture.

For Russia as civilization, the family has always been and remains especially significant. The family, understood in an extended interpretation, including friends and colleagues (in the historical past - the community, in the past and present - the parish, the Muslim and the Jewish communities, etc.).In this context, we can talk about Russia as a “family of families”, “family of peoples” or even

Through these concepts, a way of organizing public communication is revealed. The economic, material, spiritual subsystems of Russian society are

55

unique. “Civilizational - Russian, ethnically different”: we can talk about Russians not only in the narrow meaning of the nation, but also in a wider civilizational expression.

Russia as a state-civation is distinguished by the presence of a clear image of the future (Russia as a sovereign, strong, social state) and systems of values, traditions, the inclusion of large-scale tasks, and social orientation.

Russia is aware of the problems that impede its sustainable development and ensure national security, persistently and consistently solves them. Therefore, Russia will firmly defend its independence, sovereignty, identity, historically established political structure, the right to independently determine the path of its development in accordance with the norms of international law.

Russian Federation is open for cooperation with its partners and allies on an equal basis and fulfills its obligations in relations with them. Russia is aware of its status in world politics, makes a significant contribution to the solution of global and regional problems and has its own vision of the structure of the world.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1.Compare the concept of civilization?

2.Control the civilizational and formation approaches: are there any similarities?

3.What do you explain the general and special in concepts “Stateness” and “state”.

4.What are the features of Russia as a state-civation state.

5.On the basis of the materials of the section and applications to it, formulate your understanding of traditional spiritual and moral values.

6.Explain the uniqueness of Russian civilization?

7.Promote the factors that influenced the formation of Russian civiliza-

tion?

8.Damage to the value guidelines of Russian civilization?

9.Explain the spiritual guidelines of Russian civilization?

10.What are the periods of development of Russian civilization?

56

CREATIVE TASKS FOR PRACTICAL CLASSES

1.Faith the formation of the state in Russia and in your country.

2.Examine the theory of anti-cyvilizations and explain what is its threat? Creative tasks for practical exercises.

3.Describe the portrait of the Russian. Pay attention to character traits. Tell us how the Russians are different from the inhabitants of your country.

57

S E C T I O N 3. POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA

The modern Russian state has passed the transformation path from the early feudal monarchy to the Democratic Republic. The history of the development of Russia knew the difficult periods when the state sovereignty was limited (the Mongol-Tatar yoke of the 13-15 centuries) or was not recognized at the international level (RSFSR [RSFSR-the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic.] In 1917 1924). The history of the USSR [the USSR – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.] Was not easy, into which the RSFSR was part of the Union Republic. Undoubtedly, the Russian Federation inherited a certain political experience of the USSR, being the successor of this state in the international arena.

To understand the nature of the political structure of the state, it is necessary to determine the concept of the state. So, in the most general sense, the term state is interpreted as a political form of the organization of a society, which has such signs as: the certainty of the territory within the framework of state borders, the presence of public power, which is endowed with the functions of management and coercion, which is subject to the entire population of the country. It should be emphasized that the population is understood to mean all individuals who are in the state, including foreign citizens.

However, at present, neither in the scientific apparatus, and in international law, a unified and universally recognized definition of the concept of the state is formulated. The belonging of an individual to this or that state is determined by the institution of citizenship - a sustainable connection that generates mutual rights and obligations.In the Russian Federation, citizenship, as a general rule, is acquired on the basis of “blood rights”, that is, the child becomes a citizen of Russia, if at least one parent is already a citizen of the country. Exceptional cases of entry into citizenship of the Russian Federation in the process of naturalization or optation are allowed. With Tajikistan,

58

Russia has an agreement on dual citizenship. This means that a person undergoes military service, pays taxes or receives a pension only in the country of residence. The presence of a second citizenship is also allowed, but at the same time it does not provide for “offices”.

The system of state structure of modern Russia will determine the Basic Law - the Constitution. The normative act was adopted by a referendum - a popular vote on December 12, 1993. In 2020, significant amendments were introduced to the Constitution, fixing the principles of organizing the life of society. Unspressive provisions are those that determine the form of the state: political regime and administrative-territorial device, a system of government. The first article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes: "Russia is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government."

So democratic principles are implemented through the election system to various authorities. Universal active suffrage (that is, the right to elect) is acquired by each citizen of Russia after reaching 18 years. Only incompetent persons and those who are in places of deprivation of the court sentence are automatically losing this right.Passive Izilative Law (the right to elect) occurs depending on the level of power, a citizen of Russia, who has reached 35 years in the country for at least 10 years, can submit his candidacy for the presidency of the Russian Federation. The Russian people are the only "source of power in the country." The democratic principle is also manifested in the fact that the highest value of the Russian Constitution calls a person, his rights and freedoms.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation allows political pluralism, various parties are represented in the country, with the exception of extremist. It is forbidden to incite social, racial, national and religious razor.

Russia has the rich experience of folk democracy: the varyags’s calling, initiated by the Novgorod vehicle, is known. Moreover, during the period of feudal fragmentation of Novgorod and Pskov were feudal republics with a certain choice of main officials. Currently, it is the Russian people who is the “bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power” in the country. It is the people through various democratic institutions – both representative (parliament) and institutions of direct political participation (referendum, elections, gatherings, law -making initiative, etc.) – participates in the affairs of their state, the formation of public authorities, and the implementation of their own.

59

The federal principle of the Russian constitutional system suggests that the regions that are part of Russia have significant autonomy, their special structure of public authorities. The division into subjects is based on the principle of national-territorial, that is, the interests of the multinational people of the country are taken into account. The federal state is characterized by certain features: all subjects are included in the national territory, a two-level system of state authorities (the federal system of authorities and the system of authorities of the subjects) is established; There is a federal legal system, including federal legislation, and legal systems of subjects.

The most important sign of the state is. There are currently several types of sovereignty: foreign policy; military; technological; domestic political; cultural; Ecological and even gastronomic.

State sovereignty implies the supremacy of Russian state power throughout the Russian Federation and its independence from any other power; The spatial limit of state sovereignty is determined by the state border of the Russian Federation.

The Russian Federation is a legal state. This type of state involves subordinate to the law by all citizens, not excluding representatives of the structures of public authorities, officials, and public associations.

Russia strives for the formation of a social state, that is, the country's policy "is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person."Normative acts are aimed at protecting the labor activity of citizens, the state is interested in supporting and maintaining family values and family lifestyle, providing the necessary social assistance to those in need, and the development of the pension system. The slogan “Russia is a country of opportunities” is not just words, every Russian has the right to participate in cultural life and use of cultural institutions, to access cultural values. Each person in our country is guaranteed freedom of thought and word, no one can be forced to express their opinions and beliefs or rejection of them.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the principle of secularity, thus, no religion in the country can be established as state or mandatory, and religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. All world religions are represented on the territory of Russia: Christianity (in the main directions: Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism), Islam and Buddhism. It can also be noted the presence of national religion – Judaism.

60